Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Review

ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations

Authors: Richard B Kreider, Colin D Wilborn, Lem Taylor, Bill Campbell, Anthony L Almada, Rick Collins, Mathew Cooke, Conrad P Earnest, Mike Greenwood, Douglas S Kalman, Chad M Kerksick, Susan M Kleiner, Brian Leutholtz, Hector Lopez, Lonnie M Lowery, Ron Mendel, Abbie Smith, Marie Spano, Robert Wildman, Darryn S Willoughby, Tim N Ziegenfuss, Jose Antonio

Published in: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Leutholtz B, Kreider R: Exercise and Sport Nutrition. Nutritional Health. Edited by: Wilson T, Temple N. 2001, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 207-39.CrossRef Leutholtz B, Kreider R: Exercise and Sport Nutrition. Nutritional Health. Edited by: Wilson T, Temple N. 2001, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 207-39.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Williams MH: Nutrition for Health, Fitness, and Sport. 1999, Dubuque, IA: ACB/McGraw-Hill Williams MH: Nutrition for Health, Fitness, and Sport. 1999, Dubuque, IA: ACB/McGraw-Hill
3.
go back to reference Kreider R, Leutholtz B, Katch F, Katch V: Exercise & Sport Nutrition. 2009, Santa Barbara: Fitness Technologies Press Kreider R, Leutholtz B, Katch F, Katch V: Exercise & Sport Nutrition. 2009, Santa Barbara: Fitness Technologies Press
5.
go back to reference Beers MH, Berkow R: The Merck Manual. 1999, Merck Research Laboratories, 17 Beers MH, Berkow R: The Merck Manual. 1999, Merck Research Laboratories, 17
6.
go back to reference Sherman WM, Jacobs KA, Leenders N: Carbohydrate metabolism during endurance exercise. Overtraining in Sport. Edited by: Kreider RB, Fry AC, O'Toole ML. 1998, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 289-308. Sherman WM, Jacobs KA, Leenders N: Carbohydrate metabolism during endurance exercise. Overtraining in Sport. Edited by: Kreider RB, Fry AC, O'Toole ML. 1998, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 289-308.
7.
go back to reference Berning JR: Energy intake, diet, and muscle wasting. Overtraining in Sport. Edited by: Kreider RB, Fry AC, O'Toole ML. 1998, Champaign: Human Kinetics, 275-88. Berning JR: Energy intake, diet, and muscle wasting. Overtraining in Sport. Edited by: Kreider RB, Fry AC, O'Toole ML. 1998, Champaign: Human Kinetics, 275-88.
8.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Fry AC, O'Toole ML: Overtraining in Sport. 1998, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers Kreider RB, Fry AC, O'Toole ML: Overtraining in Sport. 1998, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers
9.
go back to reference Kreider RB: Physiological considerations of ultraendurance performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1991, 1 (1): 3-27.PubMed Kreider RB: Physiological considerations of ultraendurance performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1991, 1 (1): 3-27.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Brouns F, Saris WH, Beckers E, Adlercreutz H, Vusse van der GJ, Keizer HA, Kuipers H, Menheere P, Wagenmakers AJ, ten Hoor F: Metabolic changes induced by sustained exhaustive cycling and diet manipulation. Int J Sports Med. 1989, 10 (Suppl 1): S49-62. 10.1055/s-2007-1024954.PubMedCrossRef Brouns F, Saris WH, Beckers E, Adlercreutz H, Vusse van der GJ, Keizer HA, Kuipers H, Menheere P, Wagenmakers AJ, ten Hoor F: Metabolic changes induced by sustained exhaustive cycling and diet manipulation. Int J Sports Med. 1989, 10 (Suppl 1): S49-62. 10.1055/s-2007-1024954.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Brouns F, Saris WH, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, Rehrer NJ, ten Hoor F: Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study, Part I. Int J Sports Med. 1989, 10 (Suppl 1): S32-40. 10.1055/s-2007-1024952.PubMedCrossRef Brouns F, Saris WH, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, Rehrer NJ, ten Hoor F: Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study, Part I. Int J Sports Med. 1989, 10 (Suppl 1): S32-40. 10.1055/s-2007-1024952.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Brouns F, Saris WH, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, Rehrer NJ, ten Hoor F: Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study Part II. Effect of diet manipulation. Int J Sports Med. 1989, 10 (Suppl 1): S41-8. 10.1055/s-2007-1024953.PubMedCrossRef Brouns F, Saris WH, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, Rehrer NJ, ten Hoor F: Eating, drinking, and cycling. A controlled Tour de France simulation study Part II. Effect of diet manipulation. Int J Sports Med. 1989, 10 (Suppl 1): S41-8. 10.1055/s-2007-1024953.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kerksick C, Harvey T, Stout J, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Kreider R, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Ivy JL, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008, 5: 17-10.1186/1550-2783-5-17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kerksick C, Harvey T, Stout J, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Kreider R, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Ivy JL, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008, 5: 17-10.1186/1550-2783-5-17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Harger-Domitrovich SG, McClaughry AE, Gaskill SE, Ruby BC: Exogenous carbohydrate spares muscle glycogen in men and women during 10 h of exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007, 39 (12): 2171-9. 10.1249/mss.0b013e318157a650.PubMedCrossRef Harger-Domitrovich SG, McClaughry AE, Gaskill SE, Ruby BC: Exogenous carbohydrate spares muscle glycogen in men and women during 10 h of exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007, 39 (12): 2171-9. 10.1249/mss.0b013e318157a650.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Rodriguez NR, Di Marco NM, Langley S: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009, 41 (3): 709-31. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31890eb86.PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez NR, Di Marco NM, Langley S: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009, 41 (3): 709-31. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31890eb86.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S: Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009, 109 (3): 509-27. 10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005.PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez NR, DiMarco NM, Langley S: Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009, 109 (3): 509-27. 10.1016/j.jada.2009.01.005.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007, 39 (2): 377-90. 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597.PubMedCrossRef Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007, 39 (2): 377-90. 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca597.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Currell K, Jeukendrup AE: Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40 (2): 275-81. 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19.PubMedCrossRef Currell K, Jeukendrup AE: Superior endurance performance with ingestion of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40 (2): 275-81. 10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L: Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L: Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008
20.
go back to reference Earnest CP, Lancaster SL, Rasmussen CJ, Kerksick CM, Lucia A, Greenwood MC, Almada AL, Cowan PA, Kreider RB: Low vs. high glycemic index carbohydrate gel ingestion during simulated 64-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2004, 18 (3): 466-72. 10.1519/R-xxxxx.1.PubMed Earnest CP, Lancaster SL, Rasmussen CJ, Kerksick CM, Lucia A, Greenwood MC, Almada AL, Cowan PA, Kreider RB: Low vs. high glycemic index carbohydrate gel ingestion during simulated 64-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2004, 18 (3): 466-72. 10.1519/R-xxxxx.1.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Venables MC, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE: Oxidation of maltose and trehalose during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40 (9): 1653-9. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318175716c.PubMedCrossRef Venables MC, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE: Oxidation of maltose and trehalose during prolonged moderate-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40 (9): 1653-9. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318175716c.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE: Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003, 88 (4-5): 459-65. 10.1007/s00421-002-0729-7.PubMedCrossRef Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE: Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequent metabolism and cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003, 88 (4-5): 459-65. 10.1007/s00421-002-0729-7.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Achten J, Jentjens RL, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE: Exogenous oxidation of isomaltulose is lower than that of sucrose during exercise in men. J Nutr. 2007, 137 (5): 1143-8.PubMed Achten J, Jentjens RL, Brouns F, Jeukendrup AE: Exogenous oxidation of isomaltulose is lower than that of sucrose during exercise in men. J Nutr. 2007, 137 (5): 1143-8.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Jentjens RL, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE: Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2004, 96 (4): 1285-91. 10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003.PubMedCrossRef Jentjens RL, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE: Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2004, 96 (4): 1285-91. 10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Jeukendrup AE, Jentjens R: Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Med. 2000, 29 (6): 407-24. 10.2165/00007256-200029060-00004.PubMedCrossRef Jeukendrup AE, Jentjens R: Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Med. 2000, 29 (6): 407-24. 10.2165/00007256-200029060-00004.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Rowlands DS, Wallis GA, Shaw C, Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE: Glucose polymer molecular weight does not affect exogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005, 37 (9): 1510-6. 10.1249/01.mss.0000177586.68399.f5.PubMedCrossRef Rowlands DS, Wallis GA, Shaw C, Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE: Glucose polymer molecular weight does not affect exogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005, 37 (9): 1510-6. 10.1249/01.mss.0000177586.68399.f5.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lemon PW, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA: Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 73 (2): 767-75.PubMed Lemon PW, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA: Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 73 (2): 767-75.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA: Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J Appl Physiol. 1988, 64 (1): 187-93.PubMed Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA: Influence of protein intake and training status on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. J Appl Physiol. 1988, 64 (1): 187-93.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, Schwarcz HP: Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 73 (5): 1986-95.PubMed Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, Schwarcz HP: Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 73 (5): 1986-95.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky MA: Protein and physical performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999, 2 (6): 533-7. 10.1097/00075197-199911000-00018.PubMedCrossRef Tarnopolsky MA: Protein and physical performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999, 2 (6): 533-7. 10.1097/00075197-199911000-00018.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kreider RB: Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med. 1999, 27 (2): 97-110. 10.2165/00007256-199927020-00003.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB: Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med. 1999, 27 (2): 97-110. 10.2165/00007256-199927020-00003.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Chesley A, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, Smith K: Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 73 (4): 1383-8.PubMed Chesley A, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, Smith K: Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 73 (4): 1383-8.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Kleiner SM: Protein supplements for athletes: need vs. convenience. Your Patient & Fitness. 2000, 14 (6): 12-8. Kreider RB, Kleiner SM: Protein supplements for athletes: need vs. convenience. Your Patient & Fitness. 2000, 14 (6): 12-8.
35.
go back to reference Bucci L, Unlu L: Proteins and amino acid supplements in exercise and sport. Energy-Yielding Macronutrients and Energy Metabolism in Sports Nutrition. Edited by: Driskell J, Wolinsky I. 2000, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 191-212. Bucci L, Unlu L: Proteins and amino acid supplements in exercise and sport. Energy-Yielding Macronutrients and Energy Metabolism in Sports Nutrition. Edited by: Driskell J, Wolinsky I. 2000, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 191-212.
36.
go back to reference Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B: Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94 (26): 14930-5. 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B: Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94 (26): 14930-5. 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Boirie Y, Beaufrere B, Ritz P: Energetic cost of protein turnover in healthy elderly humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25 (5): 601-5. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801608.PubMedCrossRef Boirie Y, Beaufrere B, Ritz P: Energetic cost of protein turnover in healthy elderly humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25 (5): 601-5. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801608.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Boirie Y, Gachon P, Corny S, Fauquant J, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B: Acute postprandial changes in leucine metabolism as assessed with an intrinsically labeled milk protein. Am J Physiol. 1996, 271 (6 Pt 1): E1083-91.PubMed Boirie Y, Gachon P, Corny S, Fauquant J, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B: Acute postprandial changes in leucine metabolism as assessed with an intrinsically labeled milk protein. Am J Physiol. 1996, 271 (6 Pt 1): E1083-91.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Campbell B, Kreider RB, Ziegenfuss T, La Bounty P, Roberts M, Burke D, Landis J, Lopez H, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 8-10.1186/1550-2783-4-8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Campbell B, Kreider RB, Ziegenfuss T, La Bounty P, Roberts M, Burke D, Landis J, Lopez H, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 8-10.1186/1550-2783-4-8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Venkatraman JT, Leddy J, Pendergast D: Dietary fats and immune status in athletes: clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (7 Suppl): S389-95.PubMedCrossRef Venkatraman JT, Leddy J, Pendergast D: Dietary fats and immune status in athletes: clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (7 Suppl): S389-95.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Dorgan JF, Judd JT, Longcope C, Brown C, Schatzkin A, Clevidence BA, Campbell WS, Nair PP, Franz C, Kahle L, Taylor PR: Effects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens and estrogens in men: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 64 (6): 850-5.PubMed Dorgan JF, Judd JT, Longcope C, Brown C, Schatzkin A, Clevidence BA, Campbell WS, Nair PP, Franz C, Kahle L, Taylor PR: Effects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens and estrogens in men: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 64 (6): 850-5.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Hamalainen EK, Adlercreutz H, Puska P, Pietinen P: Decrease of serum total and free testosterone during a low-fat high-fibre diet. J Steroid Biochem. 1983, 18 (3): 369-70. 10.1016/0022-4731(83)90117-6.PubMedCrossRef Hamalainen EK, Adlercreutz H, Puska P, Pietinen P: Decrease of serum total and free testosterone during a low-fat high-fibre diet. J Steroid Biochem. 1983, 18 (3): 369-70. 10.1016/0022-4731(83)90117-6.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Reed MJ, Cheng RW, Simmonds M, Richmond W, James VH: Dietary lipids: an additional regulator of plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987, 64 (5): 1083-5. 10.1210/jcem-64-5-1083.PubMedCrossRef Reed MJ, Cheng RW, Simmonds M, Richmond W, James VH: Dietary lipids: an additional regulator of plasma levels of sex hormone binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987, 64 (5): 1083-5. 10.1210/jcem-64-5-1083.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Fry AC, Kraemer WJ, Ramsey LT: Pituitary-adrenal-gonadal responses to high-intensity resistance exercise overtraining. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 85 (6): 2352-9.PubMed Fry AC, Kraemer WJ, Ramsey LT: Pituitary-adrenal-gonadal responses to high-intensity resistance exercise overtraining. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 85 (6): 2352-9.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ: A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997, 21 (10): 941-7. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800499.PubMedCrossRef Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ: A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997, 21 (10): 941-7. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800499.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Miller WC: Effective diet and exercise treatments for overweight and recommendations for intervention. Sports Med. 2001, 31 (10): 717-24. 10.2165/00007256-200131100-00002.PubMedCrossRef Miller WC: Effective diet and exercise treatments for overweight and recommendations for intervention. Sports Med. 2001, 31 (10): 717-24. 10.2165/00007256-200131100-00002.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P: Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity?. Obes Rev. 2003, 4 (2): 83-90. 10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00099.x.PubMedCrossRef Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P: Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity?. Obes Rev. 2003, 4 (2): 83-90. 10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00099.x.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC: Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001, 20 (1): 5-19.PubMedCrossRef Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC: Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001, 20 (1): 5-19.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Vessby B: Dietary fat, fatty acid composition in plasma and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003, 14 (1): 15-9. 10.1097/00041433-200302000-00004.PubMedCrossRef Vessby B: Dietary fat, fatty acid composition in plasma and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003, 14 (1): 15-9. 10.1097/00041433-200302000-00004.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Kreider RB: Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Abstracts of 6th Internationl Conference on Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine. 2001 Kreider RB: Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Abstracts of 6th Internationl Conference on Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine. 2001
51.
go back to reference Carli G, Bonifazi M, Lodi L, Lupo C, Martelli G, Viti A: Changes in the exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992, 64 (3): 272-7. 10.1007/BF00626291.PubMedCrossRef Carli G, Bonifazi M, Lodi L, Lupo C, Martelli G, Viti A: Changes in the exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992, 64 (3): 272-7. 10.1007/BF00626291.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Cade JR, Reese RH, Privette RM, Hommen NM, Rogers JL, Fregly MJ: Dietary intervention and training in swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991, 63 (3-4): 210-5. 10.1007/BF00233850.PubMedCrossRef Cade JR, Reese RH, Privette RM, Hommen NM, Rogers JL, Fregly MJ: Dietary intervention and training in swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991, 63 (3-4): 210-5. 10.1007/BF00233850.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Nieman DC, Fagoaga OR, Butterworth DE, Warren BJ, Utter A, Davis JM, Henson DA, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL: Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2.5 h or running. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997, 66 (1): 153-9.PubMed Nieman DC, Fagoaga OR, Butterworth DE, Warren BJ, Utter A, Davis JM, Henson DA, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL: Carbohydrate supplementation affects blood granulocyte and monocyte trafficking but not function after 2.5 h or running. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997, 66 (1): 153-9.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Nieman DC: Influence of carbohydrate on the immune response to intensive, prolonged exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 1998, 4: 64-76.PubMed Nieman DC: Influence of carbohydrate on the immune response to intensive, prolonged exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 1998, 4: 64-76.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Nieman DC: Nutrition, exercise, and immune system function. Clin Sports Med. 1999, 18 (3): 537-48. 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70167-8.PubMedCrossRef Nieman DC: Nutrition, exercise, and immune system function. Clin Sports Med. 1999, 18 (3): 537-48. 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70167-8.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Burke LM: Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001, 128 (4): 735-48. 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00279-3.PubMedCrossRef Burke LM: Nutritional needs for exercise in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001, 128 (4): 735-48. 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00279-3.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Burke LM: Nutrition for post-exercise recovery. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1997, 29 (1): 3-10.PubMed Burke LM: Nutrition for post-exercise recovery. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1997, 29 (1): 3-10.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Maughan RJ, Noakes TD: Fluid replacement and exercise stress. A brief review of studies on fluid replacement and some guidelines for the athlete. Sports Med. 1991, 12 (1): 16-31. 10.2165/00007256-199112010-00003.PubMedCrossRef Maughan RJ, Noakes TD: Fluid replacement and exercise stress. A brief review of studies on fluid replacement and some guidelines for the athlete. Sports Med. 1991, 12 (1): 16-31. 10.2165/00007256-199112010-00003.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Zawadzki KM, Yaspelkis BB, Ivy JL: Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 72 (5): 1854-9.PubMed Zawadzki KM, Yaspelkis BB, Ivy JL: Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992, 72 (5): 1854-9.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky MA, Bosman M, Macdonald JR, Vandeputte D, Martin J, Roy BD: Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1997, 83 (6): 1877-83.PubMed Tarnopolsky MA, Bosman M, Macdonald JR, Vandeputte D, Martin J, Roy BD: Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1997, 83 (6): 1877-83.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Bush JA, Putukian M, Sebastianelli WJ: Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 85 (4): 1544-55.PubMed Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Bush JA, Putukian M, Sebastianelli WJ: Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 85 (4): 1544-55.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Jeukendrup AE, Currell K, Clarke J, Cole J, Blannin AK: Effect of beverage glucose and sodium content on fluid delivery. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009, 6: 9-10.1186/1743-7075-6-9.CrossRef Jeukendrup AE, Currell K, Clarke J, Cole J, Blannin AK: Effect of beverage glucose and sodium content on fluid delivery. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009, 6: 9-10.1186/1743-7075-6-9.CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Rehrer NJ: Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports Med. 2001, 31 (10): 701-15. 10.2165/00007256-200131100-00001.PubMedCrossRef Rehrer NJ: Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports Med. 2001, 31 (10): 701-15. 10.2165/00007256-200131100-00001.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Sawka MN, Montain SJ: Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 72 (2 Suppl): 564S-72S.PubMed Sawka MN, Montain SJ: Fluid and electrolyte supplementation for exercise heat stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 72 (2 Suppl): 564S-72S.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Shirreffs SM, Armstrong LE, Cheuvront SN: Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2004, 22 (1): 57-63. 10.1080/0264041031000140572.PubMedCrossRef Shirreffs SM, Armstrong LE, Cheuvront SN: Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2004, 22 (1): 57-63. 10.1080/0264041031000140572.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Brouns F, Kovacs EM, Senden JM: The effect of different rehydration drinks on post-exercise electrolyte excretion in trained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1998, 19 (1): 56-60. 10.1055/s-2007-971881.PubMedCrossRef Brouns F, Kovacs EM, Senden JM: The effect of different rehydration drinks on post-exercise electrolyte excretion in trained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1998, 19 (1): 56-60. 10.1055/s-2007-971881.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Kovacs EM, Senden JM, Brouns F: Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during postexercise rehydration. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999, 39 (1): 47-53.PubMed Kovacs EM, Senden JM, Brouns F: Urine color, osmolality and specific electrical conductance are not accurate measures of hydration status during postexercise rehydration. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999, 39 (1): 47-53.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Kovacs EM, Schmahl RM, Senden JM, Brouns F: Effect of high and low rates of fluid intake on post-exercise rehydration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002, 12 (1): 14-23.PubMed Kovacs EM, Schmahl RM, Senden JM, Brouns F: Effect of high and low rates of fluid intake on post-exercise rehydration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002, 12 (1): 14-23.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Meyer LG, Horrigan DJ, Lotz WG: Effects of three hydration beverages on exercise performance during 60 hours of heat exposure. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995, 66 (11): 1052-7.PubMed Meyer LG, Horrigan DJ, Lotz WG: Effects of three hydration beverages on exercise performance during 60 hours of heat exposure. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995, 66 (11): 1052-7.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Williams MH: Facts and fallacies of purported ergogenic amino acid supplements. Clin Sports Med. 1999, 18 (3): 633-49. 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70173-3.PubMedCrossRef Williams MH: Facts and fallacies of purported ergogenic amino acid supplements. Clin Sports Med. 1999, 18 (3): 633-49. 10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70173-3.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kreider RB: Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003, 244 (1-2): 89-94. 10.1023/A:1022465203458.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB: Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003, 244 (1-2): 89-94. 10.1023/A:1022465203458.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Staron RS, Kraemer WJ: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to 12 weeks of creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1999, 31 (5): Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Staron RS, Kraemer WJ: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to 12 weeks of creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1999, 31 (5):
73.
go back to reference Willoughby DS, Rosene J: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (10): 1674-81. 10.1097/00005768-200110000-00010.PubMedCrossRef Willoughby DS, Rosene J: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (10): 1674-81. 10.1097/00005768-200110000-00010.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Willoughby DS, Rosene JM: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (6): 923-9. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000069746.05241.F0.PubMedCrossRef Willoughby DS, Rosene JM: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (6): 923-9. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000069746.05241.F0.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M: Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006, 573 (Pt 2): 525-34. 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.107359.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olesen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M: Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol. 2006, 573 (Pt 2): 525-34. 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.107359.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Williams MH, Kreider R, Branch JD: Creatine: The power supplement. 1999, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers Williams MH, Kreider R, Branch JD: Creatine: The power supplement. 1999, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers
77.
go back to reference Kreider R, Melton C, Hunt J, Rasmussen C, Ransom J, Stroud T, Cantler E, Milnor P: Creatine does not increase incidence of cramping or injury during pre-season college football training I. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999, 31 (5): S355-CrossRef Kreider R, Melton C, Hunt J, Rasmussen C, Ransom J, Stroud T, Cantler E, Milnor P: Creatine does not increase incidence of cramping or injury during pre-season college football training I. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999, 31 (5): S355-CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Melton C, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood M, Lancaster S, Cantler EC, Milnor P, Almada AL: Long-term creatine supplementation does not significantly affect clinical markers of health in athletes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003, 244 (1-2): 95-104. 10.1023/A:1022469320296.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB, Melton C, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood M, Lancaster S, Cantler EC, Milnor P, Almada AL: Long-term creatine supplementation does not significantly affect clinical markers of health in athletes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003, 244 (1-2): 95-104. 10.1023/A:1022469320296.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Graham AS, Hatton RC: Creatine: a review of efficacy and safety. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1999, 39 (6): 803-10. Graham AS, Hatton RC: Creatine: a review of efficacy and safety. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1999, 39 (6): 803-10.
