Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-06-2020 | Obesity | Guidelines

Clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) on bariatric surgery: update 2020 endorsed by IFSO-EC, EASO and ESPCOP

Authors: Nicola Di Lorenzo, Stavros A. Antoniou, Rachel L. Batterham, Luca Busetto, Daniela Godoroja, Angelo Iossa, Francesco M. Carrano, Ferdinando Agresta, Isaias Alarçon, Carmil Azran, Nicole Bouvy, Carmen Balaguè Ponz, Maura Buza, Catalin Copaescu, Maurizio De Luca, Dror Dicker, Angelo Di Vincenzo, Daniel M. Felsenreich, Nader K. Francis, Martin Fried, Berta Gonzalo Prats, David Goitein, Jason C. G. Halford, Jitka Herlesova, Marina Kalogridaki, Hans Ket, Salvador Morales-Conde, Giacomo Piatto, Gerhard Prager, Suzanne Pruijssers, Andrea Pucci, Shlomi Rayman, Eugenia Romano, Sergi Sanchez-Cordero, Ramon Vilallonga, Gianfranco Silecchia

Published in: Surgical Endoscopy | Issue 6/2020

Abstract

Background

Surgery for obesity and metabolic diseases has been evolved in the light of new scientific evidence, long-term outcomes and accumulated experience. EAES has sponsored an update of previous guidelines on bariatric surgery.

Methods

A multidisciplinary group of bariatric surgeons, obesity physicians, nutritional experts, psychologists, anesthetists and a patient representative comprised the guideline development panel. Development and reporting conformed to GRADE guidelines and AGREE II standards.

Results

Systematic review of databases, record selection, data extraction and synthesis, evidence appraisal and evidence-to-decision frameworks were developed for 42 key questions in the domains Indication; Preoperative work-up; Perioperative management; Non-bypass, bypass and one-anastomosis procedures; Revisional surgery; Postoperative care; and Investigational procedures. A total of 36 recommendations and position statements were formed through a modified Delphi procedure.

Conclusion

This document summarizes the latest evidence on bariatric surgery through state-of-the art guideline development, aiming to facilitate evidence-based clinical decisions.

Available only for authorised users

Qasim A, Turcotte M, de Souza RJ et al (2018) On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations. Obes Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12625 CrossRefPubMed

WHO (2012) WHO obesity and overweight. World Heal Organ Media Cent Fact Sheet No 311

Grundy SM, Barondess JA, Bellegie NJ et al (1991) Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-115-12-956 CrossRef

Sauerland S, Angrisani L, Belachew M et al (2005) Obesity surgery: Evidence-based guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc Other Interv Tech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-004-9194-1 CrossRef

SAGES (2009) SAGES guideline for clinical application of laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2009.01.010 CrossRef

Fried M, Hainer V, Basdevant A et al (2008) Interdisciplinary European guidelines on surgery of severe obesity. Obes Facts. https://doi.org/10.1159/000113937 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fried M, Yumuk V, Oppert JM et al (2017) Interdisciplinary European Guidelines on metabolic and bariatric surgery. Gastroenterol Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.14735/amgh2017487 CrossRef

Pollack A (2019) A.M.A. Recognizes obesity as a disease—The New York Times. The New York Times.

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A (2009) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group.

10.

Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP et al (2010) AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. J Clin Epidemiol 63(12):1308–1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.07.001 CrossRefPubMed

11.

Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J et al (2009) The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 CrossRefPubMed

12.

Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GDRD (2000) MOOSE guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews of observational studies. JAMA

13.

Norris SL, Meerpohl JJ, Akl EA, Schünemann HJ, Chen Y, Whittington C (2016) The skills and experience of GRADE methodologists can be assessed with a simple tool. J Clin Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.07.001 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Akl EA, Lang D, Jaeschke R et al (2008) Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines Part 1 of 3. An overview of the GRADE approach and grading quality of evidence about interventions. Allergy 2009:669–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01973.x CrossRef

15.

Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC et al (2011) The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Sterne J, Hernán M, Reeves B, et al (2016) Risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I): detailed guidance. BMJ

17.

Schünemann HJ, Brozek J, Guyatt GH, Oxman AD (2013) Summarizing the evidence. In: GRADE handbook. https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html

18.