80.
go back to reference Juhn MS, Tarnopolsky M: Potential side effects of oral creatine supplementation: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med. 1998, 8 (4): 298-304.PubMedCrossRef Juhn MS, Tarnopolsky M: Potential side effects of oral creatine supplementation: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med. 1998, 8 (4): 298-304.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Taes YE, Delanghe JR, Wuyts B, Voorde Van De J, Lameire NH: Creatine supplementation does not affect kidney function in an animal model with pre-existing renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003, 18 (2): 258-64. 10.1093/ndt/18.2.258.PubMedCrossRef Taes YE, Delanghe JR, Wuyts B, Voorde Van De J, Lameire NH: Creatine supplementation does not affect kidney function in an animal model with pre-existing renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003, 18 (2): 258-64. 10.1093/ndt/18.2.258.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Schilling BK, Stone MH, Utter A, Kearney JT, Johnson M, Coglianese R, Smith L, O'Bryant HS, Fry AC, Starks M, Keith R, Stone ME: Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (2): 183-8.PubMedCrossRef Schilling BK, Stone MH, Utter A, Kearney JT, Johnson M, Coglianese R, Smith L, O'Bryant HS, Fry AC, Starks M, Keith R, Stone ME: Creatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (2): 183-8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Greenwood M, Kreider R, Greenwood L, Byars A: Creatine supplementation does not increase the incidence of injury or cramping in college baseball players. Journal of Exercise Physiology online. 2003, 6 (4): 16-22. Greenwood M, Kreider R, Greenwood L, Byars A: Creatine supplementation does not increase the incidence of injury or cramping in college baseball players. Journal of Exercise Physiology online. 2003, 6 (4): 16-22.
84.
go back to reference Greenwood M, Kreider R, Greenwood L, Earnest C, Farris J, Brown L: Effects of creatine supplementation on the incidence of cramping/injury during eighteen weeks of collegiate baseball training/competition. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2002, 34 (S146): Greenwood M, Kreider R, Greenwood L, Earnest C, Farris J, Brown L: Effects of creatine supplementation on the incidence of cramping/injury during eighteen weeks of collegiate baseball training/competition. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2002, 34 (S146):
85.
go back to reference Watsford ML, Murphy AJ, Spinks WL, Walshe AD: Creatine supplementation and its effect on musculotendinous stiffness and performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2003, 17 (1): 26-33. 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0026:CSAIEO>2.0.CO;2.PubMed Watsford ML, Murphy AJ, Spinks WL, Walshe AD: Creatine supplementation and its effect on musculotendinous stiffness and performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2003, 17 (1): 26-33. 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0026:CSAIEO>2.0.CO;2.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Kerksick CM: Putting to rest the myth of creatine supplementation leading to muscle cramps and dehydration. Br J Sports Med. 2008, 42 (7): 567-73. 10.1136/bjsm.2007.042473.PubMedCrossRef Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Kerksick CM: Putting to rest the myth of creatine supplementation leading to muscle cramps and dehydration. Br J Sports Med. 2008, 42 (7): 567-73. 10.1136/bjsm.2007.042473.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 6-10.1186/1550-2783-4-6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 6-10.1186/1550-2783-4-6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Brown EC, DiSilvestro RA, Babaknia A, Devor ST: Soy versus whey protein bars: effects on exercise training impact on lean body mass and antioxidant status. Nutr J. 2004, 3: 22-10.1186/1475-2891-3-22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Brown EC, DiSilvestro RA, Babaknia A, Devor ST: Soy versus whey protein bars: effects on exercise training impact on lean body mass and antioxidant status. Nutr J. 2004, 3: 22-10.1186/1475-2891-3-22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Candow DG, Burke NC, Smith-Palmer T, Burke DG: Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006, 16 (3): 233-44.PubMed Candow DG, Burke NC, Smith-Palmer T, Burke DG: Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006, 16 (3): 233-44.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Flakoll PJ, Judy T, Flinn K, Carr C, Flinn S: Postexercise protein supplementation improves health and muscle soreness during basic military training in Marine recruits. J Appl Physiol. 2004, 96 (3): 951-6. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00811.2003.PubMedCrossRef Flakoll PJ, Judy T, Flinn K, Carr C, Flinn S: Postexercise protein supplementation improves health and muscle soreness during basic military training in Marine recruits. J Appl Physiol. 2004, 96 (3): 951-6. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00811.2003.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Kalman D, Feldman S, Martinez M, Krieger DR, Tallon MJ: Effect of protein source and resistance training on body composition and sex hormones. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 4-10.1186/1550-2783-4-4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kalman D, Feldman S, Martinez M, Krieger DR, Tallon MJ: Effect of protein source and resistance training on body composition and sex hormones. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 4-10.1186/1550-2783-4-4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Biolo G, Williams BD, Fleming RY, Wolfe RR: Insulin action on muscle protein kinetics and amino acid transport during recovery after resistance exercise. Diabetes. 1999, 48 (5): 949-57. 10.2337/diabetes.48.5.949.PubMedCrossRef Biolo G, Williams BD, Fleming RY, Wolfe RR: Insulin action on muscle protein kinetics and amino acid transport during recovery after resistance exercise. Diabetes. 1999, 48 (5): 949-57. 10.2337/diabetes.48.5.949.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Borsheim E, Tipton KD, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 283 (4): E648-57.PubMedCrossRef Borsheim E, Tipton KD, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 283 (4): E648-57.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Burk A, Timpmann S, Medijainen L, Vahi M, Oopik V: Time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement stimulates an increase in fat-free body mass during resistance training in young untrained men. Nutr Res. 2009, 29 (6): 405-13. 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.008.PubMedCrossRef Burk A, Timpmann S, Medijainen L, Vahi M, Oopik V: Time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement stimulates an increase in fat-free body mass during resistance training in young untrained men. Nutr Res. 2009, 29 (6): 405-13. 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.008.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Carey MF, Hayes A: The effect of whey isolate and resistance training on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamine. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006, 16 (5): 494-509.PubMed Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Carey MF, Hayes A: The effect of whey isolate and resistance training on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamine. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006, 16 (5): 494-509.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Tranchina CP, Rashti SL, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD: Effect of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body-composition changes in resistance-trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009, 19 (2): 172-85.PubMed Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Tranchina CP, Rashti SL, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD: Effect of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body-composition changes in resistance-trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009, 19 (2): 172-85.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Holm L, Olesen JL, Matsumoto K, Doi T, Mizuno M, Alsted TJ, Mackey AL, Schwarz P, Kjaer M: Protein-containing nutrient supplementation following strength training enhances the effect on muscle mass, strength, and bone formation in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol. 2008, 105 (1): 274-81. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2007.PubMedCrossRef Holm L, Olesen JL, Matsumoto K, Doi T, Mizuno M, Alsted TJ, Mackey AL, Schwarz P, Kjaer M: Protein-containing nutrient supplementation following strength training enhances the effect on muscle mass, strength, and bone formation in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol. 2008, 105 (1): 274-81. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00935.2007.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Kobayashi H, Borsheim E, Anthony TG, Traber DL, Badalamenti J, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS, Wolfe RR: Reduced amino acid availability inhibits muscle protein synthesis and decreases activity of initiation factor eIF2B. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 284 (3): E488-98.PubMedCrossRef Kobayashi H, Borsheim E, Anthony TG, Traber DL, Badalamenti J, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS, Wolfe RR: Reduced amino acid availability inhibits muscle protein synthesis and decreases activity of initiation factor eIF2B. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 284 (3): E488-98.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Miller SL, Tipton KD, Chinkes DL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: Independent and combined effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (3): 449-55. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000053910.63105.45.PubMedCrossRef Miller SL, Tipton KD, Chinkes DL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: Independent and combined effects of amino acids and glucose after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (3): 449-55. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000053910.63105.45.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88 (2): 386-92.PubMed Rasmussen BB, Tipton KD, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR: An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88 (2): 386-92.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Rasmussen BB, Wolfe RR, Volpi E: Oral and intravenously administered amino acids produce similar effects on muscle protein synthesis in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2002, 6 (6): 358-62.PubMedCentralPubMed Rasmussen BB, Wolfe RR, Volpi E: Oral and intravenously administered amino acids produce similar effects on muscle protein synthesis in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2002, 6 (6): 358-62.PubMedCentralPubMed
102.
go back to reference Tipton KD, Rasmussen BB, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Owens-Stovall SK, Petrini BE, Wolfe RR: Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 281 (2): E197-206.PubMed Tipton KD, Rasmussen BB, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Owens-Stovall SK, Petrini BE, Wolfe RR: Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 281 (2): E197-206.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Verdijk LB, Jonkers RA, Gleeson BG, Beelen M, Meijer K, Savelberg HH, Wodzig WK, Dendale P, van Loon LJ: Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89 (2): 608-16. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26626.PubMedCrossRef Verdijk LB, Jonkers RA, Gleeson BG, Beelen M, Meijer K, Savelberg HH, Wodzig WK, Dendale P, van Loon LJ: Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009, 89 (2): 608-16. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26626.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Willoughby DS, Stout JR, Wilborn CD: Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids. 2007, 32 (4): 467-77. 10.1007/s00726-006-0398-7.PubMedCrossRef Willoughby DS, Stout JR, Wilborn CD: Effects of resistance training and protein plus amino acid supplementation on muscle anabolism, mass, and strength. Amino Acids. 2007, 32 (4): 467-77. 10.1007/s00726-006-0398-7.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Wolfe RR: Regulation of muscle protein by amino acids. J Nutr. 2002, 132 (10): 3219S-24S.PubMed Wolfe RR: Regulation of muscle protein by amino acids. J Nutr. 2002, 132 (10): 3219S-24S.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Tipton KD, Borsheim E, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR: Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 284 (1): E76-89.PubMedCrossRef Tipton KD, Borsheim E, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR: Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 284 (1): E76-89.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Esmarck B, Andersen JL, Olsen S, Richter EA, Mizuno M, Kjaer M: Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. J Physiol. 2001, 535 (Pt 1): 301-11. 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Esmarck B, Andersen JL, Olsen S, Richter EA, Mizuno M, Kjaer M: Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. J Physiol. 2001, 535 (Pt 1): 301-11. 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Garlick PJ: The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. J Nutr. 2005, 135 (6 Suppl): 1553S-6S.PubMed Garlick PJ: The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. J Nutr. 2005, 135 (6 Suppl): 1553S-6S.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Garlick PJ, Grant I: Amino acid infusion increases the sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis in vivo to insulin. Effect of branched-chain amino acids. Biochem J. 1988, 254 (2): 579-84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Garlick PJ, Grant I: Amino acid infusion increases the sensitivity of muscle protein synthesis in vivo to insulin. Effect of branched-chain amino acids. Biochem J. 1988, 254 (2): 579-84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Nair KS: Leucine as a regulator of whole body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol. 1992, 263 (5 Pt 1): E928-34.PubMed Nair KS: Leucine as a regulator of whole body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol. 1992, 263 (5 Pt 1): E928-34.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH: Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008, 5: 1. 10.1186/1743-7075-5-1.CrossRef Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH: Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008, 5: 1. 10.1186/1743-7075-5-1.CrossRef
112.
go back to reference Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SW: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, Part I: effects on strength and fat free mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (12): 2109-15. 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00022.PubMedCrossRef Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SW: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, Part I: effects on strength and fat free mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (12): 2109-15. 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00022.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SW: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, part II: effects on hematology, hepatic and renal function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (12): 2116-9. 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00023.PubMedCrossRef Gallagher PM, Carrithers JA, Godard MP, Schulze KE, Trappe SW: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate ingestion, part II: effects on hematology, hepatic and renal function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (12): 2116-9. 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00023.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M: Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance exercise testing. J Am Physiol. 1996, 81: 2095-104. Nissen S, Sharp R, Ray M: Effect of leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle metabolism during resistance exercise testing. J Am Physiol. 1996, 81: 2095-104.
115.
go back to reference Panton LB, Rathmacher JA, Baier S, Nissen S: Nutritional supplementation of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) during resistance training. Nutrition. 2000, 16 (9): 734-9. 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00376-2.PubMedCrossRef Panton LB, Rathmacher JA, Baier S, Nissen S: Nutritional supplementation of the leucine metabolite beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (hmb) during resistance training. Nutrition. 2000, 16 (9): 734-9. 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00376-2.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Slater GJ, Jenkins D: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength. Sports Med. 2000, 30 (2): 105-16. 10.2165/00007256-200030020-00004.PubMedCrossRef Slater GJ, Jenkins D: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and the promotion of muscle growth and strength. Sports Med. 2000, 30 (2): 105-16. 10.2165/00007256-200030020-00004.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Vukovich MD, Stubbs NB, Bohlken RM: Body composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults. J Nutr. 2001, 131 (7): 2049-52.PubMed Vukovich MD, Stubbs NB, Bohlken RM: Body composition in 70-year-old adults responds to dietary beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate similarly to that of young adults. J Nutr. 2001, 131 (7): 2049-52.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Knitter AE, Panton L, Rathmacher JA, Petersen A, Sharp R: Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle damage after a prolonged run. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 89 (4): 1340-4.PubMed Knitter AE, Panton L, Rathmacher JA, Petersen A, Sharp R: Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on muscle damage after a prolonged run. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 89 (4): 1340-4.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Smith HJ, Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ: Mechanism of the attenuation of proteolysis-inducing factor stimulated protein degradation in muscle by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Cancer Res. 2004, 64 (23): 8731-5. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1760.PubMedCrossRef Smith HJ, Wyke SM, Tisdale MJ: Mechanism of the attenuation of proteolysis-inducing factor stimulated protein degradation in muscle by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Cancer Res. 2004, 64 (23): 8731-5. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1760.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Jowko E, Ostaszewski P, Jank M, Sacharuk J, Zieniewicz A, Wilczak J, Nissen S: Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program. Nutrition. 2001, 17 (7-8): 558-66. 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00540-8.PubMedCrossRef Jowko E, Ostaszewski P, Jank M, Sacharuk J, Zieniewicz A, Wilczak J, Nissen S: Creatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training program. Nutrition. 2001, 17 (7-8): 558-66. 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00540-8.PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference O'Connor DM, Crowe MJ: Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of highly trained athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2003, 43 (1): 64-8.PubMed O'Connor DM, Crowe MJ: Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the aerobic and anaerobic capacity of highly trained athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2003, 43 (1): 64-8.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Almada AL: Effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strength. Int J Sports Med. 1999, 20 (8): 503-9. 10.1055/s-1999-8835.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Almada AL: Effects of calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation during resistance-training on markers of catabolism, body composition and strength. Int J Sports Med. 1999, 20 (8): 503-9. 10.1055/s-1999-8835.PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Slater G, Jenkins D, Logan P, Lee H, Vukovich M, Rathmacher JA, Hahn AG: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001, 11 (3): 384-96.PubMed Slater G, Jenkins D, Logan P, Lee H, Vukovich M, Rathmacher JA, Hahn AG: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation does not affect changes in strength or body composition during resistance training in trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001, 11 (3): 384-96.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Ransone J, Neighbors K, Lefavi R, Chromiak J: The effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res. 2003, 17 (1): 34-9. 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0034:TEOHMO>2.0.CO;2.PubMed Ransone J, Neighbors K, Lefavi R, Chromiak J: The effect of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate football players. J Strength Cond Res. 2003, 17 (1): 34-9. 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0034:TEOHMO>2.0.CO;2.PubMed
125.
go back to reference Coombes JS, McNaughton LR: Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000, 40 (3): 240-6.PubMed Coombes JS, McNaughton LR: Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000, 40 (3): 240-6.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Schena F, Guerrini F, Tregnaghi P, Kayser B: Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude. The effects on loss of body mass, body composition, and muscle power. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992, 65 (5): 394-8. 10.1007/BF00243503.PubMedCrossRef Schena F, Guerrini F, Tregnaghi P, Kayser B: Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude. The effects on loss of body mass, body composition, and muscle power. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992, 65 (5): 394-8. 10.1007/BF00243503.PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Bigard AX, Lavier P, Ullmann L, Legrand H, Douce P, Guezennec CY: Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during repeated prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996, 6 (3): 295-306.PubMed Bigard AX, Lavier P, Ullmann L, Legrand H, Douce P, Guezennec CY: Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during repeated prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996, 6 (3): 295-306.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Candeloro N, Bertini I, Melchiorri G, De Lorenzo A: [Effects of prolonged administration of branched-chain amino acids on body composition and physical fitness]. Minerva Endocrinol. 1995, 20 (4): 217-23.PubMed Candeloro N, Bertini I, Melchiorri G, De Lorenzo A: [Effects of prolonged administration of branched-chain amino acids on body composition and physical fitness]. Minerva Endocrinol. 1995, 20 (4): 217-23.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Stoppani J, Scheett TP, Pena J, Rudolph C, Charlebois D: Consuming a supplement containing branched-chain amino acids during a resistance-training program increases lean mass, muscle strength and fat loss. Journal of The International Society of Sport Nutrition. 2009, 6 (Suppl 1): Stoppani J, Scheett TP, Pena J, Rudolph C, Charlebois D: Consuming a supplement containing branched-chain amino acids during a resistance-training program increases lean mass, muscle strength and fat loss. Journal of The International Society of Sport Nutrition. 2009, 6 (Suppl 1):
130.
go back to reference Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F, Vinnars E: Alpha-ketoglutarate and postoperative muscle catabolism. Lancet. 1990, 335 (8691): 701-3. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90811-I.PubMedCrossRef Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F, Vinnars E: Alpha-ketoglutarate and postoperative muscle catabolism. Lancet. 1990, 335 (8691): 701-3. 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90811-I.PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Ali R, Vinnars E: Effects of an amino acid solution enriched with either branched chain amino acids or ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate on the postoperative intracellular amino acid concentration of skeletal muscle. Br J Surg. 1990, 77 (2): 214-8. 10.1002/bjs.1800770227.PubMedCrossRef Hammarqvist F, Wernerman J, Ali R, Vinnars E: Effects of an amino acid solution enriched with either branched chain amino acids or ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate on the postoperative intracellular amino acid concentration of skeletal muscle. Br J Surg. 1990, 77 (2): 214-8. 10.1002/bjs.1800770227.PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Antonio J, Stout JR: Sport Supplements. 2001, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Antonio J, Stout JR: Sport Supplements. 2001, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins
133.
go back to reference Mitch WE, Walser M, Sapir DG: Nitrogen sparing induced by leucine compared with that induced by its keto analogue, alpha-ketoisocaproate, in fasting obese man. J Clin Invest. 1981, 67 (2): 553-62. 10.1172/JCI110066.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Mitch WE, Walser M, Sapir DG: Nitrogen sparing induced by leucine compared with that induced by its keto analogue, alpha-ketoisocaproate, in fasting obese man. J Clin Invest. 1981, 67 (2): 553-62. 10.1172/JCI110066.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Van Koevering M, Nissen S: Oxidation of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1992, 262 (1 Pt 1): E27-31.PubMed Van Koevering M, Nissen S: Oxidation of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate to beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1992, 262 (1 Pt 1): E27-31.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Slama K, Koudela K, Tenora J, Mathova A: Insect hormones in vertebrates: anabolic effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Japanese quail. Experientia. 1996, 52 (7): 702-6. 10.1007/BF01925578.PubMedCrossRef Slama K, Koudela K, Tenora J, Mathova A: Insect hormones in vertebrates: anabolic effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Japanese quail. Experientia. 1996, 52 (7): 702-6. 10.1007/BF01925578.PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Slama K, Kodkoua M: Insect hormones and bioanalogues: their effect on respiratory metabolism in Dermestes vulpinus L. (Coleoptera). Biol Bull. 1975, 148 (2): 320-32. 10.2307/1540550.PubMedCrossRef Slama K, Kodkoua M: Insect hormones and bioanalogues: their effect on respiratory metabolism in Dermestes vulpinus L. (Coleoptera). Biol Bull. 1975, 148 (2): 320-32. 10.2307/1540550.PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Tashmukhamedova MA, Almatov KT, Syrov VN, Sultanov MB, Abidov AA: [Effect of phytoecdisteroids and anabolic steroids on liver mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in alloxan diabetic rats]. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki. 1985 (9): 37-9. Tashmukhamedova MA, Almatov KT, Syrov VN, Sultanov MB, Abidov AA: [Effect of phytoecdisteroids and anabolic steroids on liver mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in alloxan diabetic rats]. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki. 1985 (9): 37-9.
138.
go back to reference Syrov VN: [Mechanism of the anabolic action of phytoecdisteroids in mammals]. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki. 1984 (11): 16-20. Syrov VN: [Mechanism of the anabolic action of phytoecdisteroids in mammals]. Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki. 1984 (11): 16-20.
139.
go back to reference Kholodova Y: Phytoecdysteroids: biological effects, application in agriculture and complementary medicine (as presented at the 14-th Ecdysone Workshop, July, 2000, Rapperswil, Switzerland). Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2001, 73 (3): 21-9. Kholodova Y: Phytoecdysteroids: biological effects, application in agriculture and complementary medicine (as presented at the 14-th Ecdysone Workshop, July, 2000, Rapperswil, Switzerland). Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2001, 73 (3): 21-9.
140.
go back to reference Toth N, Szabo A, Kacsala P, Heger J, Zador E: 20-Hydroxyecdysone increases fiber size in a muscle-specific fashion in rat. Phytomedicine. 2008, 15 (9): 691-8. 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.04.015.PubMedCrossRef Toth N, Szabo A, Kacsala P, Heger J, Zador E: 20-Hydroxyecdysone increases fiber size in a muscle-specific fashion in rat. Phytomedicine. 2008, 15 (9): 691-8. 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.04.015.PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Wilborn C, Taylor L, Campbell B, Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Kreider R: Effects of methoxyisoflavone, ecdysterone, and sulfo-polysaccharide supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2006, 3 (2): 10.1186/1550-2783-3-2-19. Wilborn C, Taylor L, Campbell B, Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Kreider R: Effects of methoxyisoflavone, ecdysterone, and sulfo-polysaccharide supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2006, 3 (2): 10.1186/1550-2783-3-2-19.
142.
go back to reference Bowers CY: Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP). Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998, 54 (12): 1316-29. 10.1007/s000180050257.PubMedCrossRef Bowers CY: Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP). Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998, 54 (12): 1316-29. 10.1007/s000180050257.PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Camanni F, Ghigo E, Arvat E: Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1998, 19 (1): 47-72. 10.1006/frne.1997.0158.PubMedCrossRef Camanni F, Ghigo E, Arvat E: Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. Front Neuroendocrinol. 1998, 19 (1): 47-72. 10.1006/frne.1997.0158.PubMedCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Zachwieja JJ, Yarasheski KE: Does growth hormone therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise increase muscle force production and muscle mass in men and women aged 60 years or older? Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. Phys Ther. 1999, 79 (1): 76-82.PubMed Zachwieja JJ, Yarasheski KE: Does growth hormone therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise increase muscle force production and muscle mass in men and women aged 60 years or older? Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. Phys Ther. 1999, 79 (1): 76-82.PubMed
145.
go back to reference Coudray-Lucas C, Le Bever H, Cynober L, De Bandt JP, Carsin H: Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate improves wound healing in severe burn patients: a prospective randomized double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous controls. Crit Care Med. 2000, 28 (6): 1772-6. 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00012.PubMedCrossRef Coudray-Lucas C, Le Bever H, Cynober L, De Bandt JP, Carsin H: Ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate improves wound healing in severe burn patients: a prospective randomized double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous controls. Crit Care Med. 2000, 28 (6): 1772-6. 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00012.PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Donati L, Ziegler F, Pongelli G, Signorini MS: Nutritional and clinical efficacy of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in severe burn patients. Clin Nutr. 1999, 18 (5): 307-11. 10.1016/S0261-5614(98)80029-0.PubMedCrossRef Donati L, Ziegler F, Pongelli G, Signorini MS: Nutritional and clinical efficacy of ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate in severe burn patients. Clin Nutr. 1999, 18 (5): 307-11. 10.1016/S0261-5614(98)80029-0.PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Brilla L, Conte V: Effects of a novel zinc-magnesium formulation on hormones and strength. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2000, 3: 26-36. Brilla L, Conte V: Effects of a novel zinc-magnesium formulation on hormones and strength. J Exerc Physiol Online. 2000, 3: 26-36.