Schünemann HJ, Brozek J, Guyatt GH, Oxman AD (2013) Quality of evidence. GRADE handbook. https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html

19.

Schünemann HJ, Brozek J, Guyatt GH, Oxman AD (2013) Going from evidence to recommendations. GRADE handbook. https://gdt.gradepro.org/app/handbook/handbook.html

20.

GRADE Working Group (2015) GRADEpro guideline development tool [software]. McMaster Univ

21.

O’Brien PE, Dixon JB, Laurie C et al (2006) Treatment of mild to moderate obesity with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or an intensive medical program. Ann Intern Med 144(9):625. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144-9-200605020-00005 CrossRefPubMed

22.

Dixon JB, O’Brien PE, Playfair J et al (2008) Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.3.316 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Liang Z, Wu Q, Chen B, Yu P, Zhao H, Ouyang X (2013) Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 101(1):50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.04.005 CrossRefPubMed

24.

Wentworth JM, Playfair J, Laurie C et al (2014) Multidisciplinary diabetes care with and without bariatric surgery in overweight people: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2(7):545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70066-X CrossRefPubMed

25.

Schauer PR, Kashyap SR, Wolski K et al (2012) Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy in obese patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 366(17):1567–1576. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200225 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP et al (2017) Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes—5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med 376(7):641–651. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A et al (2012) Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 366(17):1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200111 CrossRefPubMed

28.

Ikramuddin S, Billington CJ, Lee W-J et al (2015) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for diabetes (the diabetes surgery study): 2-year outcomes of a 5-year, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3(6):413–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00089-3 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee W-J et al (2013) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs intensive medical management for the control of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. JAMA 309(21):2240. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.5835 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A et al (2015) Bariatric–metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 386(9997):964–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00075-6 CrossRefPubMed

31.

Courcoulas AP, Goodpaster BH, Eagleton JK et al (2014) Surgical vs medical treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA Surg 149(7):707. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.467 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Halperin F, Ding S-A, Simonson DC et al (2014) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery or lifestyle with intensive medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Surg 149(7):716. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.514 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Ding S-A, Simonson DC, Wewalka M et al (2015) Adjustable gastric band surgery or medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(7):2546–2556. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1443 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Parikh M, Chung M, Sheth S et al (2014) Randomized pilot trial of bariatric surgery versus intensive medical weight management on diabetes remission in type 2 diabetic patients who do not meet NIH criteria for surgery and the role of soluble RAGE as a novel biomarker of success. Ann Surg 260(4):617–624. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000919 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Cummings DE, Arterburn DE, Westbrook EO et al (2016) Gastric bypass surgery vs intensive lifestyle and medical intervention for type 2 diabetes: the CROSSROADS randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 59(5):945–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3903-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Sjöström L (2013) Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial: a prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12012 CrossRefPubMed

37.

Smelt HJM, Smulders JF, Gilissen LPL, Said M, Ugale S, Pouwels S (2018) Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastrointestinal symptoms and complications in bariatric surgery patients: a review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.06.020 CrossRefPubMed

38.

Mocanu V, Dang JT, Switzer N et al (2018) The effect of helicobacter pylori on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-3024-8 CrossRefPubMed

39.

Schulman AR, Abougergi MS, Thompson CCH (2017) Pylori as a predictor of marginal ulceration: a nationwide analysis. Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21759 CrossRefPubMed

40.

Antoniou SA, Anastasiadou A, Antoniou GA, Granderath F-A, Kafatos A (2017) Preoperative nutritional counseling versus standard care prior to bariatric surgery: Effects on postoperative weight loss. Eur Surg Acta Chir Aust. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-016-0459-4 CrossRef

41.

Bennett S, Gostimir M, Shorr R, Mallick R, Mamazza J, Neville A (2016) The role of routine preoperative upper endoscopy in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.04.012 CrossRefPubMed

42.

Parikh M, Liu J, Vieira D et al (2016) Preoperative endoscopy prior to bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2232-y CrossRefPubMed

43.

Dawes AJ, Maggard-Gibbons M, Maher AR et al (2016) Mental health conditions among patients seeking and undergoing bariatric surgery a meta-analysis. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.18118 CrossRefPubMed

44.

De Luca M, Angrisani L, Himpens J et al (2016) Indications for surgery for obesity and weight-related diseases: position statements from the international federation for the surgery of obesity and metabolic disorders (IFSO). Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2271-4 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Mokhlesi B, Hovda MD, Vekhter B, Arora VM, Chung F, Meltzer DO (2013) Sleep-disordered breathing and postoperative outcomes after bariatric surgery: analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-0991-2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Elrashidy AA, Elsherif M, Elhag W, Abdel-Rahman RS, Abdelaziem S (2018) Does obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increase the risk of post-operative respiratory complications after bariatric surgery? Open J Anesthesiol 08(10):255–266. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojanes.2018.810026 CrossRef

47.

Xará D, Mendonça J, Pereira H, Santos A, Abelha FJ (2015) Adverse respiratory events after general anesthesia in patients at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Braz J Anesthesiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2014.02.008 CrossRefPubMed

48.

Toshniwal G, McKelvey GM, Wang H (2014) STOP-Bang and prediction of difficult airway in obese patients. J Clin Anesth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2014.01.010 CrossRefPubMed

49.

Hallowell PT, Stellato TA, Petrozzi MC et al (2007) Eliminating respiratory intensive care unit stay after gastric bypass surgery. Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2007.08.002 CrossRefPubMed

50.

Weingarten TN, Flores AS, McKenzie JA et al (2011) Obstructive sleep apnoea and perioperative complications in bariatric patients. Br J Anaesth. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeq290 CrossRefPubMed

51.

Jensen C, Tejirian T, Lewis C, Yadegar J, Dutson E, Mehran A (2008) Postoperative CPAP and BiPAP use can be safely omitted after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2008.05.003 CrossRefPubMed

52.

Proczko MA, Stepaniak PS, de Quelerij M et al (2014) STOP-Bang and the effect on patient outcome and length of hospital stay when patients are not using continuous positive airway pressure. J Anesth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-014-1848-0 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Kurrek MM, Cobourn C, Wojtasik Z, Kiss A, Dain SL (2011) Morbidity in patients with or at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea after ambulatory laparoscopic gastric banding. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-011-0381-6 CrossRefPubMed

54.

Nepomnayshy D, Hesham W, Erickson B, MacDonald J, Iorio R, Brams D (2013) Sleep apnea: is routine preoperative screening necessary? Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0806-x CrossRefPubMed

55.

Shearer E, Magee CJ, Lacasia C, Raw D, Kerrigan D (2013) Obstructive sleep apnea can be safely managed in a level 2 critical care setting after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.09.006 CrossRefPubMed

56.

El Shobary H, Backman S, Christou N, Schricker T (2008) Use of critical care resources after laparoscopic gastric bypass: effect on respiratory complications. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2008.02.003 CrossRefPubMed

57.

Lyons MM, Keenan BT, Li J et al (2017) Symptomless multi-variable apnea prediction index assesses obstructive sleep apnea risk and adverse outcomes in elective surgery. Sleep. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw081 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Grover BT, Priem DM, Mathiason MA, Kallies KJ, Thompson GP, Kothari SN (2010) Intensive care unit stay not required for patients with obstructive sleep apnea after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2009.12.006 CrossRefPubMed

59.

Ahmad S, Nagle A, McCarthy RJ, Fitzgerald PC, Sullivan JT, Prystowsky J (2008) Postoperative hypoxemia in morbidly obese patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Anesth Analg. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318174df8b CrossRefPubMed

60.

Meng L (2010) Postoperative nausea and vomiting with application of postoperative continuous positive airway pressure after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-008-9741-2 CrossRefPubMed

61.

Meurgey JH, Brown R, Woroszyl-Chrusciel A, Steier J (2018) Peri-operative treatment of sleep-disordered breathing and outcomes in bariatric patients. J Thorac Dis. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.10.11 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Imberti D, Baldini E, Pierfranceschi MG et al (2014) Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism with low molecular weight heparin in bariatric surgery: a prospective, randomised pilot study evaluating two doses of parnaparin (BAFLUX study). Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1105-x CrossRefPubMed

63.