149.
go back to reference Wilborn CD, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Taylor LW, Marcello BM, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood MC, Almada A, Kreider RB: Effects of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate (ZMA) Supplementation on Training Adaptations and Markers of Anabolism and Catabolism. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2004, 1 (2): 12-20. 10.1186/1550-2783-1-2-12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wilborn CD, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Taylor LW, Marcello BM, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood MC, Almada A, Kreider RB: Effects of Zinc Magnesium Aspartate (ZMA) Supplementation on Training Adaptations and Markers of Anabolism and Catabolism. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2004, 1 (2): 12-20. 10.1186/1550-2783-1-2-12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Om AS, Chung KW: Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha-reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver. J Nutr. 1996, 126 (4): 842-8.PubMed Om AS, Chung KW: Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5 alpha-reduction and aromatization of testosterone and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver. J Nutr. 1996, 126 (4): 842-8.PubMed
151.
go back to reference Low SY, Taylor PM, Rennie MJ: Responses of glutamine transport in cultured rat skeletal muscle to osmotically induced changes in cell volume. J Physiol. 1996, 492: 877-85.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Low SY, Taylor PM, Rennie MJ: Responses of glutamine transport in cultured rat skeletal muscle to osmotically induced changes in cell volume. J Physiol. 1996, 492: 877-85.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Rennie MJ, Ahmed A, Khogali SE, Low SY, Hundal HS, Taylor PM: Glutamine metabolism and transport in skeletal muscle and heart and their clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1996, 126 (3): 1142S-9S.PubMed Rennie MJ, Ahmed A, Khogali SE, Low SY, Hundal HS, Taylor PM: Glutamine metabolism and transport in skeletal muscle and heart and their clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1996, 126 (3): 1142S-9S.PubMed
153.
go back to reference Varnier M, Leese GP, Thompson J, Rennie MJ: Stimulatory effect of glutamine on glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1995, 269: E309-15.PubMed Varnier M, Leese GP, Thompson J, Rennie MJ: Stimulatory effect of glutamine on glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1995, 269: E309-15.PubMed
154.
go back to reference Colker CM: Effects of supplemental protein on body composition and muscular strength in healthy athletic male adults. Curr Ther Res. 2000, 61 (1): 19-28. 10.1016/S0011-393X(00)88492-1.CrossRef Colker CM: Effects of supplemental protein on body composition and muscular strength in healthy athletic male adults. Curr Ther Res. 2000, 61 (1): 19-28. 10.1016/S0011-393X(00)88492-1.CrossRef
155.
go back to reference Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG, Davison KS, Smith-Palmer T: Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001, 86 (2): 142-9. 10.1007/s00421-001-0523-y.PubMedCrossRef Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG, Davison KS, Smith-Palmer T: Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001, 86 (2): 142-9. 10.1007/s00421-001-0523-y.PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Messina M: Soyfoods and soybean phyto-oestrogens (isoflavones) as possible alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Eur J Cancer. 2000, 36 (Suppl 4): S71-2. 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00233-1.PubMedCrossRef Messina M: Soyfoods and soybean phyto-oestrogens (isoflavones) as possible alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Eur J Cancer. 2000, 36 (Suppl 4): S71-2. 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00233-1.PubMedCrossRef
157.
go back to reference Messina M, Messina V: Soyfoods, soybean isoflavones, and bone health: a brief overview. J Ren Nutr. 2000, 10 (2): 63-8. 10.1016/S1051-2276(00)90001-3.PubMedCrossRef Messina M, Messina V: Soyfoods, soybean isoflavones, and bone health: a brief overview. J Ren Nutr. 2000, 10 (2): 63-8. 10.1016/S1051-2276(00)90001-3.PubMedCrossRef
158.
go back to reference de Aloysio D, Gambacciani M, Altieri P, Ciaponi M, Ventura V, Mura M, Genazzani AR, Bottiglioni F: Bone density changes in postmenopausal women with the administration of ipriflavone alone or in association with low-dose ERT. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1997, 11 (4): 289-93. 10.3109/09513599709152548.PubMedCrossRef de Aloysio D, Gambacciani M, Altieri P, Ciaponi M, Ventura V, Mura M, Genazzani AR, Bottiglioni F: Bone density changes in postmenopausal women with the administration of ipriflavone alone or in association with low-dose ERT. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1997, 11 (4): 289-93. 10.3109/09513599709152548.PubMedCrossRef
159.
go back to reference Slogoff S, Keats AS, Cooley DA, Reul GJ, Frazier OH, Ott DA, Duncan JM, Livesay JJ: Addition of papaverine to cardioplegia does not reduce myocardial necrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986, 42 (1): 60-4.PubMedCrossRef Slogoff S, Keats AS, Cooley DA, Reul GJ, Frazier OH, Ott DA, Duncan JM, Livesay JJ: Addition of papaverine to cardioplegia does not reduce myocardial necrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986, 42 (1): 60-4.PubMedCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Smart NA, McKenzie SG, Nix LM, Baldwin SE, Page K, Wade D, Hampson PK: Creatine supplementation does not improve repeat sprint performance in soccer players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1998, 30 (5): S140-10.1097/00005768-199805001-00794.CrossRef Smart NA, McKenzie SG, Nix LM, Baldwin SE, Page K, Wade D, Hampson PK: Creatine supplementation does not improve repeat sprint performance in soccer players. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1998, 30 (5): S140-10.1097/00005768-199805001-00794.CrossRef
161.
go back to reference Aubertin-Leheudre M, Lord C, Khalil A, Dionne IJ: Six months of isoflavone supplement increases fat-free mass in obese-sarcopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007, 61 (12): 1442-4. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602695.PubMedCrossRef Aubertin-Leheudre M, Lord C, Khalil A, Dionne IJ: Six months of isoflavone supplement increases fat-free mass in obese-sarcopenic postmenopausal women: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007, 61 (12): 1442-4. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602695.PubMedCrossRef
162.
go back to reference Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Taylor WE, Yarasheski K, Sinha-Hikim I, Ma K, Ezzat S, Shen R, Lalani R, Asa S, Mamita M, Nair G, Arver S, Bhasin S: Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95 (25): 14938-43. 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14938.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Taylor WE, Yarasheski K, Sinha-Hikim I, Ma K, Ezzat S, Shen R, Lalani R, Asa S, Mamita M, Nair G, Arver S, Bhasin S: Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95 (25): 14938-43. 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14938.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ: Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature. 1997, 387 (6628): 83-90. 10.1038/387083a0.PubMedCrossRef McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ: Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature. 1997, 387 (6628): 83-90. 10.1038/387083a0.PubMedCrossRef
164.
go back to reference McPherron AC, Lee SJ: Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94 (23): 12457-61. 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12457.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef McPherron AC, Lee SJ: Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94 (23): 12457-61. 10.1073/pnas.94.23.12457.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
165.
go back to reference Grobet L, Martin LJ, Poncelet D, Pirottin D, Brouwers B, Riquet J, Schoeberlein A, Dunner S, Menissier F, Massabanda J, Fries R, Hanset R, Georges M: A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle. Nat Genet. 1997, 17 (1): 71-4. 10.1038/ng0997-71.PubMedCrossRef Grobet L, Martin LJ, Poncelet D, Pirottin D, Brouwers B, Riquet J, Schoeberlein A, Dunner S, Menissier F, Massabanda J, Fries R, Hanset R, Georges M: A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle. Nat Genet. 1997, 17 (1): 71-4. 10.1038/ng0997-71.PubMedCrossRef
166.
go back to reference Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith TP, Bass JJ: Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle. Genome Res. 1997, 7 (9): 910-6.PubMed Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith TP, Bass JJ: Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle. Genome Res. 1997, 7 (9): 910-6.PubMed
167.
go back to reference Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey Metter E, Fleg JL, Hurley BF: Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000, 55 (11): M641-8.PubMedCrossRef Ivey FM, Roth SM, Ferrell RE, Tracy BL, Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Siegel EL, Fozard JL, Jeffrey Metter E, Fleg JL, Hurley BF: Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000, 55 (11): M641-8.PubMedCrossRef
168.
go back to reference Carlson CJ, Booth FW, Gordon SE: Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading. Am J Physiol. 1999, 277 (2 Pt 2): R601-6.PubMed Carlson CJ, Booth FW, Gordon SE: Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is fiber-type specific and increases during hindlimb unloading. Am J Physiol. 1999, 277 (2 Pt 2): R601-6.PubMed
169.
go back to reference Willoughby DS: Effects of an alleged myostatin-binding supplement and heavy resistance training on serum myostatin, muscle strength and mass, and body composition. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004, 14 (4): 461-72.PubMed Willoughby DS: Effects of an alleged myostatin-binding supplement and heavy resistance training on serum myostatin, muscle strength and mass, and body composition. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004, 14 (4): 461-72.PubMed
170.
go back to reference Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati MR, Larijani B, Omidfar K: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009 Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati MR, Larijani B, Omidfar K: Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009
171.
go back to reference Green NR, Ferrando AA: Plasma boron and the effects of boron supplementation in males. Environ Health Perspect. 1994, 102 (Suppl 7): 73-7. 10.2307/3431966.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Green NR, Ferrando AA: Plasma boron and the effects of boron supplementation in males. Environ Health Perspect. 1994, 102 (Suppl 7): 73-7. 10.2307/3431966.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
172.
go back to reference Ferrando AA, Green NR: The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993, 3 (2): 140-9.PubMed Ferrando AA, Green NR: The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993, 3 (2): 140-9.PubMed
173.
go back to reference Evans GW: The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans. Int Biosc Med Res. 1989, 11: 163-80. Evans GW: The effect of chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters in humans. Int Biosc Med Res. 1989, 11: 163-80.
174.
go back to reference Hasten DL, Rome EP, Franks BD, Hegsted M: Effects of chromium picolinate on beginning weight training students. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992, 2 (4): 343-50.PubMed Hasten DL, Rome EP, Franks BD, Hegsted M: Effects of chromium picolinate on beginning weight training students. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992, 2 (4): 343-50.PubMed
175.
go back to reference Grant KE, Chandler RM, Castle AL, Ivy JL: Chromium and exercise training: effect on obese women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997, 29 (8): 992-8.PubMedCrossRef Grant KE, Chandler RM, Castle AL, Ivy JL: Chromium and exercise training: effect on obese women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997, 29 (8): 992-8.PubMedCrossRef
176.
go back to reference Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, Evans WJ: Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002, 12 (2): 125-35.PubMed Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Anderson RA, Davey SL, Hinton J, Evans WJ: Effects of resistive training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle size in older women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002, 12 (2): 125-35.PubMed
177.
go back to reference Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Cyr-Campbell D, Anderson RA, Evans WJ: Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 86 (1): 29-39.PubMed Campbell WW, Joseph LJ, Davey SL, Cyr-Campbell D, Anderson RA, Evans WJ: Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 86 (1): 29-39.PubMed
178.
go back to reference Walker LS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA, Knehans AW: Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (12): 1730-7. 10.1097/00005768-199812000-00012.PubMedCrossRef Walker LS, Bemben MG, Bemben DA, Knehans AW: Chromium picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (12): 1730-7. 10.1097/00005768-199812000-00012.PubMedCrossRef
179.
go back to reference Livolsi JM, Adams GM, Laguna PL: The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2001, 15 (2): 161-6. 10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0161:TEOCPO>2.0.CO;2.PubMed Livolsi JM, Adams GM, Laguna PL: The effect of chromium picolinate on muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2001, 15 (2): 161-6. 10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0161:TEOCPO>2.0.CO;2.PubMed
180.
go back to reference Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II: Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001, 20 (4): 293-306.PubMedCrossRef Volpe SL, Huang HW, Larpadisorn K, Lesser II: Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001, 20 (4): 293-306.PubMedCrossRef
181.
go back to reference Hallmark MA, Reynolds TH, DeSouza CA, Dotson CO, Anderson RA, Rogers MA: Effects of chromium and resistive training on muscle strength and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996, 28 (1): 139-44. 10.1097/00005768-199601000-00025.PubMedCrossRef Hallmark MA, Reynolds TH, DeSouza CA, Dotson CO, Anderson RA, Rogers MA: Effects of chromium and resistive training on muscle strength and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996, 28 (1): 139-44. 10.1097/00005768-199601000-00025.PubMedCrossRef
182.
go back to reference Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Milne DB: Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 63 (6): 954-65.PubMed Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Milne DB: Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996, 63 (6): 954-65.PubMed
183.
go back to reference Clancy SP, Clarkson PM, DeCheke ME, Nosaka K, Freedson PS, Cunningham JJ, Valentine B: Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994, 4 (2): 142-53.PubMed Clancy SP, Clarkson PM, DeCheke ME, Nosaka K, Freedson PS, Cunningham JJ, Valentine B: Effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on body composition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994, 4 (2): 142-53.PubMed
184.
go back to reference Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME: Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol Sci. 1999, 52 (2 Suppl): 107-l10.PubMedCrossRef Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME: Conjugated linoleic acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol Sci. 1999, 52 (2 Suppl): 107-l10.PubMedCrossRef
185.
go back to reference Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME: Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000, 223 (1): 8-13. 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22302.x.PubMedCrossRef Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME: Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 2000, 223 (1): 8-13. 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22302.x.PubMedCrossRef
186.
go back to reference Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME: The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res. 2001, 40 (4): 283-98. 10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00008-X.PubMedCrossRef Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME: The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res. 2001, 40 (4): 283-98. 10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00008-X.PubMedCrossRef
187.
go back to reference DeLany JP, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca JA, West DB: Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. Am J Physiol. 1999, 276 (4 Pt 2): R1172-9.PubMed DeLany JP, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca JA, West DB: Conjugated linoleic acid rapidly reduces body fat content in mice without affecting energy intake. Am J Physiol. 1999, 276 (4 Pt 2): R1172-9.PubMed
188.
go back to reference DeLany JP, West DB: Changes in body composition with conjugated linoleic acid. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19 (4): 487S-93S.PubMedCrossRef DeLany JP, West DB: Changes in body composition with conjugated linoleic acid. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19 (4): 487S-93S.PubMedCrossRef
189.
go back to reference Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW: Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids. 1997, 32 (8): 853-8. 10.1007/s11745-997-0109-x.PubMedCrossRef Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW: Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids. 1997, 32 (8): 853-8. 10.1007/s11745-997-0109-x.PubMedCrossRef
190.
go back to reference Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O: Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr. 2000, 130 (12): 2943-8.PubMed Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O: Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr. 2000, 130 (12): 2943-8.PubMed
191.
go back to reference Gaullier JM, Berven G, Blankson H, Gudmundsen O: Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies. Lipids. 2002, 37 (11): 1019-25. 10.1007/s11745-002-0995-y.PubMedCrossRef Gaullier JM, Berven G, Blankson H, Gudmundsen O: Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies. Lipids. 2002, 37 (11): 1019-25. 10.1007/s11745-002-0995-y.PubMedCrossRef
192.
go back to reference Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG, Esliger D, Ewaschuk JB, Facci M, Farthing JP, Zello GA: The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006, 38 (2): 339-48. 10.1249/01.mss.0000183860.42853.15.PubMedCrossRef Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG, Esliger D, Ewaschuk JB, Facci M, Farthing JP, Zello GA: The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006, 38 (2): 339-48. 10.1249/01.mss.0000183860.42853.15.PubMedCrossRef
193.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky M, Zimmer A, Paikin J, Safdar A, Aboud A, Pearce E, Roy B, Doherty T: Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS One. 2007, 2 (10): e991-10.1371/journal.pone.0000991.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tarnopolsky M, Zimmer A, Paikin J, Safdar A, Aboud A, Pearce E, Roy B, Doherty T: Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS One. 2007, 2 (10): e991-10.1371/journal.pone.0000991.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
194.
195.
go back to reference Wheeler KB, Garleb KA: Gamma oryzanol-plant sterol supplementation: metabolic, endocrine, and physiologic effects. Int J Sport Nutr. 1991, 1 (2): 170-7.PubMed Wheeler KB, Garleb KA: Gamma oryzanol-plant sterol supplementation: metabolic, endocrine, and physiologic effects. Int J Sport Nutr. 1991, 1 (2): 170-7.PubMed
196.
go back to reference Fry AC, Bonner E, Lewis DL, Johnson RL, Stone MH, Kraemer WJ: The effects of gamma-oryzanol supplementation during resistance exercise training. Int J Sport Nutr. 1997, 7 (4): 318-29.PubMed Fry AC, Bonner E, Lewis DL, Johnson RL, Stone MH, Kraemer WJ: The effects of gamma-oryzanol supplementation during resistance exercise training. Int J Sport Nutr. 1997, 7 (4): 318-29.PubMed
197.
go back to reference Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Mac RP, Lee M, Yarasheski KE, Sinha-Hikim I, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Magliano L, Storer TW: Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (2): 678-88. 10.1210/jc.2004-1184.PubMedCrossRef Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Mac RP, Lee M, Yarasheski KE, Sinha-Hikim I, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Magliano L, Storer TW: Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 90 (2): 678-88. 10.1210/jc.2004-1184.PubMedCrossRef
198.
199.
go back to reference Limbird TJ: Anabolic steroids in the training and treatment of athletes. Compr Ther. 1985, 11 (1): 25-30.PubMed Limbird TJ: Anabolic steroids in the training and treatment of athletes. Compr Ther. 1985, 11 (1): 25-30.PubMed
200.
go back to reference Lukas SE: Current perspectives on anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1993, 14 (2): 61-8. 10.1016/0165-6147(93)90032-F.PubMedCrossRef Lukas SE: Current perspectives on anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1993, 14 (2): 61-8. 10.1016/0165-6147(93)90032-F.PubMedCrossRef
201.
go back to reference Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, Schroeder ET, Wang Y, Bhasin S, Kawakubo M, Stewart Y, Yarasheski KE, Ulloor J, Colletti P, Roubenoff R, Azen SP: Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009, 94 (6): 1991-2001. 10.1210/jc.2008-2338.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sattler FR, Castaneda-Sceppa C, Binder EF, Schroeder ET, Wang Y, Bhasin S, Kawakubo M, Stewart Y, Yarasheski KE, Ulloor J, Colletti P, Roubenoff R, Azen SP: Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009, 94 (6): 1991-2001. 10.1210/jc.2008-2338.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
202.
go back to reference Storer TW, Woodhouse L, Magliano L, Singh AB, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Bhasin S: Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008, 56 (11): 1991-9. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01927.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Storer TW, Woodhouse L, Magliano L, Singh AB, Dzekov C, Dzekov J, Bhasin S: Changes in muscle mass, muscle strength, and power but not physical function are related to testosterone dose in healthy older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008, 56 (11): 1991-9. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01927.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
203.
go back to reference Wagner JC: Enhancement of athletic performance with drugs. An overview. Sports Med. 1991, 12 (4): 250-65. 10.2165/00007256-199112040-00004.PubMedCrossRef Wagner JC: Enhancement of athletic performance with drugs. An overview. Sports Med. 1991, 12 (4): 250-65. 10.2165/00007256-199112040-00004.PubMedCrossRef
204.
go back to reference Yarasheski KE: Growth hormone effects on metabolism, body composition, muscle mass, and strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994, 22: 285-312. 10.1249/00003677-199401000-00013.PubMedCrossRef Yarasheski KE: Growth hormone effects on metabolism, body composition, muscle mass, and strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1994, 22: 285-312. 10.1249/00003677-199401000-00013.PubMedCrossRef
205.
go back to reference Smart T: Other therapies for wasting. GMHC Treat Issues. 1995, 9 (5): 7-8. 12 Smart T: Other therapies for wasting. GMHC Treat Issues. 1995, 9 (5): 7-8. 12
206.
go back to reference Casaburi R: Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (7 Suppl): S662-70.PubMedCrossRef Casaburi R: Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (7 Suppl): S662-70.PubMedCrossRef
207.
go back to reference Hayes VY, Urban RJ, Jiang J, Marcell TJ, Helgeson K, Mauras N: Recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I diminish the catabolic effects of hypogonadism in man: metabolic and molecular effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 86 (5): 2211-9. 10.1210/jc.86.5.2211.PubMed Hayes VY, Urban RJ, Jiang J, Marcell TJ, Helgeson K, Mauras N: Recombinant human growth hormone and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I diminish the catabolic effects of hypogonadism in man: metabolic and molecular effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001, 86 (5): 2211-9. 10.1210/jc.86.5.2211.PubMed
208.
go back to reference Newshan G, Leon W: The use of anabolic agents in HIV disease. Int J STD AIDS. 2001, 12 (3): 141-4. 10.1258/0956462011916893.PubMedCrossRef Newshan G, Leon W: The use of anabolic agents in HIV disease. Int J STD AIDS. 2001, 12 (3): 141-4. 10.1258/0956462011916893.PubMedCrossRef
209.
go back to reference Tenover JS: Androgen replacement therapy to reverse and/or prevent age-associated sarcopenia in men. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12 (3): 419-25. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80153-5.PubMedCrossRef Tenover JS: Androgen replacement therapy to reverse and/or prevent age-associated sarcopenia in men. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12 (3): 419-25. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80153-5.PubMedCrossRef
210.
go back to reference Bross R, Casaburi R, Storer TW, Bhasin S: Androgen effects on body composition and muscle function: implications for the use of androgens as anabolic agents in sarcopenic states. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12 (3): 365-78. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80077-3.PubMedCrossRef Bross R, Casaburi R, Storer TW, Bhasin S: Androgen effects on body composition and muscle function: implications for the use of androgens as anabolic agents in sarcopenic states. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12 (3): 365-78. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80077-3.PubMedCrossRef
211.
go back to reference Casaburi R: Rationale for anabolic therapy to facilitate rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12 (3): 407-18. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80134-1.PubMedCrossRef Casaburi R: Rationale for anabolic therapy to facilitate rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12 (3): 407-18. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80134-1.PubMedCrossRef
212.
go back to reference Johansen KL, Mulligan K, Schambelan M: Anabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in patients receiving dialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1999, 281 (14): 1275-81. 10.1001/jama.281.14.1275.PubMedCrossRef Johansen KL, Mulligan K, Schambelan M: Anabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in patients receiving dialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1999, 281 (14): 1275-81. 10.1001/jama.281.14.1275.PubMedCrossRef
213.
go back to reference Sattler FR, Jaque SV, Schroeder ET, Olson C, Dube MP, Martinez C, Briggs W, Horton R, Azen S: Effects of pharmacological doses of nandrolone decanoate and progressive resistance training in immunodeficient patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999, 84 (4): 1268-76. 10.1210/jc.84.4.1268.PubMed Sattler FR, Jaque SV, Schroeder ET, Olson C, Dube MP, Martinez C, Briggs W, Horton R, Azen S: Effects of pharmacological doses of nandrolone decanoate and progressive resistance training in immunodeficient patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999, 84 (4): 1268-76. 10.1210/jc.84.4.1268.PubMed
214.
go back to reference Beiner JM, Jokl P, Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM: The effect of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids on healing of muscle contusion injury. Am J Sports Med. 1999, 27 (1): 2-9.PubMed Beiner JM, Jokl P, Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM: The effect of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids on healing of muscle contusion injury. Am J Sports Med. 1999, 27 (1): 2-9.PubMed
215.
go back to reference Ferreira IM, Verreschi IT, Nery LE, Goldstein RS, Zamel N, Brooks D, Jardim JR: The influence of 6 months of oral anabolic steroids on body mass and respiratory muscles in undernourished COPD patients. Chest. 1998, 114 (1): 19-28. 10.1378/chest.114.1.19.PubMedCrossRef Ferreira IM, Verreschi IT, Nery LE, Goldstein RS, Zamel N, Brooks D, Jardim JR: The influence of 6 months of oral anabolic steroids on body mass and respiratory muscles in undernourished COPD patients. Chest. 1998, 114 (1): 19-28. 10.1378/chest.114.1.19.PubMedCrossRef
216.