Steele KE, Canner J, Prokopowicz G et al (2015) The EFFORT trial: Preoperative enoxaparin versus postoperative fondaparinux for thromboprophylaxis in bariatric surgical patients: a randomized double-blind pilot trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.10.003 CrossRefPubMed

64.

Kaw R, Pasupuleti V, Wayne Overby D et al (2014) Inferior vena cava filters and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.04.008 CrossRefPubMed

65.

Małczak P, Pisarska M, Piotr M, Wysocki M, Budzyński A, Pędziwiatr M (2017) Enhanced recovery after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2438-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Singh PM, Panwar R, Borle A et al (2017) Efficiency and safety effects of applying ERAS protocols to bariatric surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of evidence. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2442-3 CrossRefPubMed

67.

Ng JJ, Leong WQ, Tan CS et al (2017) A multimodal analgesic protocol reduces opioid-related adverse events and improves patient outcomes in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2790-7 CrossRefPubMed

68.

Bamgbade OA, Oluwole O, Khaw RR (2017) Perioperative analgesia for fast-track laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2562-4 CrossRefPubMed

69.

Ziemann-Gimmel P, Hensel P, Koppman J, Marema R (2013) Multimodal analgesia reduces narcotic requirements and antiemetic rescue medication in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2013.02.003 CrossRefPubMed

70.

El Sherif FA, Othman AH, Abd El-Rahman AM, Taha O (2016) Effect of adding intrathecal morphine to a multimodal analgesic regimen for postoperative pain management after laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Br J Pain. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463716668904 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Na HS, Oh AY, Ryu JH et al (2018) Intraoperative nefopam reduces acute postoperative pain after laparoscopic gastrectomy: a prospective randomized study. J Gastrointest Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-018-3681-5 CrossRefPubMed

72.

Feld JM, Laurito CE, Beckerman M, Vincent J, Hoffman WE (2003) Non-opioid analgesia improves pain relief and decreases sedation after gastric bypass surgery. Can J Anesth. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03021029 CrossRefPubMed

73.

Song K, Melroy MJ, Whipple OC (2014) Optimizing multimodal analgesia with intravenous acetaminophen and opioids in postoperative bariatric patients. Pharmacotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1517 CrossRefPubMed

74.

El Sayed M, Abdelsamad A, Amer A (2017) Shorter postanesthesia care unit stay with dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Res Opin Anesth Intensive Care. https://doi.org/10.4103/roaic.roaic_103_16 CrossRef

75.

De Oliveira GS, Duncan K, Fitzgerald P, Nader A, Gould RW, McCarthy RJ (2014) Systemic lidocaine to improve quality of recovery after laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1077-x CrossRefPubMed

76.

Horsley R, Vogels E, McField D et al (2016) Multimodal postoperative pain control is effective and reduces narcotic use after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.145 CrossRef

77.

Gill RS, Majumdar SR, Rueda-Clausen CF et al (2016) Comparative effectiveness and safety of gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding in a population-based bariatric program: prospective cohort study. Can J Surg 59(4):233–241. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.013315 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Angrisani L, Cutolo PP, Formisano G, Nosso G, Vitolo G (2013) Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 10-year results of a prospective, randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 9(3):405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.11.011 CrossRefPubMed

79.

Campos GM (2011) Better weight loss, resolution of diabetes, and quality of life for laparoscopic gastric bypass vs banding. Arch Surg 146(2):149. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2010.316 CrossRefPubMed

80.

Courcoulas AP, King WC, Belle SH et al (2018) Seven-year weight trajectories and health outcomes in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery (LABS) study. JAMA Surg 153(5):427. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.5025 CrossRefPubMed

81.

Dogan K, Gadiot RPM, Aarts EO et al (2015) Effectiveness and safety of sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and adjustable gastric banding in morbidly obese patients: a multicenter, retrospective, matched cohort study. Obes Surg 25(7):1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-014-1503-8 CrossRefPubMed

82.

Flint R (2015) A comparison of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a single surgeon’s experience. N Z Med J 128:56PubMed

83.

Lee SK, Heo Y, Park J-M et al (2016) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy vs gastric banding: the first multicenter retrospective comparative cohort study in obese Korean patients. Yonsei Med J 57(4):956. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2016.57.4.956 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Nguyen NT, Slone JA, Nguyen X-MT, Hartman JS, Hoyt DB (2009) A prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment of morbid obesity. Trans Am Surg Assoc 127:262–272. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b92480 CrossRef

85.

Nguyen NT, Kim E, Vu S, Phelan M (2018) Ten-year outcomes of a prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic gastric banding. Ann Surg 268(1):106–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002348 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Novikov AA, Afaneh C, Saumoy M et al (2018) Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic band for weight loss: how do they compare? J Gastrointest Surg 22(2):267–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-017-3615-7 CrossRefPubMed

87.

Sabbagh C, Verhaeghe P, Dhahri A et al (2010) Two-year results on morbidity, weight loss and quality of life of sleeve gastrectomy as first procedure, sleeve gastrectomy after failure of gastric banding and gastric banding. Obes Surg 20(6):679–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-009-0007-4 CrossRefPubMed

88.

Schouten R, Wiryasaputra DC, van Dielen FMH, van Gemert WG, Greve JWM (2010) Long-term results of bariatric restrictive procedures: a prospective study. Obes Surg 20(12):1617–1626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0211-2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Schouten R, Wiryasaputra DCMS, van Dielen FMH, van Gemert WG, Greve JWM (2011) Influence of reoperations on long-term quality of life after restrictive procedures: a prospective study. Obes Surg 21(7):871–879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0350-5 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Kang JH, Le QA (2017) Effectiveness of bariatric surgical procedures: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008632 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

91.

Kodama S, Fujihara K, Horikawa C et al (2018) Network meta-analysis of the relative efficacy of bariatric surgeries for diabetes remission. Obes Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12751 CrossRefPubMed

92.

Grubnik VV, Ospanov OB, Namaeva KA, Medvedev OV, Kresyun MS (2016) Randomized controlled trial comparing laparoscopic greater curvature plication versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-015-4373-9 CrossRefPubMed

93.

Bužga M, Švagera Z, Tomášková H, Hauptman K, Holéczy P (2017) Metabolic effects of sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic greater curvature plication: an 18-month prospective, observational, open label study. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2779-2 CrossRefPubMed

94.

Shikora SA, Mahoney CB (2015) Clinical benefit of gastric staple line reinforcement (SLR) in gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1703-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

Wang Z, Dai X, Xie H, Feng J, Li Z, Lu Q (2016) The efficacy of staple line reinforcement during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.007 CrossRefPubMed

96.

Gagner M, Hutchinson C, Rosenthal R (2016) Fifth international consensus conference: current status of sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.022 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Wang Y, Yi XY, Gong L, Li Q, Zhang J, Wang Z (2018) The effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with different sizes of bougie calibration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.12.005 CrossRefPubMed

98.

McGlone ER, Gupta AK, Reddy M, Khan OA (2018) Antral resection versus antral preservation during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for severe obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.02.021 CrossRefPubMed

99.

Gagner M, Deitel M, Erickson AL, Crosby RD (2013) Survey on laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) at the fourth international consensus summit on sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-013-1040-x CrossRefPubMed

100.

Li J, Lai D, Wu D (2016) Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy to treat morbid obesity-related comorbidities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg 26(2):429–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1996-9 CrossRefPubMed

101.

Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S, Alodat T, Memon B, Memon MA (2016) Postoperative early major and minor complications in laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (LVSG) versus laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) procedures: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Obes Surg 26(10):2273–2284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2101-8 CrossRefPubMed

102.

Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S, Memon B, Memon MA (2016) Late postoperative complications in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LVSG) versus laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 26(3):193–201. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000279 CrossRefPubMed

103.

Peterli R, Wölnerhanssen BK, Peters T et al (2018) Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on weight loss in patients with morbid obesity. JAMA 319(3):255. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.20897 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Salminen P, Helmiö M, Ovaska J et al (2018) Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on weight loss at 5 years among patients with morbid obesity. JAMA 319(3):241. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.20313 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

105.

Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P et al (2017) Bariatric surgery and endoluminal procedures: IFSO worldwide survey 2014. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2666-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

106.