go back to reference Bhasin S, Bremner WJ: Clinical review 85: Emerging issues in androgen replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997, 82 (1): 3-8. 10.1210/jc.82.1.3.PubMed Bhasin S, Bremner WJ: Clinical review 85: Emerging issues in androgen replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997, 82 (1): 3-8. 10.1210/jc.82.1.3.PubMed
217.
go back to reference Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Bhasin S, Storer T, Ratamess NA, Haff GG, Willoughby DS, Rogol AD: Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. J Strength Cond Res. 2009, 23 (5 Suppl): S1-S59.PubMedCrossRef Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Bhasin S, Storer T, Ratamess NA, Haff GG, Willoughby DS, Rogol AD: Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. J Strength Cond Res. 2009, 23 (5 Suppl): S1-S59.PubMedCrossRef
218.
go back to reference Ferrando AA, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, Wolfe RR, Urban RJ: Differential anabolic effects of testosterone and amino acid feeding in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88 (1): 358-62. 10.1210/jc.2002-021041.PubMedCrossRef Ferrando AA, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, Wolfe RR, Urban RJ: Differential anabolic effects of testosterone and amino acid feeding in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88 (1): 358-62. 10.1210/jc.2002-021041.PubMedCrossRef
219.
go back to reference Meeuwsen IB, Samson MM, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ: Muscle strength and tibolone: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bjog. 2002, 109 (1): 77-84.PubMedCrossRef Meeuwsen IB, Samson MM, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ: Muscle strength and tibolone: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bjog. 2002, 109 (1): 77-84.PubMedCrossRef
220.
go back to reference King DS, Sharp RL, Vukovich MD, Brown GA, Reifenrath TA, Uhl NL, Parsons KA: Effect of oral androstenedione on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1999, 281 (21): 2020-8. 10.1001/jama.281.21.2020.PubMedCrossRef King DS, Sharp RL, Vukovich MD, Brown GA, Reifenrath TA, Uhl NL, Parsons KA: Effect of oral androstenedione on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1999, 281 (21): 2020-8. 10.1001/jama.281.21.2020.PubMedCrossRef
221.
go back to reference Carter WJ: Effect of anabolic hormones and insulin-like growth factor-I on muscle mass and strength in elderly persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 1995, 11 (4): 735-48.PubMed Carter WJ: Effect of anabolic hormones and insulin-like growth factor-I on muscle mass and strength in elderly persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 1995, 11 (4): 735-48.PubMed
222.
go back to reference Soe M, Jensen KL, Gluud C: [The effect of anabolic androgenic steroids on muscle strength, body weight and lean body mass in body-building men]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1989, 151 (10): 610-3.PubMed Soe M, Jensen KL, Gluud C: [The effect of anabolic androgenic steroids on muscle strength, body weight and lean body mass in body-building men]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1989, 151 (10): 610-3.PubMed
223.
go back to reference Griggs RC, Pandya S, Florence JM, Brooke MH, Kingston W, Miller JP, Chutkow J, Herr BE, Moxley RT: Randomized controlled trial of testosterone in myotonic dystrophy. Neurology. 1989, 39 (2 Pt 1): 219-22.PubMedCrossRef Griggs RC, Pandya S, Florence JM, Brooke MH, Kingston W, Miller JP, Chutkow J, Herr BE, Moxley RT: Randomized controlled trial of testosterone in myotonic dystrophy. Neurology. 1989, 39 (2 Pt 1): 219-22.PubMedCrossRef
224.
go back to reference Crist DM, Stackpole PJ, Peake GT: Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on neuromuscular power and body composition. J Appl Physiol. 1983, 54 (2): 366-70.PubMed Crist DM, Stackpole PJ, Peake GT: Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on neuromuscular power and body composition. J Appl Physiol. 1983, 54 (2): 366-70.PubMed
225.
go back to reference Ward P: The effect of an anabolic steroid on strength and lean body mass. Med Sci Sports. 1973, 5 (4): 277-82.PubMed Ward P: The effect of an anabolic steroid on strength and lean body mass. Med Sci Sports. 1973, 5 (4): 277-82.PubMed
226.
go back to reference Varriale P, Mirzai-tehrane M, Sedighi A: Acute myocardial infarction associated with anabolic steroids in a young HIV-infected patient. Pharmacotherapy. 1999, 19 (7): 881-4. 10.1592/phco.19.10.881.31552.PubMedCrossRef Varriale P, Mirzai-tehrane M, Sedighi A: Acute myocardial infarction associated with anabolic steroids in a young HIV-infected patient. Pharmacotherapy. 1999, 19 (7): 881-4. 10.1592/phco.19.10.881.31552.PubMedCrossRef
227.
go back to reference Kibble MW, Ross MB: Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. Clin Pharm. 1987, 6 (9): 686-92.PubMed Kibble MW, Ross MB: Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. Clin Pharm. 1987, 6 (9): 686-92.PubMed
228.
go back to reference Gruber AJ, Pope HG: Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women. Psychother Psychosom. 2000, 69 (1): 19-26. 10.1159/000012362.PubMedCrossRef Gruber AJ, Pope HG: Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women. Psychother Psychosom. 2000, 69 (1): 19-26. 10.1159/000012362.PubMedCrossRef
229.
go back to reference Lamb DR: Anabolic steroids in athletics: how well do they work and how dangerous are they? Am. J Sports Med. 1984, 12 (1): 31-8. 10.1177/036354658401200105.CrossRef Lamb DR: Anabolic steroids in athletics: how well do they work and how dangerous are they? Am. J Sports Med. 1984, 12 (1): 31-8. 10.1177/036354658401200105.CrossRef
230.
go back to reference Salke RC, Rowland TW, Burke EJ: Left ventricular size and function in body builders using anabolic steroids. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985, 17 (6): 701-4. 10.1249/00005768-198512000-00014.PubMedCrossRef Salke RC, Rowland TW, Burke EJ: Left ventricular size and function in body builders using anabolic steroids. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985, 17 (6): 701-4. 10.1249/00005768-198512000-00014.PubMedCrossRef
231.
go back to reference Brown GA, Martini ER, Roberts BS, Vukovich MD, King DS: Acute hormonal response to sublingual androstenediol intake in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2002, 92 (1): 142-6.PubMed Brown GA, Martini ER, Roberts BS, Vukovich MD, King DS: Acute hormonal response to sublingual androstenediol intake in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2002, 92 (1): 142-6.PubMed
232.
go back to reference Brown GA, McKenzie D: Acute resistance exercise does not change the hormonal response to sublingual androstenediol intake. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006, 97 (4): 404-12. 10.1007/s00421-006-0194-9.PubMedCrossRef Brown GA, McKenzie D: Acute resistance exercise does not change the hormonal response to sublingual androstenediol intake. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006, 97 (4): 404-12. 10.1007/s00421-006-0194-9.PubMedCrossRef
233.
go back to reference Broeder CE, Quindry J, Brittingham K, Panton L, Thomson J, Appakondu S, Breuel K, Byrd R, Douglas J, Earnest C, Mitchell C, Olson M, Roy T, Yarlagadda C: The Andro Project: physiological and hormonal influences of androstenedione supplementation in men 35 to 65 years old participating in a high-intensity resistance training program. Arch Intern Med. 2000, 160 (20): 3093-104. 10.1001/archinte.160.20.3093.PubMedCrossRef Broeder CE, Quindry J, Brittingham K, Panton L, Thomson J, Appakondu S, Breuel K, Byrd R, Douglas J, Earnest C, Mitchell C, Olson M, Roy T, Yarlagadda C: The Andro Project: physiological and hormonal influences of androstenedione supplementation in men 35 to 65 years old participating in a high-intensity resistance training program. Arch Intern Med. 2000, 160 (20): 3093-104. 10.1001/archinte.160.20.3093.PubMedCrossRef
234.
go back to reference Ballantyne CS, Phillips SM, MacDonald JR, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD: The acute effects of androstenedione supplementation in healthy young males. Can J Appl Physiol. 2000, 25 (1): 68-78.PubMedCrossRef Ballantyne CS, Phillips SM, MacDonald JR, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD: The acute effects of androstenedione supplementation in healthy young males. Can J Appl Physiol. 2000, 25 (1): 68-78.PubMedCrossRef
235.
go back to reference Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Sharp RL, Reifenrath TA, Parsons KA, King DS: Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 87 (6): 2274-83.PubMed Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Sharp RL, Reifenrath TA, Parsons KA, King DS: Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 87 (6): 2274-83.PubMed
236.
go back to reference van Gammeren D, Falk D, Antonio J: Effects of norandrostenedione and norandrostenediol in resistance-trained men. Nutrition. 2002, 18 (9): 734-7. 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00834-1.PubMedCrossRef van Gammeren D, Falk D, Antonio J: Effects of norandrostenedione and norandrostenediol in resistance-trained men. Nutrition. 2002, 18 (9): 734-7. 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)00834-1.PubMedCrossRef
237.
go back to reference Van Gammeren D, Falk D, Antonio J: The effects of supplementation with 19-nor-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 19-nor-4-androstene-3,17-diol on body composition and athletic performance in previously weight-trained male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001, 84 (5): 426-31. 10.1007/s004210100395.PubMedCrossRef Van Gammeren D, Falk D, Antonio J: The effects of supplementation with 19-nor-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 19-nor-4-androstene-3,17-diol on body composition and athletic performance in previously weight-trained male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001, 84 (5): 426-31. 10.1007/s004210100395.PubMedCrossRef
238.
go back to reference Pipe A: Effects of testosterone precursor supplementation on intensive weight training. Clin J Sport Med. 2001, 11 (2): 126-10.1097/00042752-200104000-00014.PubMedCrossRef Pipe A: Effects of testosterone precursor supplementation on intensive weight training. Clin J Sport Med. 2001, 11 (2): 126-10.1097/00042752-200104000-00014.PubMedCrossRef
239.
go back to reference Mauras N, Lima J, Patel D, Rini A, di Salle E, Kwok A, Lippe B: Pharmacokinetics and dose finding of a potent aromatase inhibitor, aromasin (exemestane), in young males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88 (12): 5951-6. 10.1210/jc.2003-031279.PubMedCrossRef Mauras N, Lima J, Patel D, Rini A, di Salle E, Kwok A, Lippe B: Pharmacokinetics and dose finding of a potent aromatase inhibitor, aromasin (exemestane), in young males. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88 (12): 5951-6. 10.1210/jc.2003-031279.PubMedCrossRef
240.
go back to reference Rohle D, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Mulligan C, Kreider R, Willoughby D: Effects of eight weeks of an alleged aromatase inhibiting nutritional supplement 6-OXO (androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione) on serum hormone profiles and clinical safety markers in resistance-trained, eugonadal males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 13-10.1186/1550-2783-4-13.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rohle D, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Mulligan C, Kreider R, Willoughby D: Effects of eight weeks of an alleged aromatase inhibiting nutritional supplement 6-OXO (androst-4-ene-3,6,17-trione) on serum hormone profiles and clinical safety markers in resistance-trained, eugonadal males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 13-10.1186/1550-2783-4-13.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
241.
go back to reference Willoughby DS, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Campbell W: Eight weeks of aromatase inhibition using the nutritional supplement Novedex XT: effects in young, eugonadal men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007, 17 (1): 92-108.PubMed Willoughby DS, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Campbell W: Eight weeks of aromatase inhibition using the nutritional supplement Novedex XT: effects in young, eugonadal men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007, 17 (1): 92-108.PubMed
242.
go back to reference Antonio J, Uelmen J, Rodriguez R, Earnest C: The effects of Tribulus terrestris on body composition and exercise performance in resistance-trained males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000, 10 (2): 208-15.PubMed Antonio J, Uelmen J, Rodriguez R, Earnest C: The effects of Tribulus terrestris on body composition and exercise performance in resistance-trained males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000, 10 (2): 208-15.PubMed
243.
go back to reference Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Martini ER, Kohut ML, Franke WD, Jackson DA, King DS: Effects of androstenedione-herbal supplementation on serum sex hormone concentrations in 30- to 59-year-old men. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001, 71 (5): 293-301. 10.1024/0300-9831.71.5.293.PubMedCrossRef Brown GA, Vukovich MD, Martini ER, Kohut ML, Franke WD, Jackson DA, King DS: Effects of androstenedione-herbal supplementation on serum sex hormone concentrations in 30- to 59-year-old men. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001, 71 (5): 293-301. 10.1024/0300-9831.71.5.293.PubMedCrossRef
244.
go back to reference Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM: The effect of five weeks of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition during preseason training in elite rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2007, 21 (2): 348-53. 10.1519/R-18395.1.PubMed Rogerson S, Riches CJ, Jennings C, Weatherby RP, Meir RA, Marshall-Gradisnik SM: The effect of five weeks of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition during preseason training in elite rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2007, 21 (2): 348-53. 10.1519/R-18395.1.PubMed
245.
go back to reference Cohen N, Halberstam M, Shlimovich P, Chang CJ, Shamoon H, Rossetti L: Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1995, 95 (6): 2501-9. 10.1172/JCI117951.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Cohen N, Halberstam M, Shlimovich P, Chang CJ, Shamoon H, Rossetti L: Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1995, 95 (6): 2501-9. 10.1172/JCI117951.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
246.
go back to reference Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, van Rossum GD, Turco S: Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1996, 45 (9): 1130-5. 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90013-X.PubMedCrossRef Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, van Rossum GD, Turco S: Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1996, 45 (9): 1130-5. 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90013-X.PubMedCrossRef
247.
go back to reference Halberstam M, Cohen N, Shlimovich P, Rossetti L, Shamoon H: Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1996, 45 (5): 659-66. 10.2337/diabetes.45.5.659.PubMedCrossRef Halberstam M, Cohen N, Shlimovich P, Rossetti L, Shamoon H: Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1996, 45 (5): 659-66. 10.2337/diabetes.45.5.659.PubMedCrossRef
248.
go back to reference Fawcett JP, Farquhar SJ, Walker RJ, Thou T, Lowe G, Goulding A: The effect of oral vanadyl sulfate on body composition and performance in weight-training athletes. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996, 6 (4): 382-90.PubMed Fawcett JP, Farquhar SJ, Walker RJ, Thou T, Lowe G, Goulding A: The effect of oral vanadyl sulfate on body composition and performance in weight-training athletes. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996, 6 (4): 382-90.PubMed
249.
go back to reference Fawcett JP, Farquhar SJ, Thou T, Shand BI: Oral vanadyl sulphate does not affect blood cells, viscosity or biochemistry in humans. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997, 80 (4): 202-6. 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1997.tb00397.x.PubMedCrossRef Fawcett JP, Farquhar SJ, Thou T, Shand BI: Oral vanadyl sulphate does not affect blood cells, viscosity or biochemistry in humans. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1997, 80 (4): 202-6. 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1997.tb00397.x.PubMedCrossRef
250.
go back to reference Kreider R: New weight-control options. Func Foods Nutraceut. 2002, 34-42. Kreider R: New weight-control options. Func Foods Nutraceut. 2002, 34-42.
251.
go back to reference Hoie LH, Bruusgaard D, Thom E: Reduction of body mass and change in body composition on a very low calorie diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993, 17 (1): 17-20.PubMed Hoie LH, Bruusgaard D, Thom E: Reduction of body mass and change in body composition on a very low calorie diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993, 17 (1): 17-20.PubMed
252.
go back to reference Bryner RW, Ullrich IH, Sauers J, Donley D, Hornsby G, Kolar M, Yeater R: Effects of resistance vs. aerobic training combined with an 800 calorie liquid diet on lean body mass and resting metabolic rate. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999, 18 (2): 115-21.PubMedCrossRef Bryner RW, Ullrich IH, Sauers J, Donley D, Hornsby G, Kolar M, Yeater R: Effects of resistance vs. aerobic training combined with an 800 calorie liquid diet on lean body mass and resting metabolic rate. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999, 18 (2): 115-21.PubMedCrossRef
253.
go back to reference Meckling KA, Sherfey R: A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007, 32 (4): 743-52. 10.1139/H07-059.PubMedCrossRef Meckling KA, Sherfey R: A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007, 32 (4): 743-52. 10.1139/H07-059.PubMedCrossRef
254.
go back to reference Aoyama T, Fukui K, Takamatsu K, Hashimoto Y, Yamamoto T: Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate reduce body fat of dietary obese rats and genetically obese mice (yellow KK). Nutrition. 2000, 16 (5): 349-54. 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00230-6.PubMedCrossRef Aoyama T, Fukui K, Takamatsu K, Hashimoto Y, Yamamoto T: Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate reduce body fat of dietary obese rats and genetically obese mice (yellow KK). Nutrition. 2000, 16 (5): 349-54. 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00230-6.PubMedCrossRef
255.
go back to reference Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA: High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (11): 1202-6. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801064.PubMedCrossRef Baba NH, Sawaya S, Torbay N, Habbal Z, Azar S, Hashim SA: High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (11): 1202-6. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801064.PubMedCrossRef
256.
go back to reference Clifton P: High protein diets and weight control. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009, 19 (6): 379-82. 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.011.PubMedCrossRef Clifton P: High protein diets and weight control. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009, 19 (6): 379-82. 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.02.011.PubMedCrossRef
257.
go back to reference Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CA, Knaap van der HC, Heo M, Frier HI: Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003, 27 (5): 537-49. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258.PubMedCrossRef Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CA, Knaap van der HC, Heo M, Frier HI: Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003, 27 (5): 537-49. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258.PubMedCrossRef
258.
go back to reference Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, Astrup A: Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (5): 528-36. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867.PubMedCrossRef Skov AR, Toubro S, Ronn B, Holm L, Astrup A: Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (5): 528-36. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800867.PubMedCrossRef
259.
go back to reference Toubro S, Astrup AV: [A randomized comparison of two weight-reducing diets. Calorie counting versus low-fat carbohydrate-rich ad libitum diet]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1998, 160 (6): 816-20.PubMed Toubro S, Astrup AV: [A randomized comparison of two weight-reducing diets. Calorie counting versus low-fat carbohydrate-rich ad libitum diet]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1998, 160 (6): 816-20.PubMed
260.
go back to reference Wal JS, McBurney MI, Cho S, Dhurandhar NV: Ready-to-eat cereal products as meal replacements for weight loss. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2007, 58 (5): 331-40. 10.1080/09637480701240802.PubMedCrossRef Wal JS, McBurney MI, Cho S, Dhurandhar NV: Ready-to-eat cereal products as meal replacements for weight loss. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2007, 58 (5): 331-40. 10.1080/09637480701240802.PubMedCrossRef
261.
go back to reference Reaven GM: Diet and Syndrome X. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2000, 2 (6): 503-7. 10.1007/s11883-000-0050-z.PubMedCrossRef Reaven GM: Diet and Syndrome X. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2000, 2 (6): 503-7. 10.1007/s11883-000-0050-z.PubMedCrossRef
262.
go back to reference Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, Yan E, Carpenter CL, Thames G, Bowerman S, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, Li Z: A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass. Nutr J. 2008, 7: 23-10.1186/1475-2891-7-23.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Treyzon L, Chen S, Hong K, Yan E, Carpenter CL, Thames G, Bowerman S, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, Li Z: A controlled trial of protein enrichment of meal replacements for weight reduction with retention of lean body mass. Nutr J. 2008, 7: 23-10.1186/1475-2891-7-23.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
263.
go back to reference Hasani-Ranjbar S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, Abdollahi M: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J Gastroenterol. 2009, 15 (25): 3073-85. 10.3748/wjg.15.3073.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hasani-Ranjbar S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, Abdollahi M: A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of obesity. World J Gastroenterol. 2009, 15 (25): 3073-85. 10.3748/wjg.15.3073.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
264.
go back to reference Greenway FL, De Jonge L, Blanchard D, Frisard M, Smith SR: Effect of a dietary herbal supplement containing caffeine and ephedra on weight, metabolic rate, and body composition. Obes Res. 2004, 12 (7): 1152-7. 10.1038/oby.2004.144.PubMedCrossRef Greenway FL, De Jonge L, Blanchard D, Frisard M, Smith SR: Effect of a dietary herbal supplement containing caffeine and ephedra on weight, metabolic rate, and body composition. Obes Res. 2004, 12 (7): 1152-7. 10.1038/oby.2004.144.PubMedCrossRef
265.
go back to reference Coffey CS, Steiner D, Baker BA, Allison DB: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28 (11): 1411-9. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802784.PubMedCrossRef Coffey CS, Steiner D, Baker BA, Allison DB: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28 (11): 1411-9. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802784.PubMedCrossRef
266.
go back to reference Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, Solomon JL, Blanchard D, Nasser JA, Strauss R, Meredith T: Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002, 26 (5): 593-604. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023.PubMedCrossRef Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, Solomon JL, Blanchard D, Nasser JA, Strauss R, Meredith T: Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002, 26 (5): 593-604. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023.PubMedCrossRef
267.
go back to reference Boozer C, Nasser J, SB H, Wang V, Chen G, Solomon J: An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang-Guarana for weight loss: a randomized, double-blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25: 316-24. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801539.PubMedCrossRef Boozer C, Nasser J, SB H, Wang V, Chen G, Solomon J: An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang-Guarana for weight loss: a randomized, double-blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25: 316-24. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801539.PubMedCrossRef
268.
go back to reference Boozer C, Daly P, Homel P, Solomon J, Blanchard D, Nasser J, Strauss R, Merideth T: Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial. Int J Obesity. 2002, 26: 593-604. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023.CrossRef Boozer C, Daly P, Homel P, Solomon J, Blanchard D, Nasser J, Strauss R, Merideth T: Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial. Int J Obesity. 2002, 26: 593-604. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023.CrossRef
269.
go back to reference Molnar D, Torok K, Erhardt E, Jeges S: Safety and efficacy of treatment with an ephedrine/caffeine mixture. The first double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study in adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000, 24 (12): 1573-8. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801433.PubMedCrossRef Molnar D, Torok K, Erhardt E, Jeges S: Safety and efficacy of treatment with an ephedrine/caffeine mixture. The first double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study in adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000, 24 (12): 1573-8. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801433.PubMedCrossRef
270.
go back to reference Molnar D: Effects of ephedrine and aminophylline on resting energy expenditure in obese adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993, 17 (Suppl 1): S49-52.PubMed Molnar D: Effects of ephedrine and aminophylline on resting energy expenditure in obese adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993, 17 (Suppl 1): S49-52.PubMed
271.
go back to reference Greenway FL: The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent. Obes Rev. 2001, 2 (3): 199-211. 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00038.x.PubMedCrossRef Greenway FL: The safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical and herbal caffeine and ephedrine use as a weight loss agent. Obes Rev. 2001, 2 (3): 199-211. 10.1046/j.1467-789x.2001.00038.x.PubMedCrossRef
272.
go back to reference Greenway F, Raum W, DeLany J: The effect of an herbal dietary supplement containing ephedrine and caffeine on oxygen consumption in humans. J Altern Complement Med. 2000, 6 (6): 553-5. 10.1089/acm.2000.6.553.PubMedCrossRef Greenway F, Raum W, DeLany J: The effect of an herbal dietary supplement containing ephedrine and caffeine on oxygen consumption in humans. J Altern Complement Med. 2000, 6 (6): 553-5. 10.1089/acm.2000.6.553.PubMedCrossRef
273.
go back to reference Greenway F, Herber D, Raum W, Morales S: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with non-prescription medications for the treatment of obesity. Obes Res. 1999, 7 (4): 370-8.PubMedCrossRef Greenway F, Herber D, Raum W, Morales S: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with non-prescription medications for the treatment of obesity. Obes Res. 1999, 7 (4): 370-8.PubMedCrossRef
274.
go back to reference Greenway FL, Ryan DH, Bray GA, Rood JC, Tucker EW, Smith SR: Pharmaceutical cost savings of treating obesity with weight loss medications. Obes Res. 1999, 7 (6): 523-31.PubMedCrossRef Greenway FL, Ryan DH, Bray GA, Rood JC, Tucker EW, Smith SR: Pharmaceutical cost savings of treating obesity with weight loss medications. Obes Res. 1999, 7 (6): 523-31.PubMedCrossRef
275.
go back to reference Hackman RM, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Watnik MR, Noceti EM, Stohs SJ, Stern JS, Keen CL: Multinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006, 30 (10): 1545-56. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803283.CrossRef Hackman RM, Havel PJ, Schwartz HJ, Rutledge JC, Watnik MR, Noceti EM, Stohs SJ, Stern JS, Keen CL: Multinutrient supplement containing ephedra and caffeine causes weight loss and improves metabolic risk factors in obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006, 30 (10): 1545-56. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803283.CrossRef
276.
go back to reference Bent S, Tiedt T, Odden M, Shlipak M: The relative safety of ephedra compared with other herbal products. Ann Intern Med. 2003, 138: 468-471.PubMedCrossRef Bent S, Tiedt T, Odden M, Shlipak M: The relative safety of ephedra compared with other herbal products. Ann Intern Med. 2003, 138: 468-471.PubMedCrossRef
277.
go back to reference Fleming GA: The FDA, regulation, and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343 (25): 1886-7. 10.1056/NEJM200012213432510.PubMedCrossRef Fleming GA: The FDA, regulation, and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343 (25): 1886-7. 10.1056/NEJM200012213432510.PubMedCrossRef
278.
go back to reference Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, Waters V, Williams CL: Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev. 2009, 67 (4): 188-205. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x.PubMedCrossRef Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, Waters V, Williams CL: Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev. 2009, 67 (4): 188-205. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x.PubMedCrossRef
279.
go back to reference Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, Tangi-Rozental O, Zuk-Ramot R, Sarusi B, Brickner D, Schwartz Z, Sheiner E, Marko R, Katorza E, Thiery J, Fiedler GM, Bluher M, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ: Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359 (3): 229-41. 10.1056/NEJMoa0708681.PubMedCrossRef Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, Tangi-Rozental O, Zuk-Ramot R, Sarusi B, Brickner D, Schwartz Z, Sheiner E, Marko R, Katorza E, Thiery J, Fiedler GM, Bluher M, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ: Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359 (3): 229-41. 10.1056/NEJMoa0708681.PubMedCrossRef
280.
go back to reference Raben A, Jensen ND, Marckmann P, Sandstrom B, Astrup AV: [Spontaneous weight loss in young subjects of normal weight after 11 weeks of unrestricted intake of a low-fat/high-fiber diet]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1997, 159 (10): 1448-53.PubMed Raben A, Jensen ND, Marckmann P, Sandstrom B, Astrup AV: [Spontaneous weight loss in young subjects of normal weight after 11 weeks of unrestricted intake of a low-fat/high-fiber diet]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1997, 159 (10): 1448-53.PubMed
281.
go back to reference Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen VT, Martini M, Zukley L, Lowndes J, Dube TJ, Fiutem JJ, Yount BW, Rippe JM: Consumption of whole-grain cereals during weight loss: effects on dietary quality, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006, 106 (9): 1380-8. 10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.003. quiz 9-90PubMedCrossRef Melanson KJ, Angelopoulos TJ, Nguyen VT, Martini M, Zukley L, Lowndes J, Dube TJ, Fiutem JJ, Yount BW, Rippe JM: Consumption of whole-grain cereals during weight loss: effects on dietary quality, dietary fiber, magnesium, vitamin B-6, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006, 106 (9): 1380-8. 10.1016/j.jada.2006.06.003. quiz 9-90PubMedCrossRef
282.
go back to reference Nieman DC, Cayea EJ, Austin MD, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Jin F: Chia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adults. Nutr Res. 2009, 29 (6): 414-8. 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.05.011.PubMedCrossRef Nieman DC, Cayea EJ, Austin MD, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Jin F: Chia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adults. Nutr Res. 2009, 29 (6): 414-8. 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.05.011.PubMedCrossRef
283.
go back to reference Saltzman E, Moriguti JC, Das SK, Corrales A, Fuss P, Greenberg AS, Roberts SB: Effects of a cereal rich in soluble fiber on body composition and dietary compliance during consumption of a hypocaloric diet. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001, 20 (1): 50-7.PubMedCrossRef Saltzman E, Moriguti JC, Das SK, Corrales A, Fuss P, Greenberg AS, Roberts SB: Effects of a cereal rich in soluble fiber on body composition and dietary compliance during consumption of a hypocaloric diet. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001, 20 (1): 50-7.PubMedCrossRef
284.
go back to reference Sartorelli DS, Franco LJ, Cardoso MA: High intake of fruits and vegetables predicts weight loss in Brazilian overweight adults. Nutr Res. 2008, 28 (4): 233-8. 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.02.004.PubMedCrossRef Sartorelli DS, Franco LJ, Cardoso MA: High intake of fruits and vegetables predicts weight loss in Brazilian overweight adults. Nutr Res. 2008, 28 (4): 233-8. 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.02.004.PubMedCrossRef
285.
go back to reference Barr SI: Increased dairy product or calcium intake: is body weight or composition affected in humans?. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (1): 245S-8S.PubMed Barr SI: Increased dairy product or calcium intake: is body weight or composition affected in humans?. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (1): 245S-8S.PubMed
286.
go back to reference Lanou AJ, Barnard ND: Dairy and weight loss hypothesis: an evaluation of the clinical trials. Nutr Rev. 2008, 66 (5): 272-9. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00032.x.PubMedCrossRef Lanou AJ, Barnard ND: Dairy and weight loss hypothesis: an evaluation of the clinical trials. Nutr Rev. 2008, 66 (5): 272-9. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00032.x.PubMedCrossRef
287.
go back to reference Menon VB, Baxmann AC, Froeder L, Martini LA, Heilberg IP: Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight reduction in overweight calcium stone formers. Urol Res. 2009, 37 (3): 133-9. 10.1007/s00240-009-0187-3.PubMedCrossRef Menon VB, Baxmann AC, Froeder L, Martini LA, Heilberg IP: Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight reduction in overweight calcium stone formers. Urol Res. 2009, 37 (3): 133-9. 10.1007/s00240-009-0187-3.PubMedCrossRef
288.
go back to reference Shapses SA, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB: Effect of calcium supplementation on weight and fat loss in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89 (2): 632-7. 10.1210/jc.2002-021136.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Shapses SA, Heshka S, Heymsfield SB: Effect of calcium supplementation on weight and fat loss in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 89 (2): 632-7. 10.1210/jc.2002-021136.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
289.
go back to reference Wagner G, Kindrick S, Hertzler S, DiSilvestro RA: Effects of various forms of calcium on body weight and bone turnover markers in women participating in a weight loss program. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007, 26 (5): 456-61.PubMedCrossRef Wagner G, Kindrick S, Hertzler S, DiSilvestro RA: Effects of various forms of calcium on body weight and bone turnover markers in women participating in a weight loss program. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007, 26 (5): 456-61.PubMedCrossRef
290.
go back to reference Yanovski JA, Parikh SJ, Yanoff LB, Denkinger BI, Calis KA, Reynolds JC, Sebring NG, McHugh T: Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight and adiposity in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150 (12): 821-9. W145-6PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Yanovski JA, Parikh SJ, Yanoff LB, Denkinger BI, Calis KA, Reynolds JC, Sebring NG, McHugh T: Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight and adiposity in overweight and obese adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009, 150 (12): 821-9. W145-6PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
291.
go back to reference Zemel M, Thompson W, Zemel P, Nocton A, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P: Dietary calcium and dairy products accelerate weight and fat-loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Clin Nutri. 2002, 75- Zemel M, Thompson W, Zemel P, Nocton A, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P: Dietary calcium and dairy products accelerate weight and fat-loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Clin Nutri. 2002, 75-
292.
go back to reference Zemel MB: Role of dietary calcium and dairy products in modulating adiposity. Lipids. 2003, 38 (2): 139-46. 10.1007/s11745-003-1044-6.PubMedCrossRef Zemel MB: Role of dietary calcium and dairy products in modulating adiposity. Lipids. 2003, 38 (2): 139-46. 10.1007/s11745-003-1044-6.PubMedCrossRef
293.
go back to reference Zemel MB: Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002, 21 (2): 146S-51S.PubMedCrossRef Zemel MB: Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002, 21 (2): 146S-51S.PubMedCrossRef
294.
go back to reference Zemel MB: Mechanisms of dairy modulation of adiposity. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (1): 252S-6S.PubMed Zemel MB: Mechanisms of dairy modulation of adiposity. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (1): 252S-6S.PubMed
295.
go back to reference Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC: Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. Faseb J. 2000, 14 (9): 1132-8.PubMed Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC: Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. Faseb J. 2000, 14 (9): 1132-8.PubMed
296.
go back to reference Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Barger-Lux MJ, Rafferty K, Hinders S: Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 85 (12): 4635-8. 10.1210/jc.85.12.4635.PubMed Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Barger-Lux MJ, Rafferty K, Hinders S: Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000, 85 (12): 4635-8. 10.1210/jc.85.12.4635.PubMed
297.
go back to reference Sarma DN, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI, Low Dog T: Safety of green tea extracts: a systematic review by the US Pharmacopeia. Drug Saf. 2008, 31 (6): 469-84. 10.2165/00002018-200831060-00003.PubMedCrossRef Sarma DN, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI, Low Dog T: Safety of green tea extracts: a systematic review by the US Pharmacopeia. Drug Saf. 2008, 31 (6): 469-84. 10.2165/00002018-200831060-00003.PubMedCrossRef
298.
go back to reference Nagle DG, Ferreira D, Zhou YD: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): chemical and biomedical perspectives. Phytochemistry. 2006, 67 (17): 1849-55. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.020.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Nagle DG, Ferreira D, Zhou YD: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): chemical and biomedical perspectives. Phytochemistry. 2006, 67 (17): 1849-55. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.020.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
299.
go back to reference Shixian Q, VanCrey B, Shi J, Kakuda Y, Jiang Y: Green tea extract thermogenesis-induced weight loss by epigallocatechin gallate inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Food. 2006, 9 (4): 451-8. 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.451.PubMedCrossRef Shixian Q, VanCrey B, Shi J, Kakuda Y, Jiang Y: Green tea extract thermogenesis-induced weight loss by epigallocatechin gallate inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Food. 2006, 9 (4): 451-8. 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.451.PubMedCrossRef
300.
go back to reference Nakagawa K, Ninomiya M, Okubo T, Aoi N, Juneja LR, Kim M, Yamanaka K, Miyazawa T: Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans. J Agric Food Chem. 1999, 47 (10): 3967-73. 10.1021/jf981195l.PubMedCrossRef Nakagawa K, Ninomiya M, Okubo T, Aoi N, Juneja LR, Kim M, Yamanaka K, Miyazawa T: Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans. J Agric Food Chem. 1999, 47 (10): 3967-73. 10.1021/jf981195l.PubMedCrossRef
301.
go back to reference Dulloo A, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J: Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 70 (6): 1040-5. Dulloo A, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J: Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 70 (6): 1040-5.
302.
go back to reference Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J: Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70 (6): 1040-5.PubMed Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J: Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999, 70 (6): 1040-5.PubMed
303.
go back to reference Di Pierro F, Menghi AB, Barreca A, Lucarelli M, Calandrelli A: Greenselect Phytosome as an adjunct to a low-calorie diet for treatment of obesity: a clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. 2009, 14 (2): 154-60.PubMed Di Pierro F, Menghi AB, Barreca A, Lucarelli M, Calandrelli A: Greenselect Phytosome as an adjunct to a low-calorie diet for treatment of obesity: a clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. 2009, 14 (2): 154-60.PubMed
304.
go back to reference Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, Yasunaga K, Matsuo N, Katsuragi Y, Komikado M, Tokimitsu I, Wilder D, Jones F, Blumberg JB, Cartwright Y: Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. 2009, 139 (2): 264-70.PubMedCrossRef Maki KC, Reeves MS, Farmer M, Yasunaga K, Matsuo N, Katsuragi Y, Komikado M, Tokimitsu I, Wilder D, Jones F, Blumberg JB, Cartwright Y: Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. 2009, 139 (2): 264-70.PubMedCrossRef
305.
go back to reference Fallon E, Zhong L, Furne JK, Levitt M: A mixture of extracts of black and green teas and mulberry leaf did not reduce weight gain in rats fed a high-fat diet. Altern Med Rev. 2008, 13 (1): 43-9.PubMed Fallon E, Zhong L, Furne JK, Levitt M: A mixture of extracts of black and green teas and mulberry leaf did not reduce weight gain in rats fed a high-fat diet. Altern Med Rev. 2008, 13 (1): 43-9.PubMed
306.
go back to reference Hsu CH, Tsai TH, Kao YH, Hwang KC, Tseng TY, Chou P: Effect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2008, 27 (3): 363-70. 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.03.007.PubMedCrossRef Hsu CH, Tsai TH, Kao YH, Hwang KC, Tseng TY, Chou P: Effect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2008, 27 (3): 363-70. 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.03.007.PubMedCrossRef
307.
go back to reference MacDonald HB: Conjugated linoleic acid and disease prevention: a review of current knowledge. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19 (2 Suppl): 111S-8S.PubMedCrossRef MacDonald HB: Conjugated linoleic acid and disease prevention: a review of current knowledge. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19 (2 Suppl): 111S-8S.PubMedCrossRef
308.
go back to reference Park Y, Albright KJ, Storkson JM, Liu W, Cook ME, Pariza MW: Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids. 1999, 34 (3): 243-8. 10.1007/s11745-999-0359-7.PubMedCrossRef Park Y, Albright KJ, Storkson JM, Liu W, Cook ME, Pariza MW: Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids. 1999, 34 (3): 243-8. 10.1007/s11745-999-0359-7.PubMedCrossRef
309.
go back to reference Colakoglu S, Colakoglu M, Taneli F, Cetinoz F, Turkmen M: Cumulative effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on endurance development, body composition, serum leptin and insulin levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006, 46 (4): 570-7.PubMed Colakoglu S, Colakoglu M, Taneli F, Cetinoz F, Turkmen M: Cumulative effects of conjugated linoleic acid and exercise on endurance development, body composition, serum leptin and insulin levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2006, 46 (4): 570-7.PubMed
310.
go back to reference Lowery LM, Appicelli PA, PWR L: Conjugated linoleic acid enhances muscle size and strength gains in novice bodybuilders. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (5): S182-CrossRef Lowery LM, Appicelli PA, PWR L: Conjugated linoleic acid enhances muscle size and strength gains in novice bodybuilders. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (5): S182-CrossRef
311.
go back to reference Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K, Vessby B: Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2002, 25 (9): 1516-21. 10.2337/diacare.25.9.1516.PubMedCrossRef Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K, Vessby B: Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2002, 25 (9): 1516-21. 10.2337/diacare.25.9.1516.PubMedCrossRef
312.
go back to reference Riserus U, Basu S, Jovinge S, Fredrikson GN, Arnlov J, Vessby B: Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation. 2002, 106 (15): 1925-9. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000033589.15413.48.PubMedCrossRef Riserus U, Basu S, Jovinge S, Fredrikson GN, Arnlov J, Vessby B: Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Circulation. 2002, 106 (15): 1925-9. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000033589.15413.48.PubMedCrossRef
313.
go back to reference Riserus U, Berglund L, Vessby B: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25 (8): 1129-35. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801659.PubMedCrossRef Riserus U, Berglund L, Vessby B: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001, 25 (8): 1129-35. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801659.PubMedCrossRef
314.
go back to reference Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O: Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res. 2001, 29 (5): 392-6.PubMedCrossRef Thom E, Wadstein J, Gudmundsen O: Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int Med Res. 2001, 29 (5): 392-6.PubMedCrossRef
315.
go back to reference Cornish SM, Candow DG, Jantz NT, Chilibeck PD, Little JP, Forbes S, Abeysekara S, Zello GA: Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009, 19 (1): 79-96.PubMed Cornish SM, Candow DG, Jantz NT, Chilibeck PD, Little JP, Forbes S, Abeysekara S, Zello GA: Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009, 19 (1): 79-96.PubMed
316.
go back to reference Beuker F, Haak H, Schwietz H, editors: CLA and body styling. Symposium: Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe; Jena (Thhr.). 1999 Beuker F, Haak H, Schwietz H, editors: CLA and body styling. Symposium: Vitamine und Zusatzstoffe; Jena (Thhr.). 1999
317.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Wilson M, Almada AL: Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength Cond Res. 2002, 16 (3): 325-34. 10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0325:EOCLAS>2.0.CO;2.PubMed Kreider RB, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Wilson M, Almada AL: Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J Strength Cond Res. 2002, 16 (3): 325-34. 10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0325:EOCLAS>2.0.CO;2.PubMed
318.
go back to reference Malpuech-Brugere C, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Mensink RP, Arnal MA, Morio B, Brandolini M, Saebo A, Lassel TS, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Beaufrere B: Effects of two conjugated linoleic Acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obes Res. 2004, 12 (4): 591-8. 10.1038/oby.2004.68.PubMedCrossRef Malpuech-Brugere C, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Mensink RP, Arnal MA, Morio B, Brandolini M, Saebo A, Lassel TS, Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL, Beaufrere B: Effects of two conjugated linoleic Acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obes Res. 2004, 12 (4): 591-8. 10.1038/oby.2004.68.PubMedCrossRef
319.
go back to reference Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Erickson KL: Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids. 2000, 35 (7): 783-8. 10.1007/s11745-000-0586-y.PubMedCrossRef Medina EA, Horn WF, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Erickson KL: Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite. Lipids. 2000, 35 (7): 783-8. 10.1007/s11745-000-0586-y.PubMedCrossRef
320.
go back to reference Salas-Salvado J, Marquez-Sandoval F, Bullo M: Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006, 46 (6): 479-88. 10.1080/10408390600723953.PubMedCrossRef Salas-Salvado J, Marquez-Sandoval F, Bullo M: Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focusing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006, 46 (6): 479-88. 10.1080/10408390600723953.PubMedCrossRef
321.
go back to reference Von Loeffelholz C: Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition and strength in bodybuilders. Jena (Thnr). 1999, 7: 238-43. Von Loeffelholz C: Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition and strength in bodybuilders. Jena (Thnr). 1999, 7: 238-43.
322.
go back to reference Wang Y, Jones PJ: Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 79 (6 Suppl): 1153S-8S.PubMed Wang Y, Jones PJ: Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 79 (6 Suppl): 1153S-8S.PubMed
323.
go back to reference Wang YW, Jones PJ: Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28 (8): 941-55. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802641.PubMedCrossRef Wang YW, Jones PJ: Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004, 28 (8): 941-55. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802641.PubMedCrossRef
324.
go back to reference Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ: Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids. 2000, 35 (7): 777-82. 10.1007/s11745-000-0585-z.PubMedCrossRef Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P, Kelley DS, Nelson GJ: Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure. Lipids. 2000, 35 (7): 777-82. 10.1007/s11745-000-0585-z.PubMedCrossRef
325.
go back to reference Sneddon AA, Tsofliou F, Fyfe CL, Matheson I, Jackson DM, Horgan G, Winzell MS, Wahle KW, Ahren B, Williams LM: Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008, 16 (5): 1019-24. 10.1038/oby.2008.41.CrossRef Sneddon AA, Tsofliou F, Fyfe CL, Matheson I, Jackson DM, Horgan G, Winzell MS, Wahle KW, Ahren B, Williams LM: Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008, 16 (5): 1019-24. 10.1038/oby.2008.41.CrossRef
326.
go back to reference Shigematsu N, Asano R, Shimosaka M, Okazaki M: Effect of administration with the extract of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br leaves on lipid metabolism in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001, 24 (6): 713-7. 10.1248/bpb.24.713.PubMedCrossRef Shigematsu N, Asano R, Shimosaka M, Okazaki M: Effect of administration with the extract of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br leaves on lipid metabolism in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001, 24 (6): 713-7. 10.1248/bpb.24.713.PubMedCrossRef
327.
go back to reference Shigematsu N, Asano R, Shimosaka M, Okazaki M: Effect of long term-administration with Gymnema sylvestre R. BR on plasma and liver lipid in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001, 24 (6): 643-9. 10.1248/bpb.24.643.PubMedCrossRef Shigematsu N, Asano R, Shimosaka M, Okazaki M: Effect of long term-administration with Gymnema sylvestre R. BR on plasma and liver lipid in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2001, 24 (6): 643-9. 10.1248/bpb.24.643.PubMedCrossRef
328.
go back to reference Luo H, Kashiwagi A, Shibahara T, Yamada K: Decreased bodyweight without rebound and regulated lipoprotein metabolism by gymnemate in genetic multifactor syndrome animal. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007, 299 (1-2): 93-8. 10.1007/s11010-005-9049-7.PubMedCrossRef Luo H, Kashiwagi A, Shibahara T, Yamada K: Decreased bodyweight without rebound and regulated lipoprotein metabolism by gymnemate in genetic multifactor syndrome animal. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007, 299 (1-2): 93-8. 10.1007/s11010-005-9049-7.PubMedCrossRef
329.
go back to reference Preuss HG, Rao CV, Garis R, Bramble JD, Ohia SE, Bagchi M, Bagchi D: An overview of the safety and efficacy of a novel, natural(-)-hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX) for weight management. J Med. 2004, 35 (1-6): 33-48.PubMed Preuss HG, Rao CV, Garis R, Bramble JD, Ohia SE, Bagchi M, Bagchi D: An overview of the safety and efficacy of a novel, natural(-)-hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX) for weight management. J Med. 2004, 35 (1-6): 33-48.PubMed
330.
go back to reference Garcia Neto M, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI: Influence of dietary protein level on the broiler chicken's response to methionine and betaine supplements. Poult Sci. 2000, 79 (10): 1478-84.PubMedCrossRef Garcia Neto M, Pesti GM, Bakalli RI: Influence of dietary protein level on the broiler chicken's response to methionine and betaine supplements. Poult Sci. 2000, 79 (10): 1478-84.PubMedCrossRef
331.
go back to reference Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A, Uusitupa M: Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002, 76 (5): 961-7.PubMed Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A, Uusitupa M: Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002, 76 (5): 961-7.PubMed
332.
go back to reference Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Faigenbaum AD: Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009, 6: 7-10.1186/1550-2783-6-7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Faigenbaum AD: Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009, 6: 7-10.1186/1550-2783-6-7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
333.
go back to reference Ammon HP, Muller AB: Forskolin: from an ayurvedic remedy to a modern agent. Planta Med. 1985, 473-7. 10.1055/s-2007-969566. 6 Ammon HP, Muller AB: Forskolin: from an ayurvedic remedy to a modern agent. Planta Med. 1985, 473-7. 10.1055/s-2007-969566. 6
334.
go back to reference Ammon HP, Muller AB: Effect of forskolin on islet cyclic AMP, insulin secretion, blood glucose and intravenous glucose tolerance in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1984, 326 (4): 364-7. 10.1007/BF00501444.PubMedCrossRef Ammon HP, Muller AB: Effect of forskolin on islet cyclic AMP, insulin secretion, blood glucose and intravenous glucose tolerance in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1984, 326 (4): 364-7. 10.1007/BF00501444.PubMedCrossRef
335.
go back to reference de Souza NJ, Dohadwalla AN, Reden J: Forskolin: a labdane diterpenoid with antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and adenylate cyclase activating properties. Med Res Rev. 1983, 3 (2): 201-19. 10.1002/med.2610030205.PubMedCrossRef de Souza NJ, Dohadwalla AN, Reden J: Forskolin: a labdane diterpenoid with antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and adenylate cyclase activating properties. Med Res Rev. 1983, 3 (2): 201-19. 10.1002/med.2610030205.PubMedCrossRef
336.
go back to reference Litosch I, Hudson TH, Mills I, Li SY, Fain JN: Forskolin as an activator of cyclic AMP accumulation and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1982, 22 (1): 109-15.PubMed Litosch I, Hudson TH, Mills I, Li SY, Fain JN: Forskolin as an activator of cyclic AMP accumulation and lipolysis in rat adipocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1982, 22 (1): 109-15.PubMed
337.