Polega JR, Barreto TW, Kemmeter KD, Koehler TJ, Davis AT, Kemmeter PR (2017) A matched cohort study of laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and sleeve gastrectomy performed by one surgeon. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.10.023 CrossRefPubMed

107.

Sucandy I, Titano J, Bonanni F, Antanavicius G (2014) Comparison of vertical sleeve gastrectomy versus biliopancreatic diversion. N Am J Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.125865 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

108.

Hedberg J, Sundbom M (2012) Superior weight loss and lower HbA1c 3 years after duodenal switch compared with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2012.01.014 CrossRefPubMed

109.

Laurenius A, Taha O, Maleckas A, Lönroth H, Olbers T (2010) Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch or laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for super-obesity—weight loss versus side effects. Surg Obes Relat Dis 6(4):408–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2010.03.293 CrossRefPubMed

110.

Søvik TT, Taha O, Aasheim ET et al (2010) Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic duodenal switch for superobesity. Br J Surg. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6802 CrossRefPubMed

111.

Sudan R, Jain-Spangler K (2018) Tailoring bariatric surgery: sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2018.0397 CrossRef

112.

Mahawar KK, Himpens J, Shikora SA et al (2018) The first consensus statement on one anastomosis/mini gastric bypass (OAGB/MGB) using a modified delphi approach. Obes Surg 28(2):303–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-3070-2 CrossRefPubMed

113.

Lee WJ, Yu PJ, Wang W, Chen TC, Wei PL, Te HM (2005) Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y versus mini-gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000167762.46568.98 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

114.

Ruiz-Tovar J, Carbajo MA, Jimenez JM et al (2019) Long-term follow-up after sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus one-anastomosis gastric bypass: a prospective randomized comparative study of weight loss and remission of comorbidities. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6307-9 CrossRefPubMed

115.

Quan Y, Huang A, Ye M et al (2015) Efficacy of laparoscopic mini gastric bypass for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/152852 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

116.

Magouliotis DE, Tasiopoulou VS, Svokos AA, Svokos KA, Sioka E, Zacharoulis D (2017) One-anastomosis gastric bypass versus sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2807-2 CrossRefPubMed

117.

Wang FG, Yu ZP, Yan WM, Yan M, Song MM (2017) Comparison of safety and effectiveness between laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008924 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

118.

Seetharamaiah S, Tantia O, Goyal G et al (2017) LSG vs OAGB—1 Year Follow-up Data—a Randomized Control Trial. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2403-x CrossRefPubMed

119.

Darabi S, Talebpour M, Zeinoddini A, Heidari R (2013) Laparoscopic gastric plication versus mini-gastric bypass surgery in the treatment of morbid obesity: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2013.07.012 CrossRefPubMed

120.

Cottam A, Cottam D, Medlin W et al (2016) A matched cohort analysis of single anastomosis loop duodenal switch versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with 18-month follow-up. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-015-4707-7 CrossRefPubMed

121.

Surve A, Zaveri H, Cottam D, Belnap LG, Cottam A, Cottam S (2017) A retrospective comparison of biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch with single anastomosis duodenal switch (SIPS-stomach intestinal pylorus sparing surgery) at a single institution with two year follow-up. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.11.020 CrossRefPubMed

122.

Lee WJ, Almulaifi AM, Tsou JJ, Ser KH, Lee YC, Chen SC (2015) Duodenal-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy versus the sleeve gastrectomy procedure alone: the role of duodenal exclusion. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.12.017 CrossRefPubMed

123.

Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P et al (2018) IFSO Worldwide survey 2016: Primary, endoluminal, and revisional procedures. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3450-2 CrossRefPubMed

124.

Brethauer SA, Kothari S, Sudan R et al (2014) Systematic review on reoperative bariatric surgery American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Revision Task Force. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.02.014 CrossRefPubMed

125.

Bonouvrie DS, Uittenbogaart M, Luijten AAPM, van Dielen FMH, Leclercq WKG (2019) Lack of standard definitions of primary and secondary (non)responders after primary gastric bypass and gastric sleeve: a systematic review. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3610-4 CrossRefPubMed

126.

Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M et al (2015) European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442721 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

127.