go back to reference Litosch I, Saito Y, Fain JN: Forskolin as an activator of cyclic AMP accumulation and secretion in blowfly salivary glands. Biochem J. 1982, 204 (1): 147-51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Litosch I, Saito Y, Fain JN: Forskolin as an activator of cyclic AMP accumulation and secretion in blowfly salivary glands. Biochem J. 1982, 204 (1): 147-51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
338.
go back to reference Seamon KB, Padgett W, Daly JW: Forskolin: unique diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase in membranes and in intact cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981, 78 (6): 3363-7. 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3363.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Seamon KB, Padgett W, Daly JW: Forskolin: unique diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase in membranes and in intact cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981, 78 (6): 3363-7. 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3363.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
339.
go back to reference Henderson S, Magu B, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Kerksick C, Smith P, Melton C, Cowan P, Greenwood M, Earnest C, Almada A, Milnor P, Magrans T, Bowden R, Ounpraseuth S, Thomas A, Kreider RB: Effects of coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and hematological profiles in mildly overweight women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2005, 2: 54-62. 10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Henderson S, Magu B, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Kerksick C, Smith P, Melton C, Cowan P, Greenwood M, Earnest C, Almada A, Milnor P, Magrans T, Bowden R, Ounpraseuth S, Thomas A, Kreider RB: Effects of coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and hematological profiles in mildly overweight women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2005, 2: 54-62. 10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
340.
go back to reference Godard MP, Johnson BA, Richmond SR: Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obes Res. 2005, 13 (8): 1335-43. 10.1038/oby.2005.162.PubMedCrossRef Godard MP, Johnson BA, Richmond SR: Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obes Res. 2005, 13 (8): 1335-43. 10.1038/oby.2005.162.PubMedCrossRef
341.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Henderson S, Magu B, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Kerksick C, Smith P, Melton C, Cowan P, Greenwood M, Earnest C, Almada A, Milnor P: Effects of coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and markers of health in sedentary overweight females. FASEB J. 2002, LB59- Kreider RB, Henderson S, Magu B, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Kerksick C, Smith P, Melton C, Cowan P, Greenwood M, Earnest C, Almada A, Milnor P: Effects of coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and markers of health in sedentary overweight females. FASEB J. 2002, LB59-
342.
go back to reference Ebeling P, Koivisto VA: Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet. 1994, 343 (8911): 1479-81. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92587-9.PubMedCrossRef Ebeling P, Koivisto VA: Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet. 1994, 343 (8911): 1479-81. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92587-9.PubMedCrossRef
343.
go back to reference Denti L, Pasolini G, Sanfelici L, Ablondi F, Freddi M, Benedetti R, Valenti G: Effects of aging on dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in relation to fasting insulin levels and body composition assessed by bioimpedance analysis. Metabolism. 1997, 46 (7): 826-32. 10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90130-X.PubMedCrossRef Denti L, Pasolini G, Sanfelici L, Ablondi F, Freddi M, Benedetti R, Valenti G: Effects of aging on dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in relation to fasting insulin levels and body composition assessed by bioimpedance analysis. Metabolism. 1997, 46 (7): 826-32. 10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90130-X.PubMedCrossRef
344.
go back to reference De Pergola G, Zamboni M, Sciaraffia M, Turcato E, Pannacciulli N, Armellini F, Giorgino F, Perrini S, Bosello O, Giorgino R: Body fat accumulation is possibly responsible for lower dehydroepiandrosterone circulating levels in premenopausal obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996, 20 (12): 1105-10.PubMed De Pergola G, Zamboni M, Sciaraffia M, Turcato E, Pannacciulli N, Armellini F, Giorgino F, Perrini S, Bosello O, Giorgino R: Body fat accumulation is possibly responsible for lower dehydroepiandrosterone circulating levels in premenopausal obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996, 20 (12): 1105-10.PubMed
345.
go back to reference Nestler JE, Barlascini CO, Clore JN, Blackard WG: Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces serum low density lipoprotein levels and body fat but does not alter insulin sensitivity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988, 66 (1): 57-61. 10.1210/jcem-66-1-57.PubMedCrossRef Nestler JE, Barlascini CO, Clore JN, Blackard WG: Dehydroepiandrosterone reduces serum low density lipoprotein levels and body fat but does not alter insulin sensitivity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988, 66 (1): 57-61. 10.1210/jcem-66-1-57.PubMedCrossRef
346.
go back to reference Vogiatzi MG, Boeck MA, Vlachopapadopoulou E, el-Rashid R, New MI: Dehydroepiandrosterone in morbidly obese adolescents: effects on weight, body composition, lipids, and insulin resistance. Metabolism. 1996, 45 (8): 1011-5. 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90272-3.PubMedCrossRef Vogiatzi MG, Boeck MA, Vlachopapadopoulou E, el-Rashid R, New MI: Dehydroepiandrosterone in morbidly obese adolescents: effects on weight, body composition, lipids, and insulin resistance. Metabolism. 1996, 45 (8): 1011-5. 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90272-3.PubMedCrossRef
347.
go back to reference von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Bergstrom J, Bettencourt R: Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trial. Osteoporos Int. 2008, 19 (5): 699-707. 10.1007/s00198-007-0520-z.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef von Muhlen D, Laughlin GA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Bergstrom J, Bettencourt R: Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trial. Osteoporos Int. 2008, 19 (5): 699-707. 10.1007/s00198-007-0520-z.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
348.
go back to reference Kalman DS, Colker CM, Swain MA, Torina GC, Shi Q: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adults. Curr Thera. 2000, 61: 435-42. 10.1016/S0011-393X(00)80026-0.CrossRef Kalman DS, Colker CM, Swain MA, Torina GC, Shi Q: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adults. Curr Thera. 2000, 61: 435-42. 10.1016/S0011-393X(00)80026-0.CrossRef
349.
go back to reference Zenk JL, Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MA: HUM5007, a novel combination of thermogenic compounds, and 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone: each increases the resting metabolic rate of overweight adults. J Nutr Biochem. 2007, 18 (9): 629-34. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.11.008.PubMedCrossRef Zenk JL, Frestedt JL, Kuskowski MA: HUM5007, a novel combination of thermogenic compounds, and 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone: each increases the resting metabolic rate of overweight adults. J Nutr Biochem. 2007, 18 (9): 629-34. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.11.008.PubMedCrossRef
350.
go back to reference Zenk JL, Leikam SA, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA: Effect of lean system 7 on metabolic rate and body composition. Nutrition. 2005, 21 (2): 179-85. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.025.PubMedCrossRef Zenk JL, Leikam SA, Kassen LJ, Kuskowski MA: Effect of lean system 7 on metabolic rate and body composition. Nutrition. 2005, 21 (2): 179-85. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.025.PubMedCrossRef
351.
go back to reference Stanko RT, Arch JE: Inhibition of regain in body weight and fat with addition of 3-carbon compounds to the diet with hyperenergetic refeeding after weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996, 20 (10): 925-30.PubMed Stanko RT, Arch JE: Inhibition of regain in body weight and fat with addition of 3-carbon compounds to the diet with hyperenergetic refeeding after weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996, 20 (10): 925-30.PubMed
352.
go back to reference Stanko RT, Tietze DL, Arch JE: Body composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a severely restricted diet supplemented with dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992, 55 (4): 771-6.PubMed Stanko RT, Tietze DL, Arch JE: Body composition, energy utilization, and nitrogen metabolism with a severely restricted diet supplemented with dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992, 55 (4): 771-6.PubMed
353.
go back to reference Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Hoyson R, Janosky JE, Wolf R: Pyruvate supplementation of a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet: effects on plasma lipid concentrations and body composition in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994, 59 (2): 423-7.PubMed Stanko RT, Reynolds HR, Hoyson R, Janosky JE, Wolf R: Pyruvate supplementation of a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet: effects on plasma lipid concentrations and body composition in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994, 59 (2): 423-7.PubMed
354.
go back to reference Kalman D, Colker CM, Wilets I, Roufs JB, Antonio J: The effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition in overweight individuals. Nutrition. 1999, 15 (5): 337-40. 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00034-9.PubMedCrossRef Kalman D, Colker CM, Wilets I, Roufs JB, Antonio J: The effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition in overweight individuals. Nutrition. 1999, 15 (5): 337-40. 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00034-9.PubMedCrossRef
355.
go back to reference Stone MH, Sanborn K, Smith LL, O'Bryant HS, Hoke T, Utter AC, Johnson RL, Boros R, Hruby J, Pierce KC, Stone ME, Garner B: Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (2): 146-65.PubMed Stone MH, Sanborn K, Smith LL, O'Bryant HS, Hoke T, Utter AC, Johnson RL, Boros R, Hruby J, Pierce KC, Stone ME, Garner B: Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (2): 146-65.PubMed
356.
go back to reference Koh-Banerjee PK, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Bowden RG, Cowan PN, Almada AL, Kreider RB: Effects of calcium pyruvate supplementation during training on body composition, exercise capacity, and metabolic responses to exercise. Nutrition. 2005, 21 (3): 312-9. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.026.PubMedCrossRef Koh-Banerjee PK, Ferreira MP, Greenwood M, Bowden RG, Cowan PN, Almada AL, Kreider RB: Effects of calcium pyruvate supplementation during training on body composition, exercise capacity, and metabolic responses to exercise. Nutrition. 2005, 21 (3): 312-9. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.026.PubMedCrossRef
357.
go back to reference Gallaher DD, Gallaher CM, Mahrt GJ, Carr TP, Hollingshead CH, Hesslink R, Wise J: A glucomannan and chitosan fiber supplement decreases plasma cholesterol and increases cholesterol excretion in overweight normocholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002, 21 (5): 428-33.PubMedCrossRef Gallaher DD, Gallaher CM, Mahrt GJ, Carr TP, Hollingshead CH, Hesslink R, Wise J: A glucomannan and chitosan fiber supplement decreases plasma cholesterol and increases cholesterol excretion in overweight normocholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002, 21 (5): 428-33.PubMedCrossRef
358.
go back to reference Gallaher CM, Munion J, Hesslink R, Wise J, Gallaher DD: Cholesterol reduction by glucomannan and chitosan is mediated by changes in cholesterol absorption and bile acid and fat excretion in rats. J Nutr. 2000, 130 (11): 2753-9.PubMed Gallaher CM, Munion J, Hesslink R, Wise J, Gallaher DD: Cholesterol reduction by glucomannan and chitosan is mediated by changes in cholesterol absorption and bile acid and fat excretion in rats. J Nutr. 2000, 130 (11): 2753-9.PubMed
359.
go back to reference Chiang MT, Yao HT, Chen HC: Effect of dietary chitosans with different viscosity on plasma lipids and lipid peroxidation in rats fed on a diet enriched with cholesterol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000, 64 (5): 965-71. 10.1271/bbb.64.965.PubMedCrossRef Chiang MT, Yao HT, Chen HC: Effect of dietary chitosans with different viscosity on plasma lipids and lipid peroxidation in rats fed on a diet enriched with cholesterol. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000, 64 (5): 965-71. 10.1271/bbb.64.965.PubMedCrossRef
360.
go back to reference Tai TS, Sheu WH, Lee WJ, Yao HT, Chiang MT: Effect of chitosan on plasma lipoprotein concentrations in type 2 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Care. 2000, 23 (11): 1703-4. 10.2337/diacare.23.11.1703a.PubMedCrossRef Tai TS, Sheu WH, Lee WJ, Yao HT, Chiang MT: Effect of chitosan on plasma lipoprotein concentrations in type 2 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Care. 2000, 23 (11): 1703-4. 10.2337/diacare.23.11.1703a.PubMedCrossRef
361.
go back to reference Wuolijoki E, Hirvela T, Ylitalo P: Decrease in serum LDL cholesterol with microcrystalline chitosan. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999, 21 (5): 357-61. 10.1358/mf.1999.21.5.793477.PubMedCrossRef Wuolijoki E, Hirvela T, Ylitalo P: Decrease in serum LDL cholesterol with microcrystalline chitosan. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999, 21 (5): 357-61. 10.1358/mf.1999.21.5.793477.PubMedCrossRef
362.
go back to reference Gades MD, Stern JS: Chitosan supplementation and fecal fat excretion in men. Obes Res. 2003, 11 (5): 683-8. 10.1038/oby.2003.97.PubMedCrossRef Gades MD, Stern JS: Chitosan supplementation and fecal fat excretion in men. Obes Res. 2003, 11 (5): 683-8. 10.1038/oby.2003.97.PubMedCrossRef
363.
go back to reference Guerciolini R, Radu-Radulescu L, Boldrin M, Dallas J, Moore R: Comparative evaluation of fecal fat excretion induced by orlistat and chitosan. Obes Res. 2001, 9 (6): 364-7. 10.1038/oby.2001.47.PubMedCrossRef Guerciolini R, Radu-Radulescu L, Boldrin M, Dallas J, Moore R: Comparative evaluation of fecal fat excretion induced by orlistat and chitosan. Obes Res. 2001, 9 (6): 364-7. 10.1038/oby.2001.47.PubMedCrossRef
364.
go back to reference Gades MD, Stern JS: Chitosan supplementation and fat absorption in men and women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005, 105 (1): 72-7. 10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.004.PubMedCrossRef Gades MD, Stern JS: Chitosan supplementation and fat absorption in men and women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005, 105 (1): 72-7. 10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.004.PubMedCrossRef
365.
go back to reference Pittler MH, Abbot NC, Harkness EF, Ernst E: Randomized, double-blind trial of chitosan for body weight reduction. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999, 53 (5): 379-81. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600733.PubMedCrossRef Pittler MH, Abbot NC, Harkness EF, Ernst E: Randomized, double-blind trial of chitosan for body weight reduction. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999, 53 (5): 379-81. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600733.PubMedCrossRef
366.
go back to reference Ho SC, Tai ES, Eng PH, Tan CE, Fok AC: In the absence of dietary surveillance, chitosan does not reduce plasma lipids or obesity in hypercholesterolaemic obese Asian subjects. Singapore Med J. 2001, 42 (1): 006-10. Ho SC, Tai ES, Eng PH, Tan CE, Fok AC: In the absence of dietary surveillance, chitosan does not reduce plasma lipids or obesity in hypercholesterolaemic obese Asian subjects. Singapore Med J. 2001, 42 (1): 006-10.
367.
go back to reference Vincent J: The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med. 2003, 33 (3): 213-30. 10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004.PubMedCrossRef Vincent J: The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med. 2003, 33 (3): 213-30. 10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004.PubMedCrossRef
368.
go back to reference Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Penland JG: Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: effects on body weight, composition, and iron status. Nutrition. 2007, 23 (3): 187-95. 10.1016/j.nut.2006.12.001.PubMedCrossRef Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Penland JG: Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: effects on body weight, composition, and iron status. Nutrition. 2007, 23 (3): 187-95. 10.1016/j.nut.2006.12.001.PubMedCrossRef
369.
go back to reference Jena BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK: Chemistry and biochemistry of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia. J Agric Food Chem. 2002, 50 (1): 10-22. 10.1021/jf010753k.PubMedCrossRef Jena BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK: Chemistry and biochemistry of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia. J Agric Food Chem. 2002, 50 (1): 10-22. 10.1021/jf010753k.PubMedCrossRef
370.
go back to reference Ishihara K, Oyaizu S, Onuki K, Lim K, Fushiki T: Chronic (-)-hydroxycitrate administration spares carbohydrate utilization and promotes lipid oxidation during exercise in mice. J Nutr. 2000, 130 (12): 2990-5.PubMed Ishihara K, Oyaizu S, Onuki K, Lim K, Fushiki T: Chronic (-)-hydroxycitrate administration spares carbohydrate utilization and promotes lipid oxidation during exercise in mice. J Nutr. 2000, 130 (12): 2990-5.PubMed
371.
go back to reference Kriketos AD, Thompson HR, Greene H, Hill JO: (-)-Hydroxycitric acid does not affect energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in adult males in a post-absorptive state. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (8): 867-73. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800965.PubMedCrossRef Kriketos AD, Thompson HR, Greene H, Hill JO: (-)-Hydroxycitric acid does not affect energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in adult males in a post-absorptive state. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999, 23 (8): 867-73. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800965.PubMedCrossRef
372.
go back to reference Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, Pietrobelli A, Greenfield D, Nunez C: Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1998, 280 (18): 1596-600. 10.1001/jama.280.18.1596.PubMedCrossRef Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, Pietrobelli A, Greenfield D, Nunez C: Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1998, 280 (18): 1596-600. 10.1001/jama.280.18.1596.PubMedCrossRef
373.
go back to reference Mattes RD, Bormann L: Effects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive variables. Physiol Behav. 2000, 71 (1-2): 87-94. 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00321-8.PubMedCrossRef Mattes RD, Bormann L: Effects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive variables. Physiol Behav. 2000, 71 (1-2): 87-94. 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00321-8.PubMedCrossRef
374.
go back to reference Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Dunn-Lewis C: L-carnitine supplementation: influence upon physiological function. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008, 7 (4): 218-23.PubMedCrossRef Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Dunn-Lewis C: L-carnitine supplementation: influence upon physiological function. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008, 7 (4): 218-23.PubMedCrossRef
375.
go back to reference Smith WA, Fry AC, Tschume LC, Bloomer RJ: Effect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008, 18 (1): 19-36.PubMed Smith WA, Fry AC, Tschume LC, Bloomer RJ: Effect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008, 18 (1): 19-36.PubMed
376.
go back to reference Brass EP: Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 72 (2 Suppl): 618S-23S.PubMed Brass EP: Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000, 72 (2 Suppl): 618S-23S.PubMed
377.
go back to reference Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PA: L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000, 10 (2): 199-207.PubMed Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PA: L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000, 10 (2): 199-207.PubMed
378.
go back to reference Bloomer RJ, Smith WA: Oxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementation. Res Sports Med. 2009, 17 (1): 1-16. 10.1080/15438620802678289.PubMedCrossRef Bloomer RJ, Smith WA: Oxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementation. Res Sports Med. 2009, 17 (1): 1-16. 10.1080/15438620802678289.PubMedCrossRef
379.
go back to reference Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Rubin MR, Gomez AL, Ratamess NA, Gaynor P: L-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 282 (2): E474-82.PubMedCrossRef Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Rubin MR, Gomez AL, Ratamess NA, Gaynor P: L-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002, 282 (2): E474-82.PubMedCrossRef
380.
go back to reference Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Nazar K, Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Ziemba A, Kruk B, Szczepanik J, Titow-Stupnicka E, Bicz B: Effect of phosphate supplementation on metabolic and neuroendocrine responses to exercise and oral glucose load in obese women during weight reduction. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993, 44 (4): 425-40.PubMed Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Nazar K, Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Ziemba A, Kruk B, Szczepanik J, Titow-Stupnicka E, Bicz B: Effect of phosphate supplementation on metabolic and neuroendocrine responses to exercise and oral glucose load in obese women during weight reduction. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993, 44 (4): 425-40.PubMed
381.
go back to reference Nazar K, Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Szczepanik J, Zemba AW, Kruk B, Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Titow-Stupnicka E, Bicz B, Krotkiewski M: Phosphate supplementation prevents a decrease of triiodothyronine and increases resting metabolic rate during low energy diet. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996, 47 (2): 373-83.PubMed Nazar K, Kaciuba-Uscilko H, Szczepanik J, Zemba AW, Kruk B, Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Titow-Stupnicka E, Bicz B, Krotkiewski M: Phosphate supplementation prevents a decrease of triiodothyronine and increases resting metabolic rate during low energy diet. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996, 47 (2): 373-83.PubMed
382.
go back to reference Grases F, Llompart I, Conte A, Coll R, March JG: Glycosaminoglycans and oxalocalcic urolithiasis. Nephron. 1994, 68 (4): 449-53. 10.1159/000188306.PubMedCrossRef Grases F, Llompart I, Conte A, Coll R, March JG: Glycosaminoglycans and oxalocalcic urolithiasis. Nephron. 1994, 68 (4): 449-53. 10.1159/000188306.PubMedCrossRef
383.
go back to reference Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauza A, Prieto R, March JG: Urolithiasis and phytotherapy. Int Urol Nephrol. 1994, 26 (5): 507-11. 10.1007/BF02767650.PubMedCrossRef Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauza A, Prieto R, March JG: Urolithiasis and phytotherapy. Int Urol Nephrol. 1994, 26 (5): 507-11. 10.1007/BF02767650.PubMedCrossRef
384.
go back to reference Dolan RL, Crosby EC, Leutkemeir MJ, Barton RG, Askew EW: The effects of diuretics on resting metabolic rate and subsequent shifts in respiratory exchange ratios. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33: S163-10.1097/00005768-200105001-00921.CrossRef Dolan RL, Crosby EC, Leutkemeir MJ, Barton RG, Askew EW: The effects of diuretics on resting metabolic rate and subsequent shifts in respiratory exchange ratios. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33: S163-10.1097/00005768-200105001-00921.CrossRef
385.
go back to reference Crosby EC, Dolan RL, Benson JE, Leutkemeir MJ, Barton RG, Askew EW: Herbal diuretic induced dehydration and resting metabolic rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33: S163-10.1097/00005768-200105001-00920.CrossRef Crosby EC, Dolan RL, Benson JE, Leutkemeir MJ, Barton RG, Askew EW: Herbal diuretic induced dehydration and resting metabolic rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33: S163-10.1097/00005768-200105001-00920.CrossRef
386.
go back to reference Von Duvillard SP, Braun WA, Markofski M, Beneke R, Leithauser R: Fluids and hydration in prolonged endurance performance. Nutrition. 2004, 20 (7-8): 651-6. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.011.PubMedCrossRef Von Duvillard SP, Braun WA, Markofski M, Beneke R, Leithauser R: Fluids and hydration in prolonged endurance performance. Nutrition. 2004, 20 (7-8): 651-6. 10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.011.PubMedCrossRef
387.
go back to reference von Duvillard SP, Arciero PJ, Tietjen-Smith T, Alford K: Sports drinks, exercise training, and competition. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008, 7 (4): 202-8.PubMedCrossRef von Duvillard SP, Arciero PJ, Tietjen-Smith T, Alford K: Sports drinks, exercise training, and competition. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008, 7 (4): 202-8.PubMedCrossRef
388.
go back to reference Winnick JJ, Davis JM, Welsh RS, Carmichael MD, Murphy EA, Blackmon JA: Carbohydrate feedings during team sport exercise preserve physical and CNS function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005, 37 (2): 306-15. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000152803.35130.A4.PubMedCrossRef Winnick JJ, Davis JM, Welsh RS, Carmichael MD, Murphy EA, Blackmon JA: Carbohydrate feedings during team sport exercise preserve physical and CNS function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005, 37 (2): 306-15. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000152803.35130.A4.PubMedCrossRef
389.
go back to reference Kendall RW, Jacquemin G, Frost R, Burns SP: Creatine supplementation for weak muscles in persons with chronic tetraplegia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005, 28 (3): 208-13.PubMed Kendall RW, Jacquemin G, Frost R, Burns SP: Creatine supplementation for weak muscles in persons with chronic tetraplegia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005, 28 (3): 208-13.PubMed
390.
go back to reference Kendall KL, Smith AE, Graef JL, Fukuda DH, Moon JR, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009, 23 (6): 1663-9.PubMedCrossRef Kendall KL, Smith AE, Graef JL, Fukuda DH, Moon JR, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009, 23 (6): 1663-9.PubMedCrossRef
391.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Grindstaff P, Plisk S, Reinardy J, Cantler E, Almada AL: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (1): 73-82.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Grindstaff P, Plisk S, Reinardy J, Cantler E, Almada AL: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (1): 73-82.PubMedCrossRef
392.
go back to reference Derave W, Op'T Eijinde B, Richter EA, Hespel P: Combined creatine and protein supplementation improves glucose tolerance and muscle glycogen accumulation in humans. Abstracts of 6th Internationl Conference on Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine. 2001 Derave W, Op'T Eijinde B, Richter EA, Hespel P: Combined creatine and protein supplementation improves glucose tolerance and muscle glycogen accumulation in humans. Abstracts of 6th Internationl Conference on Guanidino Compounds in Biology and Medicine. 2001
393.
go back to reference Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Kokkonen J, Day R, Evans J: Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (7): 1096-100.PubMedCrossRef Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Kokkonen J, Day R, Evans J: Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (7): 1096-100.PubMedCrossRef
394.
go back to reference Op 't Eijnde B, Richter EA, Henquin JC, Kiens B, Hespel P: Effect of creatine supplementation on creatine and glycogen content in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001, 171 (2): 169-76. 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00786.x.CrossRef Op 't Eijnde B, Richter EA, Henquin JC, Kiens B, Hespel P: Effect of creatine supplementation on creatine and glycogen content in rat skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001, 171 (2): 169-76. 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00786.x.CrossRef
395.
go back to reference Chwalbinska-Moneta J: Effect of creatine supplementation on aerobic performance and anaerobic capacity in elite rowers in the course of endurance training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003, 13 (2): 173-83.PubMed Chwalbinska-Moneta J: Effect of creatine supplementation on aerobic performance and anaerobic capacity in elite rowers in the course of endurance training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003, 13 (2): 173-83.PubMed
396.
go back to reference Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, Sewell DA, Greenhaff P: Carbohydrate feeding augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol. 1996, 271: E821-E6.PubMed Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, Sewell DA, Greenhaff P: Carbohydrate feeding augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol. 1996, 271: E821-E6.PubMed
397.
go back to reference Nelson AG, Day R, Glickman-Weiss EL, Hegsted M, Kokkonen J, Sampson B: Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000, 83 (1): 89-94. 10.1007/s004210000244.PubMedCrossRef Nelson AG, Day R, Glickman-Weiss EL, Hegsted M, Kokkonen J, Sampson B: Creatine supplementation alters the response to a graded cycle ergometer test. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000, 83 (1): 89-94. 10.1007/s004210000244.PubMedCrossRef
398.
go back to reference Nelson AG, Day R, Glickman-Weiss EL, Hegsted M, Sampson B: Creatine supplementation raises anaerobic threshold. FASEB Journal. 1997, 11: A589- Nelson AG, Day R, Glickman-Weiss EL, Hegsted M, Sampson B: Creatine supplementation raises anaerobic threshold. FASEB Journal. 1997, 11: A589-
399.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Miller GW, Williams MH, Somma CT, Nasser TA: Effects of phosphate loading on oxygen uptake, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, and run performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990, 22 (2): 250-6.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB, Miller GW, Williams MH, Somma CT, Nasser TA: Effects of phosphate loading on oxygen uptake, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, and run performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990, 22 (2): 250-6.PubMedCrossRef
400.
go back to reference Cade R, Conte M, Zauner C, Mars D, Peterson J, Lunne D, Hommen N, Packer D: Effects of phosphate loading on 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and maximal oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984, 16: 263-8.PubMedCrossRef Cade R, Conte M, Zauner C, Mars D, Peterson J, Lunne D, Hommen N, Packer D: Effects of phosphate loading on 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and maximal oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1984, 16: 263-8.PubMedCrossRef
401.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Miller GW, Schenck D, Cortes CW, Miriel V, Somma CT, Rowland P, Turner C, Hill D: Effects of phosphate loading on metabolic and myocardial responses to maximal and endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992, 2 (1): 20-47.PubMed Kreider RB, Miller GW, Schenck D, Cortes CW, Miriel V, Somma CT, Rowland P, Turner C, Hill D: Effects of phosphate loading on metabolic and myocardial responses to maximal and endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992, 2 (1): 20-47.PubMed
402.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Miller GW, Williams MH, Somma CT, Nasser TA: Effects of phosphate loading on oxygen uptake, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, and run performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990, 22 (2): 250-6.PubMedCrossRef Kreider RB, Miller GW, Williams MH, Somma CT, Nasser TA: Effects of phosphate loading on oxygen uptake, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, and run performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990, 22 (2): 250-6.PubMedCrossRef
403.
go back to reference Stewart I, McNaughton L, Davies P, Tristram S: Phosphate loading and the effects of VO2max in trained cyclists. Res Quart. 1990, 61: 80-4. Stewart I, McNaughton L, Davies P, Tristram S: Phosphate loading and the effects of VO2max in trained cyclists. Res Quart. 1990, 61: 80-4.
404.
go back to reference Folland JP, Stern R, Brickley G: Sodium phosphate loading improves laboratory cycling time-trial performance in trained cyclists. J Sci Med Sport. 2008, 11 (5): 464-8. 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.004.PubMedCrossRef Folland JP, Stern R, Brickley G: Sodium phosphate loading improves laboratory cycling time-trial performance in trained cyclists. J Sci Med Sport. 2008, 11 (5): 464-8. 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.004.PubMedCrossRef
405.
go back to reference McNaughton L, Backx K, Palmer G, Strange N: Effects of chronic bicarbonate ingestion on the performance of high-intensity work. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999, 80 (4): 333-6. 10.1007/s004210050600.PubMedCrossRef McNaughton L, Backx K, Palmer G, Strange N: Effects of chronic bicarbonate ingestion on the performance of high-intensity work. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999, 80 (4): 333-6. 10.1007/s004210050600.PubMedCrossRef
406.
go back to reference Applegate E: Effective nutritional ergogenic aids. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (2): 229-39.PubMed Applegate E: Effective nutritional ergogenic aids. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (2): 229-39.PubMed
407.
go back to reference Kronfeld DS, Ferrante PL, Grandjean D: Optimal nutrition for athletic performance, with emphasis on fat adaptation in dogs and horses. J Nutr. 1994, 124 (12 Suppl): 2745S-53S.PubMed Kronfeld DS, Ferrante PL, Grandjean D: Optimal nutrition for athletic performance, with emphasis on fat adaptation in dogs and horses. J Nutr. 1994, 124 (12 Suppl): 2745S-53S.PubMed
408.
go back to reference Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, Lynch JM, Pop ME, Clark KL: Effects of multibuffer supplementation on acid-base balance and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following repetitive anaerobic exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995, 5 (4): 300-14.PubMed Kraemer WJ, Gordon SE, Lynch JM, Pop ME, Clark KL: Effects of multibuffer supplementation on acid-base balance and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following repetitive anaerobic exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. 1995, 5 (4): 300-14.PubMed
409.
go back to reference Matson LG, Tran ZV: Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic review. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993, 3 (1): 2-28.PubMed Matson LG, Tran ZV: Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic review. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993, 3 (1): 2-28.PubMed
410.
go back to reference Lindh AM, Peyrebrune MC, Ingham SA, Bailey DM, Folland JP: Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. Int J Sports Med. 2008, 29 (6): 519-23. 10.1055/s-2007-989228.PubMedCrossRef Lindh AM, Peyrebrune MC, Ingham SA, Bailey DM, Folland JP: Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. Int J Sports Med. 2008, 29 (6): 519-23. 10.1055/s-2007-989228.PubMedCrossRef
411.
go back to reference Wiles JD, Coleman D, Tegerdine M, Swaine IL: The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. J Sports Sci. 2006, 24 (11): 1165-71. 10.1080/02640410500457687.PubMedCrossRef Wiles JD, Coleman D, Tegerdine M, Swaine IL: The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial. J Sports Sci. 2006, 24 (11): 1165-71. 10.1080/02640410500457687.PubMedCrossRef
412.
go back to reference Ivy JL, Kammer L, Ding Z, Wang B, Bernard JR, Liao YH, Hwang J: Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009, 19 (1): 61-78.PubMed Ivy JL, Kammer L, Ding Z, Wang B, Bernard JR, Liao YH, Hwang J: Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009, 19 (1): 61-78.PubMed
413.
go back to reference McNaughton LR, Lovell RJ, Siegler J, Midgley AW, Moore L, Bentley DJ: The effects of caffeine ingestion on time trial cycling performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008, 3 (2): 157-63.PubMed McNaughton LR, Lovell RJ, Siegler J, Midgley AW, Moore L, Bentley DJ: The effects of caffeine ingestion on time trial cycling performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008, 3 (2): 157-63.PubMed
414.
go back to reference Graham TE: Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med. 2001, 31 (11): 785-807. 10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002.PubMedCrossRef Graham TE: Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med. 2001, 31 (11): 785-807. 10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002.PubMedCrossRef
415.
go back to reference Carr A, Dawson B, Schneiker K, Goodman C, Lay B: Effect of caffeine supplementation on repeated sprint running performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008, 48 (4): 472-8.PubMed Carr A, Dawson B, Schneiker K, Goodman C, Lay B: Effect of caffeine supplementation on repeated sprint running performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008, 48 (4): 472-8.PubMed
416.
go back to reference Glaister M, Howatson G, Abraham CS, Lockey RA, Goodwin JE, Foley P, McInnes G: Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40 (10): 1835-40. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817a8ad2.PubMedCrossRef Glaister M, Howatson G, Abraham CS, Lockey RA, Goodwin JE, Foley P, McInnes G: Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008, 40 (10): 1835-40. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817a8ad2.PubMedCrossRef
417.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Sale DG, Sutton JR: Physiological responses to caffeine during endurance running in habitual caffeine users. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989, 21 (4): 418-24.PubMedCrossRef Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Sale DG, Sutton JR: Physiological responses to caffeine during endurance running in habitual caffeine users. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989, 21 (4): 418-24.PubMedCrossRef
418.
go back to reference Armstrong LE: Caffeine, body fluid-electrolyte balance, and exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002, 12 (2): 189-206.PubMed Armstrong LE: Caffeine, body fluid-electrolyte balance, and exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002, 12 (2): 189-206.PubMed
419.
go back to reference Falk B, Burstein R, Rosenblum J, Shapiro Y, Zylber-Katz E, Bashan N: Effects of caffeine ingestion on body fluid balance and thermoregulation during exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990, 68 (7): 889-92.PubMedCrossRef Falk B, Burstein R, Rosenblum J, Shapiro Y, Zylber-Katz E, Bashan N: Effects of caffeine ingestion on body fluid balance and thermoregulation during exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1990, 68 (7): 889-92.PubMedCrossRef
420.
go back to reference Harris R, Dunnett M, Greenhaf P: Carnosine and Taurine contents in individual fibres of human vastus lateralis muscle. J Sport Sci. 1998, 16: 639-43. 10.1080/026404198366443.CrossRef Harris R, Dunnett M, Greenhaf P: Carnosine and Taurine contents in individual fibres of human vastus lateralis muscle. J Sport Sci. 1998, 16: 639-43. 10.1080/026404198366443.CrossRef
421.
go back to reference Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, Boobis L, Coakley J, Kim HJ, Fallowfield JL, Hill CA, Sale C, Wise JA: The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids. 2006, 30 (3): 279-89. 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9.PubMedCrossRef Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, Boobis L, Coakley J, Kim HJ, Fallowfield JL, Hill CA, Sale C, Wise JA: The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids. 2006, 30 (3): 279-89. 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9.PubMedCrossRef
422.
go back to reference Stout JR, Cramer JT, Mielke M, O'Kroy J, Torok DJ, Zoeller RF: Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res. 2006, 20 (4): 928-31. 10.1519/R-19655.1.PubMed Stout JR, Cramer JT, Mielke M, O'Kroy J, Torok DJ, Zoeller RF: Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res. 2006, 20 (4): 928-31. 10.1519/R-19655.1.PubMed
423.
go back to reference Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA: Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids. 2007, 32 (2): 225-33. 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4.PubMedCrossRef Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA: Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids. 2007, 32 (2): 225-33. 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4.PubMedCrossRef
424.
go back to reference Hoffman J, Ratamess NA, Ross R, Kang J, Magrelli J, Neese K, Faigenbaum AD, Wise JA: beta-Alanine and the Hormonal Response to Exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2008, 29 (12): 952-8. 10.1055/s-2008-1038678.PubMedCrossRef Hoffman J, Ratamess NA, Ross R, Kang J, Magrelli J, Neese K, Faigenbaum AD, Wise JA: beta-Alanine and the Hormonal Response to Exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2008, 29 (12): 952-8. 10.1055/s-2008-1038678.PubMedCrossRef
425.
go back to reference Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fakuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009, 6 (1): 5. 10.1186/1550-2783-6-5. Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fakuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009, 6 (1): 5. 10.1186/1550-2783-6-5.
426.
go back to reference Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E: beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. J Appl Physiol. 2007, 103 (5): 1736-43. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007.PubMedCrossRef Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E: beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. J Appl Physiol. 2007, 103 (5): 1736-43. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007.PubMedCrossRef
427.
go back to reference Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA: Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutr Res. 2008, 28 (1): 31-5. 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.11.004.PubMedCrossRef Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA: Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutr Res. 2008, 28 (1): 31-5. 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.11.004.PubMedCrossRef
428.
go back to reference Hoffman J, Ratamess N, Kang J, Mangine G, Faigenbaum A, Stout J: Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006, 16 (4): 430-46.PubMed Hoffman J, Ratamess N, Kang J, Mangine G, Faigenbaum A, Stout J: Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006, 16 (4): 430-46.PubMed
429.
go back to reference Kendrick IP, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Kim CK, Dang VH, Lam TQ, Bui TT, Smith M, Wise JA: The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids. 2008, 34 (4): 547-54. 10.1007/s00726-007-0008-3.PubMedCrossRef Kendrick IP, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Kim CK, Dang VH, Lam TQ, Bui TT, Smith M, Wise JA: The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids. 2008, 34 (4): 547-54. 10.1007/s00726-007-0008-3.PubMedCrossRef
430.
go back to reference Tarnopolsky MA, Parise G, Yardley NJ, Ballantyne CS, Olatinji S, Phillips SM: Creatine-dextrose and protein-dextrose induce similar strength gains during training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (12): 2044-52. 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00011.PubMedCrossRef Tarnopolsky MA, Parise G, Yardley NJ, Ballantyne CS, Olatinji S, Phillips SM: Creatine-dextrose and protein-dextrose induce similar strength gains during training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (12): 2044-52. 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00011.PubMedCrossRef
431.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Earnest CP, Lundberg J, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Cowan P, Almada AL: Effects of ingesting protein with various forms of carbohydrate following resistance-exercise on substrate availability and markers of anabolism, catabolism, and immunity. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 18-10.1186/1550-2783-4-18.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kreider RB, Earnest CP, Lundberg J, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Cowan P, Almada AL: Effects of ingesting protein with various forms of carbohydrate following resistance-exercise on substrate availability and markers of anabolism, catabolism, and immunity. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007, 4: 18-10.1186/1550-2783-4-18.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
432.
go back to reference Cribb PJ, Hayes A: Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006, 38 (11): 1918-25. 10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e.PubMedCrossRef Cribb PJ, Hayes A: Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006, 38 (11): 1918-25. 10.1249/01.mss.0000233790.08788.3e.PubMedCrossRef
433.
go back to reference Kerksick CM, Rasmussen CJ, Lancaster SL, Magu B, Smith P, Melton C, Greenwood M, Almada AL, Earnest CP, Kreider RB: The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006, 20 (3): 643-53. 10.1519/R-17695.1.PubMed Kerksick CM, Rasmussen CJ, Lancaster SL, Magu B, Smith P, Melton C, Greenwood M, Almada AL, Earnest CP, Kreider RB: The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006, 20 (3): 643-53. 10.1519/R-17695.1.PubMed
434.
go back to reference Tipton KD, Borsheim E, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR: Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 284: E76-E89.PubMedCrossRef Tipton KD, Borsheim E, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR: Acute response of net muscle protein balance reflects 24-h balance after exercise and amino acid ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 284: E76-E89.PubMedCrossRef
435.
go back to reference Hoffman JR, Cooper J, Wendell M, Im J, Kang J: Effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training. J Strength Cond Res. 2004, 18 (4): 747-52. 10.1519/13973.1.PubMed Hoffman JR, Cooper J, Wendell M, Im J, Kang J: Effects of beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on power performance and indices of muscle damage and stress during high-intensity training. J Strength Cond Res. 2004, 18 (4): 747-52. 10.1519/13973.1.PubMed
436.
go back to reference Thomson JS, Watson PE, Rowlands DS: Effects of nine weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in resistance trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009, 23 (3): 827-35.PubMedCrossRef Thomson JS, Watson PE, Rowlands DS: Effects of nine weeks of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in resistance trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009, 23 (3): 827-35.PubMedCrossRef
437.
go back to reference Wagner DR: Hyperhydrating with glycerol: implications for athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999, 99 (2): 207-12. 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00049-8.PubMedCrossRef Wagner DR: Hyperhydrating with glycerol: implications for athletic performance. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999, 99 (2): 207-12. 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00049-8.PubMedCrossRef
438.
go back to reference Inder WJ, Swanney MP, Donald RA, Prickett TC, Hellemans J: The effect of glycerol and desmopressin on exercise performance and hydration in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (8): 1263-9. 10.1097/00005768-199808000-00013.PubMedCrossRef Inder WJ, Swanney MP, Donald RA, Prickett TC, Hellemans J: The effect of glycerol and desmopressin on exercise performance and hydration in triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998, 30 (8): 1263-9. 10.1097/00005768-199808000-00013.PubMedCrossRef
439.
go back to reference Montner P, Stark DM, Riedesel ML, Murata G, Robergs R, Timms M, Chick TW: Pre-exercise glycerol hydration improves cycling endurance time. Int J Sports Med. 1996, 17 (1): 27-33. 10.1055/s-2007-972804.PubMedCrossRef Montner P, Stark DM, Riedesel ML, Murata G, Robergs R, Timms M, Chick TW: Pre-exercise glycerol hydration improves cycling endurance time. Int J Sports Med. 1996, 17 (1): 27-33. 10.1055/s-2007-972804.PubMedCrossRef
440.
go back to reference Boulay MR, Song TM, Serresse O, Theriault G, Simoneau JA, Bouchard C: Changes in plasma electrolytes and muscle substrates during short-term maximal exercise in humans. Can J Appl Physiol. 1995, 20 (1): 89-101.PubMedCrossRef Boulay MR, Song TM, Serresse O, Theriault G, Simoneau JA, Bouchard C: Changes in plasma electrolytes and muscle substrates during short-term maximal exercise in humans. Can J Appl Physiol. 1995, 20 (1): 89-101.PubMedCrossRef
441.
go back to reference Tikuisis P, Ducharme MB, Moroz D, Jacobs I: Physiological responses of exercised-fatigued individuals exposed to wet-cold conditions. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 86 (4): 1319-28.PubMed Tikuisis P, Ducharme MB, Moroz D, Jacobs I: Physiological responses of exercised-fatigued individuals exposed to wet-cold conditions. J Appl Physiol. 1999, 86 (4): 1319-28.PubMed
442.
go back to reference Jimenez C, Melin B, Koulmann N, Allevard AM, Launay JC, Savourey G: Plasma volume changes during and after acute variations of body hydration level in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999, 80 (1): 1-8. 10.1007/s004210050550.PubMedCrossRef Jimenez C, Melin B, Koulmann N, Allevard AM, Launay JC, Savourey G: Plasma volume changes during and after acute variations of body hydration level in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999, 80 (1): 1-8. 10.1007/s004210050550.PubMedCrossRef
443.
go back to reference Magal M, Webster MJ, Sistrunk LE, Whitehead MT, Evans RK, Boyd JC: Comparison of glycerol and water hydration regimens on tennis-related performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (1): 150-6. 10.1097/00005768-200301000-00023.PubMedCrossRef Magal M, Webster MJ, Sistrunk LE, Whitehead MT, Evans RK, Boyd JC: Comparison of glycerol and water hydration regimens on tennis-related performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003, 35 (1): 150-6. 10.1097/00005768-200301000-00023.PubMedCrossRef
444.
go back to reference Kavouras SA, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM, Casa DJ, Herrera-Soto JA, Scheett TP, Stoppani J, Mack GW, Kraemer WJ: Rehydration with glycerol: endocrine, cardiovascular, and thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 2006, 100 (2): 442-50. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2005.PubMedCrossRef Kavouras SA, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM, Casa DJ, Herrera-Soto JA, Scheett TP, Stoppani J, Mack GW, Kraemer WJ: Rehydration with glycerol: endocrine, cardiovascular, and thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 2006, 100 (2): 442-50. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00187.2005.PubMedCrossRef
445.
go back to reference Jeukendrup AE, Thielen JJ, Wagenmakers AJ, Brouns F, Saris WH: Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate utilization and subsequent cycling performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998, 67 (3): 397-404.PubMed Jeukendrup AE, Thielen JJ, Wagenmakers AJ, Brouns F, Saris WH: Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate utilization and subsequent cycling performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998, 67 (3): 397-404.PubMed
446.
go back to reference Goedecke JH, Elmer-English R, Dennis SC, Schloss I, Noakes TD, Lambert EV: Effects of medium-chain triaclyglycerol ingested with carbohydrate on metabolism and exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (1): 35-47.PubMed Goedecke JH, Elmer-English R, Dennis SC, Schloss I, Noakes TD, Lambert EV: Effects of medium-chain triaclyglycerol ingested with carbohydrate on metabolism and exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (1): 35-47.PubMed
447.
go back to reference Calabrese C, Myer S, Munson S, Turet P, Birdsall TC: A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Altern Med Rev. 1999, 4 (1): 23-8.PubMed Calabrese C, Myer S, Munson S, Turet P, Birdsall TC: A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Altern Med Rev. 1999, 4 (1): 23-8.PubMed
448.
go back to reference Angus DJ, Hargreaves M, Dancey J, Febbraio MA: Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88 (1): 113-9.PubMed Angus DJ, Hargreaves M, Dancey J, Febbraio MA: Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88 (1): 113-9.PubMed
449.
go back to reference Van Zyl CG, Lambert EV, Hawley JA, Noakes TD, Dennis SC: Effects of medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on fuel metabolism and cycling performance. J Appl Physiol. 1996, 80 (6): 2217-25.PubMed Van Zyl CG, Lambert EV, Hawley JA, Noakes TD, Dennis SC: Effects of medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on fuel metabolism and cycling performance. J Appl Physiol. 1996, 80 (6): 2217-25.PubMed
450.
go back to reference Misell LM, Lagomarcino ND, Schuster V, Kern M: Chronic medium-chain triacylglycerol consumption and endurance performance in trained runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2001, 41 (2): 210-5.PubMed Misell LM, Lagomarcino ND, Schuster V, Kern M: Chronic medium-chain triacylglycerol consumption and endurance performance in trained runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2001, 41 (2): 210-5.PubMed
451.
go back to reference Goedecke JH, Clark VR, Noakes TD, Lambert EV: The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005, 15 (1): 15-27.PubMed Goedecke JH, Clark VR, Noakes TD, Lambert EV: The effects of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion on ultra-endurance exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005, 15 (1): 15-27.PubMed
452.
go back to reference Burke LM, Kiens B, Ivy JL: Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery. J Sports Sci. 2004, 22 (1): 15-30. 10.1080/0264041031000140527.PubMedCrossRef Burke LM, Kiens B, Ivy JL: Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery. J Sports Sci. 2004, 22 (1): 15-30. 10.1080/0264041031000140527.PubMedCrossRef
453.
go back to reference Thorburn MS, Vistisen B, Thorp RM, Rockell MJ, Jeukendrup AE, Xu X, Rowlands DS: Attenuated gastric distress but no benefit to performance with adaptation to octanoate-rich esterified oils in well-trained male cyclists. J Appl Physiol. 2006, 101 (6): 1733-43. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2006.PubMedCrossRef Thorburn MS, Vistisen B, Thorp RM, Rockell MJ, Jeukendrup AE, Xu X, Rowlands DS: Attenuated gastric distress but no benefit to performance with adaptation to octanoate-rich esterified oils in well-trained male cyclists. J Appl Physiol. 2006, 101 (6): 1733-43. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00393.2006.PubMedCrossRef
454.
go back to reference Nosaka N, Suzuki Y, Nagatoishi A, Kasai M, Wu J, Taguchi M: Effect of ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerols on moderate- and high-intensity exercise in recreational athletes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009, 55 (2): 120-5. 10.3177/jnsv.55.120.CrossRef Nosaka N, Suzuki Y, Nagatoishi A, Kasai M, Wu J, Taguchi M: Effect of ingestion of medium-chain triacylglycerols on moderate- and high-intensity exercise in recreational athletes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2009, 55 (2): 120-5. 10.3177/jnsv.55.120.CrossRef
455.
go back to reference Tullson PC, Terjung RL: Adenine nucleotide synthesis in exercising and endurance-trained skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1991, 261 (2 Pt 1): C342-7.PubMed Tullson PC, Terjung RL: Adenine nucleotide synthesis in exercising and endurance-trained skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol. 1991, 261 (2 Pt 1): C342-7.PubMed
456.
go back to reference Gross M, Kormann B, Zollner N: Ribose administration during exercise: effects on substrates and products of energy metabolism in healthy subjects and a patient with myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Klin Wochenschr. 1991, 69 (4): 151-5. 10.1007/BF01665856.PubMedCrossRef Gross M, Kormann B, Zollner N: Ribose administration during exercise: effects on substrates and products of energy metabolism in healthy subjects and a patient with myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Klin Wochenschr. 1991, 69 (4): 151-5. 10.1007/BF01665856.PubMedCrossRef
457.
go back to reference Wagner DR, Gresser U, Kamilli I, Gross M, Zollner N: Effects of oral ribose on muscle metabolism during bicycle ergometer in patients with AMP-deaminase-deficiency. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991, 383-5. Wagner DR, Gresser U, Kamilli I, Gross M, Zollner N: Effects of oral ribose on muscle metabolism during bicycle ergometer in patients with AMP-deaminase-deficiency. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1991, 383-5.