Inabnet WB, Belle SH, Bessler M et al (2010) Comparison of 30-day outcomes after non-LapBand primary and revisional bariatric surgical procedures from the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2009.10.007 CrossRefPubMed

128.

Rudolph A, Hilbert A (2013) Post-operative behavioural management in bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12013 CrossRefPubMed

129.

Magouliotis DE, Tasiopoulou VS, Svokos AA et al (2017) Ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2924-y CrossRefPubMed

130.

Li Z, Zhou X, Fu W (2018) Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-017-0059-9 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

131.

Ying WCV, Song SH, Khan K et al (2015) Prophylactic PPI help reduce marginal ulcers after gastric bypass surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Surg Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-014-3794-1 CrossRefPubMed

132.

Stewart F, Avenell A (2016) Behavioural interventions for severe obesity before and/or after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1873-6 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

133.

Basbug A, Ellibeş Kaya A, Dogan S, Pehlivan M, Goynumer G (2018) Does pregnancy interval after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy affect maternal and perinatal outcomes? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 32(22):3764–3770CrossRef

134.

Crusell M, Nilas L, Svare J, Lauenborg J (2016) A Time interval of more than 18 months between a pregnancy and a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increases the risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in pregnancy. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2130-3 CrossRefPubMed

135.

Rasteiro C, Araújo C, Cunha S et al (2018) Influence of time interval from bariatric surgery to conception on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3395-5 CrossRefPubMed

136.

Rottenstreich A, Levin G, Kleinstern G, Rottenstreich M, Elchalal U, Elazary R (2018) The effect of surgery-to-conception interval on pregnancy outcomes after sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.09.485 CrossRefPubMed

137.

Stentebjerg LL, Andersen LLT, Renault K, Støving RK, Jensen DM (2017) Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes according to surgery to conception interval and gestational weight gain in women with previous gastric bypass. J Matern Neonatal Med. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1208746 CrossRef

138.

Yau PO, Parikh M, Saunders JK, Chui P, Zablocki T, Welcome AU (2017) Pregnancy after bariatric surgery: the effect of time-to-conception on pregnancy outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2017.07.015 CrossRefPubMed

139.

Jirapinyo P, Haas AV, Thompson CC (2018) Effect of the Duodenal-jejunal bypass liner on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes with obesity: a meta-analysis with secondary analysis on weight loss and hormonal changes. Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1985/-/DC1 CrossRefPubMed

140.

Thompson CC, Dayyeh BKA, Kushnir V et al (2018) Aspiration therapy for the treatment of obesity: 2–4 year results of the PATHWAY multicenter randomized controlled trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis 14(11):S4–S5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2018.09.018 CrossRef

141.

Busetto L, Torres AJ, Morales S et al (2015) Impact of Abiliti® sensor-based feedback on eating behavior, physical activity and weight-loss in obese patients. Obes Surg 28(6):1766–1774

142.

Horbach T, Thalheimer A, Seyfried F, Eschenbacher F, Schuhmann P, Meyer G (2015) abiliti^® closed-loop gastric electrical stimulation system for treatment of obesity: clinical results with a 27-month follow-up. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1620-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

143.

Torres A, Meyer G, Conde SM, et al (2015) Closed-loop gastric electrical stimulation (CLGES) with behavioral feedback for treatment of obesity: prospective multicenter trial with 18 month follow-up. Obes Surg

144.

Sarr MG, Billington CJ, Brancatisano R et al (2012) The EMPOWER study: randomized, prospective, double-blind, multicenter trial of vagal blockade to induce weight loss in morbid obesity. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0751-8 CrossRefPubMed

145.

Ikramuddin S, Blackstone RP, Brancatisano A et al (2014) Effect of reversible intermittent intra-abdominal vagal nerve blockade on morbid obesity: the ReCharge randomized clinical trial. JAMA. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.10540 CrossRefPubMed

146.

Shikora SA, Wolfe BM, Apovian CM et al (2015) Sustained blockade weight loss with vagal nerve but not with sham: 18-month results of the ReCharge trial. J Obes. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/365604 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

147.