458.
go back to reference Pliml W, von Arnim T, Stablein A, Hofmann H, Zimmer HG, Erdmann E: Effects of ribose on exercise-induced ischaemia in stable coronary artery disease. Lancet. 1992, 340 (8818): 507-10. 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91709-H.PubMedCrossRef Pliml W, von Arnim T, Stablein A, Hofmann H, Zimmer HG, Erdmann E: Effects of ribose on exercise-induced ischaemia in stable coronary artery disease. Lancet. 1992, 340 (8818): 507-10. 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91709-H.PubMedCrossRef
459.
go back to reference Pauly DF, Pepine CJ: D-Ribose as a supplement for cardiac energy metabolism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2000, 5 (4): 249-58. 10.1054/JCPT.2000.18011.PubMedCrossRef Pauly DF, Pepine CJ: D-Ribose as a supplement for cardiac energy metabolism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2000, 5 (4): 249-58. 10.1054/JCPT.2000.18011.PubMedCrossRef
460.
go back to reference Op 't Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M, Brouns F, Vusse Van Der GJ, Labarque V, Ramaekers M, Van Schuylenberg R, Verbessem P, Wijnen H, Hespel P: No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 91 (5): 2275-81. Op 't Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M, Brouns F, Vusse Van Der GJ, Labarque V, Ramaekers M, Van Schuylenberg R, Verbessem P, Wijnen H, Hespel P: No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis. J Appl Physiol. 2001, 91 (5): 2275-81.
461.
go back to reference Berardi JM, Ziegenfuss TN: Effects of ribose supplementation on repeated sprint performance in men. J Strength Cond Res. 2003, 17 (1): 47-52. 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0047:EORSOR>2.0.CO;2.PubMed Berardi JM, Ziegenfuss TN: Effects of ribose supplementation on repeated sprint performance in men. J Strength Cond Res. 2003, 17 (1): 47-52. 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0047:EORSOR>2.0.CO;2.PubMed
462.
go back to reference Kreider RB, Melton C, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Lundberg J, Earnest C, Almada A: Effects of oral D-ribose supplementation on anaerobic capacity and selected metabolic markers in healthy males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003, 13 (1): 76-86.PubMed Kreider RB, Melton C, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Lundberg J, Earnest C, Almada A: Effects of oral D-ribose supplementation on anaerobic capacity and selected metabolic markers in healthy males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003, 13 (1): 76-86.PubMed
463.
go back to reference Dunne L, Worley S, Macknin M: Ribose versus dextrose supplementation, association with rowing performance: a double-blind study. Clin J Sport Med. 2006, 16 (1): 68-71. 10.1097/01.jsm.0000180022.44889.94.PubMedCrossRef Dunne L, Worley S, Macknin M: Ribose versus dextrose supplementation, association with rowing performance: a double-blind study. Clin J Sport Med. 2006, 16 (1): 68-71. 10.1097/01.jsm.0000180022.44889.94.PubMedCrossRef
464.
go back to reference Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Bowden R, Leutholtz B, Harvey T, Earnest C, Greenwood M, Almada A, Kreider R: Effects of ribose supplementation prior to and during intense exercise on anaerobic capacity and metabolic markers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005, 15 (6): 653-64.PubMed Kerksick C, Rasmussen C, Bowden R, Leutholtz B, Harvey T, Earnest C, Greenwood M, Almada A, Kreider R: Effects of ribose supplementation prior to and during intense exercise on anaerobic capacity and metabolic markers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005, 15 (6): 653-64.PubMed
465.
go back to reference Hargreaves M, McKenna MJ, Jenkins DG, Warmington SA, Li JL, Snow RJ, Febbraio MA: Muscle metabolites and performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 84 (5): 1687-91.PubMed Hargreaves M, McKenna MJ, Jenkins DG, Warmington SA, Li JL, Snow RJ, Febbraio MA: Muscle metabolites and performance during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998, 84 (5): 1687-91.PubMed
466.
go back to reference Starling RD, Trappe TA, Short KR, Sheffield-Moore M, Jozsi AC, Fink WJ, Costill DL: Effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996, 28 (9): 1193-8.PubMedCrossRef Starling RD, Trappe TA, Short KR, Sheffield-Moore M, Jozsi AC, Fink WJ, Costill DL: Effect of inosine supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996, 28 (9): 1193-8.PubMedCrossRef
467.
go back to reference Williams MH, Kreider RB, Hunter DW, Somma CT, Shall LM, Woodhouse ML, Rokitski L: Effect of inosine supplementation on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2 peak. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990, 22 (4): 517-22.PubMedCrossRef Williams MH, Kreider RB, Hunter DW, Somma CT, Shall LM, Woodhouse ML, Rokitski L: Effect of inosine supplementation on 3-mile treadmill run performance and VO2 peak. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990, 22 (4): 517-22.PubMedCrossRef
468.
go back to reference McNaughton L, Dalton B, Tarr J: Inosine supplementation has no effect on aerobic or anaerobic cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (4): 333-44.PubMed McNaughton L, Dalton B, Tarr J: Inosine supplementation has no effect on aerobic or anaerobic cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999, 9 (4): 333-44.PubMed
469.
go back to reference Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C: The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain. Br J Sports Med. 2003, 37 (1): 45-9. 10.1136/bjsm.37.1.45. discussion 9PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Braham R, Dawson B, Goodman C: The effect of glucosamine supplementation on people experiencing regular knee pain. Br J Sports Med. 2003, 37 (1): 45-9. 10.1136/bjsm.37.1.45. discussion 9PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
470.
go back to reference Vad V, Hong HM, Zazzali M, Agi N, Basrai D: Exercise recommendations in athletes with early osteoarthritis of the knee. Sports Med. 2002, 32 (11): 729-39. 10.2165/00007256-200232110-00004.PubMedCrossRef Vad V, Hong HM, Zazzali M, Agi N, Basrai D: Exercise recommendations in athletes with early osteoarthritis of the knee. Sports Med. 2002, 32 (11): 729-39. 10.2165/00007256-200232110-00004.PubMedCrossRef
471.
go back to reference Nieman DC: Exercise immunology: nutritional countermeasures. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001, 26 (Suppl): S45-55.PubMedCrossRef Nieman DC: Exercise immunology: nutritional countermeasures. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001, 26 (Suppl): S45-55.PubMedCrossRef
472.
go back to reference Gleeson M, Lancaster GI, Bishop NC: Nutritional strategies to minimise exercise-induced immunosuppression in athletes. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001, 26 (Suppl): S23-35.PubMedCrossRef Gleeson M, Lancaster GI, Bishop NC: Nutritional strategies to minimise exercise-induced immunosuppression in athletes. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001, 26 (Suppl): S23-35.PubMedCrossRef
473.
go back to reference Gleeson M, Bishop NC: Elite athlete immunology: importance of nutrition. Int J Sports Med. 2000, 21 (Suppl 1): S44-50. 10.1055/s-2000-1451.PubMedCrossRef Gleeson M, Bishop NC: Elite athlete immunology: importance of nutrition. Int J Sports Med. 2000, 21 (Suppl 1): S44-50. 10.1055/s-2000-1451.PubMedCrossRef
474.
go back to reference Nieman DC, Pedersen BK: Exercise and immune function. Recent developments. Sports Med. 1999, 27 (2): 73-80. 10.2165/00007256-199927020-00001.PubMedCrossRef Nieman DC, Pedersen BK: Exercise and immune function. Recent developments. Sports Med. 1999, 27 (2): 73-80. 10.2165/00007256-199927020-00001.PubMedCrossRef
475.
go back to reference Lowery L, Berardi JM, Ziegenfuss Antioxidants: Sports Supplements. Edited by: Antonio J, Stout J. 2001, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 260-78. Lowery L, Berardi JM, Ziegenfuss Antioxidants: Sports Supplements. Edited by: Antonio J, Stout J. 2001, Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 260-78.
476.
go back to reference Gomez AL, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Rubin MR, Wickham RB, Mazzetti SA, Doan BK, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ: Creatine supplementation enhances body composition during short-term reisstance training overreaching. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2000, 14 (3): Gomez AL, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Rubin MR, Wickham RB, Mazzetti SA, Doan BK, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ: Creatine supplementation enhances body composition during short-term reisstance training overreaching. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2000, 14 (3):
477.
go back to reference French DN, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Mazzetti SA, Rubin MR, Gomez AL, Wickham RB, Doan BK, McGuigan MR, Scheett TP, Newton RU, Dorofeyeva E, Kraemer WJ: The effects of creatine supplementation on resting serum hormonal concentrations during short-term resistance training overreaching. Med Sci Sports & Exerc. 2001, 33 (5): S203-10.1097/00005768-200105001-01142.CrossRef French DN, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Mazzetti SA, Rubin MR, Gomez AL, Wickham RB, Doan BK, McGuigan MR, Scheett TP, Newton RU, Dorofeyeva E, Kraemer WJ: The effects of creatine supplementation on resting serum hormonal concentrations during short-term resistance training overreaching. Med Sci Sports & Exerc. 2001, 33 (5): S203-10.1097/00005768-200105001-01142.CrossRef
478.
go back to reference Mero A: Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports Med. 1999, 27 (6): 347-58. 10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001.PubMedCrossRef Mero A: Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports Med. 1999, 27 (6): 347-58. 10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001.PubMedCrossRef
480.
go back to reference Williams MH: Vitamin supplementation and athletic performance. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989, 30: 163-91.PubMed Williams MH: Vitamin supplementation and athletic performance. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989, 30: 163-91.PubMed
481.
go back to reference Reid IR: Therapy of osteoporosis: calcium, vitamin D, and exercise. Am J Med Sci. 1996, 312 (6): 278-86. 10.1097/00000441-199612000-00006.PubMedCrossRef Reid IR: Therapy of osteoporosis: calcium, vitamin D, and exercise. Am J Med Sci. 1996, 312 (6): 278-86. 10.1097/00000441-199612000-00006.PubMedCrossRef
482.
go back to reference Goldfarb AH: Antioxidants: role of supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993, 25 (2): 232-6.PubMedCrossRef Goldfarb AH: Antioxidants: role of supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993, 25 (2): 232-6.PubMedCrossRef
483.
go back to reference Goldfarb AH: Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999, 24 (3): 249-66.PubMedCrossRef Goldfarb AH: Nutritional antioxidants as therapeutic and preventive modalities in exercise-induced muscle damage. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999, 24 (3): 249-66.PubMedCrossRef
484.
go back to reference Appell HJ, Duarte JA, Soares JM: Supplementation of vitamin E may attenuate skeletal muscle immobilization atrophy. Int J Sports Med. 1997, 18 (3): 157-60. 10.1055/s-2007-972612.PubMedCrossRef Appell HJ, Duarte JA, Soares JM: Supplementation of vitamin E may attenuate skeletal muscle immobilization atrophy. Int J Sports Med. 1997, 18 (3): 157-60. 10.1055/s-2007-972612.PubMedCrossRef
485.
go back to reference Tiidus PM, Houston ME: Vitamin E status and response to exercise training. Sports Med. 1995, 20 (1): 12-23. 10.2165/00007256-199520010-00002.PubMedCrossRef Tiidus PM, Houston ME: Vitamin E status and response to exercise training. Sports Med. 1995, 20 (1): 12-23. 10.2165/00007256-199520010-00002.PubMedCrossRef
486.
go back to reference Craciun AM, Wolf J, Knapen MH, Brouns F, Vermeer C: Improved bone metabolism in female elite athletes after vitamin K supplementation. Int J Sports Med. 1998, 19 (7): 479-84. 10.1055/s-2007-971948.PubMedCrossRef Craciun AM, Wolf J, Knapen MH, Brouns F, Vermeer C: Improved bone metabolism in female elite athletes after vitamin K supplementation. Int J Sports Med. 1998, 19 (7): 479-84. 10.1055/s-2007-971948.PubMedCrossRef
487.
go back to reference Fogelholm M, Ruokonen I, Laakso JT, Vuorimaa T, Himberg JJ: Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993, 3 (2): 165-76.PubMed Fogelholm M, Ruokonen I, Laakso JT, Vuorimaa T, Himberg JJ: Lack of association between indices of vitamin B1, B2, and B6 status and exercise-induced blood lactate in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr. 1993, 3 (2): 165-76.PubMed
488.
go back to reference Garg R, Malinow M, Pettinger M, Upson B, Hunninghake D: Niacin treatment increases plasma homocyst(e)ine levels. Am Heart J. 1999, 138 (6 Pt 1): 1082-7. 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70073-6.PubMedCrossRef Garg R, Malinow M, Pettinger M, Upson B, Hunninghake D: Niacin treatment increases plasma homocyst(e)ine levels. Am Heart J. 1999, 138 (6 Pt 1): 1082-7. 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70073-6.PubMedCrossRef
489.
go back to reference Alaswad K, O'Keefe JH, Moe RM: Combination drug therapy for dyslipidemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 1999, 1 (1): 44-9. 10.1007/s11883-999-0049-z.PubMedCrossRef Alaswad K, O'Keefe JH, Moe RM: Combination drug therapy for dyslipidemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 1999, 1 (1): 44-9. 10.1007/s11883-999-0049-z.PubMedCrossRef
490.
go back to reference Murray R, Bartoli WP, Eddy DE, Horn MK: Physiological and performance responses to nicotinic-acid ingestion during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995, 27 (7): 1057-62. 10.1249/00005768-199507000-00015.PubMedCrossRef Murray R, Bartoli WP, Eddy DE, Horn MK: Physiological and performance responses to nicotinic-acid ingestion during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995, 27 (7): 1057-62. 10.1249/00005768-199507000-00015.PubMedCrossRef
491.
go back to reference Bonke D: Influence of vitamin B1, B6, and B12 on the control of fine motoric movements. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986 (38): 104-9. Bonke D: Influence of vitamin B1, B6, and B12 on the control of fine motoric movements. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986 (38): 104-9.
492.
go back to reference Bonke D, Nickel B: Improvement of fine motoric movement control by elevated dosages of vitamin B1, B6, and B12 in target shooting. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989, 30: 198-204.PubMed Bonke D, Nickel B: Improvement of fine motoric movement control by elevated dosages of vitamin B1, B6, and B12 in target shooting. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989, 30: 198-204.PubMed
493.
go back to reference Van Dyke DC, Stumbo PJ, Mary JB, Niebyl JR: Folic acid and prevention of birth defects. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002, 44 (6): 426-9. 10.1017/S0012162201002316.PubMedCrossRef Van Dyke DC, Stumbo PJ, Mary JB, Niebyl JR: Folic acid and prevention of birth defects. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002, 44 (6): 426-9. 10.1017/S0012162201002316.PubMedCrossRef
494.
go back to reference Mattson MP, Kruman II, Duan W: Folic acid and homocysteine in age-related disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2002, 1 (1): 95-111. 10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00365-7.PubMedCrossRef Mattson MP, Kruman II, Duan W: Folic acid and homocysteine in age-related disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2002, 1 (1): 95-111. 10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00365-7.PubMedCrossRef
495.
go back to reference Weston PM, King RF, Goode AW, Williams NS: Diet-induced thermogenesis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer cachexia. Clin Sci (Lond). 1989, 77 (2): 133-8.CrossRef Weston PM, King RF, Goode AW, Williams NS: Diet-induced thermogenesis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer cachexia. Clin Sci (Lond). 1989, 77 (2): 133-8.CrossRef
496.
go back to reference Webster MJ: Physiological and performance responses to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998, 77 (6): 486-91. 10.1007/s004210050364.PubMedCrossRef Webster MJ: Physiological and performance responses to supplementation with thiamin and pantothenic acid derivatives. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998, 77 (6): 486-91. 10.1007/s004210050364.PubMedCrossRef
497.
go back to reference Beek van der EJ, Lowik MR, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C: Combinations of low thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin C intake among Dutch adults. (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). J Am Coll Nutr. 1994, 13 (4): 383-91.PubMedCrossRef Beek van der EJ, Lowik MR, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C: Combinations of low thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin C intake among Dutch adults. (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). J Am Coll Nutr. 1994, 13 (4): 383-91.PubMedCrossRef
498.
go back to reference Beek van der EJ: Vitamin supplementation and physical exercise performance. J Sports Sci. 1991, 77-90. Spec No Beek van der EJ: Vitamin supplementation and physical exercise performance. J Sports Sci. 1991, 77-90. Spec No
499.
go back to reference Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H, Jensen M, Krzywkowski K, Ostrowski K: Exercise and immune function: effect of ageing and nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999, 58 (3): 733-42.PubMedCrossRef Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H, Jensen M, Krzywkowski K, Ostrowski K: Exercise and immune function: effect of ageing and nutrition. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999, 58 (3): 733-42.PubMedCrossRef
500.
go back to reference Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, Ibfelt T, Richelle M, Offord E, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Pedersen BK: Effect of vitamin supplementation on cytokine response and on muscle damage after strenuous exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001, 280 (6): C1570-5.PubMed Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, Ibfelt T, Richelle M, Offord E, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Pedersen BK: Effect of vitamin supplementation on cytokine response and on muscle damage after strenuous exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2001, 280 (6): C1570-5.PubMed
501.
go back to reference Grados F, Brazier M, Kamel S, Duver S, Heurtebize N, Maamer M, Mathieu M, Garabedian M, Sebert JL, Fardellone P: Effects on bone mineral density of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D deficiency. Joint Bone Spine. 2003, 70 (3): 203-8. 10.1016/S1297-319X(03)00046-0.PubMedCrossRef Grados F, Brazier M, Kamel S, Duver S, Heurtebize N, Maamer M, Mathieu M, Garabedian M, Sebert JL, Fardellone P: Effects on bone mineral density of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D deficiency. Joint Bone Spine. 2003, 70 (3): 203-8. 10.1016/S1297-319X(03)00046-0.PubMedCrossRef
502.
go back to reference Brutsaert TD, Hernandez-Cordero S, Rivera J, Viola T, Hughes G, Haas JD: Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77 (2): 441-8.PubMed Brutsaert TD, Hernandez-Cordero S, Rivera J, Viola T, Hughes G, Haas JD: Iron supplementation improves progressive fatigue resistance during dynamic knee extensor exercise in iron-depleted, nonanemic women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003, 77 (2): 441-8.PubMed
503.
go back to reference Bohl CH, Volpe SL: Magnesium and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002, 42 (6): 533-63. 10.1080/20024091054247.PubMedCrossRef Bohl CH, Volpe SL: Magnesium and exercise. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002, 42 (6): 533-63. 10.1080/20024091054247.PubMedCrossRef
504.
go back to reference Lukaski HC: Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001, 26 (Suppl): S13-22.PubMedCrossRef Lukaski HC: Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutrition and athletic performance. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001, 26 (Suppl): S13-22.PubMedCrossRef
505.
go back to reference Morton DP, Callister R: Characteristics and etiology of exercise-related transient abdominal pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (2): 432-8. 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00026.PubMedCrossRef Morton DP, Callister R: Characteristics and etiology of exercise-related transient abdominal pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000, 32 (2): 432-8. 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00026.PubMedCrossRef
506.
go back to reference Noakes TD: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in heat illness. Int J Sports Med. 1998, 19 (Suppl 2): S146-9. 10.1055/s-2007-971982.PubMedCrossRef Noakes TD: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in heat illness. Int J Sports Med. 1998, 19 (Suppl 2): S146-9. 10.1055/s-2007-971982.PubMedCrossRef
507.
go back to reference Margaritis I, Tessier F, Prou E, Marconnet P, Marini JF: Effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle oxidative capacities with and without selenium supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1997, 11 (1): 37-43.PubMedCrossRef Margaritis I, Tessier F, Prou E, Marconnet P, Marini JF: Effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle oxidative capacities with and without selenium supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1997, 11 (1): 37-43.PubMedCrossRef
508.
go back to reference Tessier F, Margaritis I, Richard MJ, Moynot C, Marconnet P: Selenium and training effects on the glutathione system and aerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995, 27 (3): 390-6.PubMedCrossRef Tessier F, Margaritis I, Richard MJ, Moynot C, Marconnet P: Selenium and training effects on the glutathione system and aerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995, 27 (3): 390-6.PubMedCrossRef
509.
go back to reference McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ: Sweating. Fluid and ion losses and replacement. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1998, 14 (1): 75-95.PubMed McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ: Sweating. Fluid and ion losses and replacement. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1998, 14 (1): 75-95.PubMed
510.
go back to reference Gibson RS, Heath AL, Ferguson EL: Risk of suboptimal iron and zinc nutriture among adolescent girls in Australia and New Zealand: causes, consequences, and solutions. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002, 11 (Suppl 3): S543-52. 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.supp3.10.x.PubMedCrossRef Gibson RS, Heath AL, Ferguson EL: Risk of suboptimal iron and zinc nutriture among adolescent girls in Australia and New Zealand: causes, consequences, and solutions. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002, 11 (Suppl 3): S543-52. 10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.supp3.10.x.PubMedCrossRef
511.
go back to reference Singh A, Failla ML, Deuster PA: Exercise-induced changes in immune function: effects of zinc supplementation. J Appl Physiol. 1994, 76 (6): 2298-303.PubMed Singh A, Failla ML, Deuster PA: Exercise-induced changes in immune function: effects of zinc supplementation. J Appl Physiol. 1994, 76 (6): 2298-303.PubMed
Metadata
Title
ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations
Authors
Richard B Kreider
Colin D Wilborn
Lem Taylor
Bill Campbell
Anthony L Almada
Rick Collins
Mathew Cooke
Conrad P Earnest
Mike Greenwood
Douglas S Kalman
Chad M Kerksick
Susan M Kleiner
Brian Leutholtz
Hector Lopez
Lonnie M Lowery
Ron Mendel
Abbie Smith
Marie Spano
Robert Wildman
Darryn S Willoughby
Tim N Ziegenfuss
Jose Antonio
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 1/2010 Go to the issue