Apovian CM, Shah SN, Wolfe BM et al (2017) Two-year outcomes of vagal nerve blocking (vBloc) for the treatment of obesity in the ReCharge trial. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2325-7 CrossRefPubMed

148.

van Baar ACG, Nieuwdorp M, Holleman F et al (2018) Duodenal mucosal resurfacing elicits improvement in glycemic and hepatic parameters in type 2 diabetes—one-year multicenter study results. Diabetes 67(Supplement 1):1137. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-1137-P CrossRef

149.

Miller K, Turró R, Greve JW, Bakker CM, Buchwald JN, Espinós JC (2017) MILEPOST multicenter randomized controlled trial: 12-month weight loss and satiety outcomes after poseSMvs, medical therapy. Obes Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-016-2295-9 CrossRefPubMed

150.

Sullivan S, Swain JM, Woodman G et al (2017) Randomized sham-controlled trial evaluating efficacy and safety of endoscopic gastric plication for primary obesity: the ESSENTIAL trial. Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21702 CrossRefPubMed

151.

López-Nava G, Bautista-Castaño I, Jimenez A, De Grado T, Fernandez-Corbelle JP (2015) The primary obesity surgery endolumenal (POSE) procedure: one-year patient weight loss and safety outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2014.09.026 CrossRefPubMed

152.

Sharaiha RZ, Kumta NA, Saumoy M et al (2017) Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty significantly reduces body mass index and metabolic complications in obese patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.12.012 CrossRefPubMed

153.

Ahishali E (2018) Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for obesity: a multicenter study of 248 patients with 24 months follow-up. Turkish J Gastroenterol. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2018.180501 CrossRef

154.

Lopez-Nava G, Galvão M, Bautista-Castaño I, Fernandez-Corbelle J, Trell M, Lopez N, (2017) Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for obesity treatment: two years of experience. Arq Bras Circ Dig 30(1):18–20. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201700010006 CrossRef

155.

Lopez-Nava G, Galvao M, Bautista-Castaño I, Fernandez-Corbelle J, Trell M (2016) Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty with 1-year follow-up: factors predictive of success. Endosc Int Open. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-110771 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

156.

Alqahtani A, Al-Darwish A, Mahmoud AE, Alqahtani YA, Elahmedi M (2019) Short-term outcomes of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty in 1000 consecutive patients. Gastrointest Endosc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2018.12.012 CrossRefPubMed

Title: Clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) on bariatric surgery: update 2020 endorsed by IFSO-EC, EASO and ESPCOP
Authors: Nicola Di Lorenzo
Stavros A. Antoniou
Rachel L. Batterham
Luca Busetto
Daniela Godoroja
Angelo Iossa
Francesco M. Carrano
Ferdinando Agresta
Isaias Alarçon
Carmil Azran
Nicole Bouvy
Carmen Balaguè Ponz
Maura Buza
Catalin Copaescu
Maurizio De Luca
Dror Dicker
Angelo Di Vincenzo
Daniel M. Felsenreich
Nader K. Francis
Martin Fried
Berta Gonzalo Prats
David Goitein
Jason C. G. Halford
Jitka Herlesova
Marina Kalogridaki
Hans Ket
Salvador Morales-Conde
Giacomo Piatto
Gerhard Prager
Suzanne Pruijssers
Andrea Pucci
Shlomi Rayman
Eugenia Romano
Sergi Sanchez-Cordero
Ramon Vilallonga
Gianfranco Silecchia
Publication date: 01-06-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Obesity
Obesity
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Bariatric Surgery
Bariatric Surgery
Published in: Surgical Endoscopy / Issue 6/2020
Print ISSN: 0930-2794
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2218
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07555-y

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) on bariatric surgery: update 2020 endorsed by IFSO-EC, EASO and ESPCOP

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 6/2020

Single incision laparoscopic assisted double balloon enteroscopy: a novel technique to manage small bowel pathology

Robotic versus laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for left-sided pancreatic tumors: a single surgeon’s experience of 228 consecutive cases

SAGES and EAES recommendations for minimally invasive surgery during COVID-19 pandemic

Evolving changes of minimally invasive esophagectomy: a single-institution experience

Development of a conceptual framework of recovery after abdominal surgery

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is an independent predictor of poor follow-up and reaching ≤ 40% excess body weight loss at 1, 2, and 3 years after bariatric surgery