Top

Current HIV/AIDS Reports

Published in:

01-10-2021 | Neuropathic Pain | Complications of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy (GA McComsey, Section Editor)

People living with HIV and the emerging field of chronic pain—what is known about epidemiology, etiology, and management

Author: Deepika E. Slawek

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 5/2021

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Chronic pain is common in people living with HIV (PLWH). It causes significant disability and poor HIV outcomes. Despite this, little is understood about its etiology and management.

Recent Findings

Recent studies suggest that chronic pain in PLWH is caused by inflammation that persists despite viral load suppression. This coupled with central sensitization and psychosocial factors leads to chronic pain that is difficult to manage. PLWH with chronic pain often feel that their pain is incompletely treated, and yet there are few evidence-based options for the management of chronic pain in PLWH. Recent studies suggest that an approach pairing pharmacotherapy and nonpharmacologic therapy may address the complex nature of chronic in PLWH.

Summary

Chronic pain in PLWH is common yet poorly understood. Further research is needed in order to better understand the etiology of chronic pain and its optimal management.

Merlin JS, Cen L, Praestgaard A, Turner M, Obando A, Alpert C, et al. Pain and physical and psychological symptoms in ambulatory HIV patients in the current treatment era. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2012;43(3):638–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.019.CrossRef

Newshan G, Bennett J, Holman S. Pain and other symptoms in ambulatory HIV patients in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2002;13(4):78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-3290(06)60373-7.CrossRefPubMed

Harding R, Lampe FC, Norwood S, Date HL, Clucas C, Fisher M, et al. Symptoms are highly prevalent among HIV outpatients and associated with poor adherence and unprotected sexual intercourse. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86(7):520–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038505.CrossRefPubMed

Silverberg MJ, Jacobson LP, French AL, Witt MD, Gange SJ. Age and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of reported symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2009;38(2):197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.08.007.CrossRef

Cervia LD, McGowan JP, Weseley AJ. Clinical and demographic variables related to pain in HIV-infected individuals treated with effective, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Pain Med. 2010;11(4):498–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00802.x.CrossRefPubMed

Lee KA, Gay C, Portillo CJ, Coggins T, Davis H, Pullinger CR, et al. Symptom experience in HIV-infected adults: a function of demographic and clinical characteristics. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2009;38(6):882–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.05.013.CrossRef

Merlin JS, Westfall AO, Raper JL, Zinski A, Norton WE, Willig JH, et al. Pain, mood, and substance abuse in HIV: implications for clinic visit utilization, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and virologic failure. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61(2):164–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182662215.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Miaskowski C, Penko JM, Guzman D, Mattson JE, Bangsberg DR, Kushel MB. Occurrence and characteristics of chronic pain in a community-based cohort of indigent adults living with HIV infection. J Pain. 2011;12(9):1004–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.04.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mwesiga EK, Kaddumukasa M, Mugenyi L, Nakasujja N. Classification and description of chronic pain among HIV positive patients in Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2019;19(2):1978–87. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i2.20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Azagew AW, Woreta HK, Tilahun AD, Anlay DZ. High prevalence of pain among adult HIV-infected patients at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2461–9. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S141189.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Johannes CB, Le TK, Zhou X, Johnston JA, Dworkin RH. The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: results of an Internet-based survey. J Pain. 2010;11(11):1230–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.07.002.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Merlin JS. Chronic pain in patients with HIV infection: what clinicians need to know. Top Antivir Med. 2015;23(3):120–4.PubMed

13.

Jiao JM, So E, Jebakumar J, George MC, Simpson DM, Robinson-Papp J. Chronic pain disorders in HIV primary care: clinical characteristics and association with healthcare utilization. Pain. 2016;157(4):931–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000462.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Merlin JS, Westfall AO, Chamot E, Overton ET, Willig JH, Ritchie C, et al. Pain is independently associated with impaired physical function in HIV-infected patients. Pain Med. 2013;14(12):1985–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12255.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W, McDonald MV, Passik SD, Thaler H, Portenoy RK. Pain in ambulatory AIDS patients. II: Impact of pain on psychological functioning and quality of life. Pain. 1996;68(2-3):323–8.CrossRef

16.

Breitbart W, McDonald MV, Rosenfeld B, Passik SD, Hewitt D, Thaler H, et al. Pain in ambulatory AIDS patients. I: Pain characteristics and medical correlates. Pain. 1996;68(2-3):315–21.CrossRef

17.

Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Levi-Minzi MA, Cicero TJ, Tsuyuki K, O’Grady CL. Pain treatment and antiretroviral medication adherence among vulnerable HIV-positive patients. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2015;29(4):186–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2014.0104.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Merlin JS, Long D, Becker WC, Cachay ER, Christopoulos KA, Claborn K, et al. Brief report: the association of chronic pain and long-term opioid therapy with HIV treatment outcomes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79(1):77–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001741.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Fredericksen RJ, Fitzsimmons E, Gibbons LE, Loo S, Dougherty S, Avendano-Soto S, et al. How do treatment priorities differ between patients in HIV care and their providers? A mixed-methods study. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(4):1170–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02746-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Bristowe K, Clift P, James R, Josh J, Platt M, Whetham J, et al. Towards person-centred care for people living with HIV: what core outcomes matter, and how might we assess them? A cross-national multi-centre qualitative study with key stakeholders. HIV Med. 2019;20(8):542–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12758.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Liddy C, Shoemaker ES, Crowe L, Boucher LM, Rourke SB, Rosenes R, et al. How the delivery of HIV care in Canada aligns with the Chronic Care Model: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0220516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220516.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Merlin JS, Hamm M, de Abril CF, Baker V, Brown DA, Cherry CL, et al. SPECIAL ISSUE HIV and CHRONIC PAIN (The Global Task Force for Chronic Pain in People with HIV (PWH): developing a research agenda in an emerging field). AIDS Care. 2021:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1902936.

23.

Bruce RD, Merlin J, Lum PJ, Ahmed E, Alexander C, Corbett AH, et al. 2017 HIVMA of IDSA clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic pain in patients living with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(10):e1–e37. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix636.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Aziz-Donnelly A, Harrison TB. Update of HIV-associated sensory neuropathies. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017;19(10):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-017-0472-3.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Cherry CL, Wadley AL, Kamerman PR. Painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. Pain Manag. 2012;2(6):543–52.CrossRef

26.

Smyth K, Affandi JS, McArthur JC, Bowtell-Harris C, Mijch AM, Watson K, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-associated neuropathy in Melbourne, Australia 1993-2006. HIV Med. 2007;8(6):367–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00478.x.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Sabin CA, Harding R, Bagkeris E, Nkhoma K, Post FA, Sachikonye M, et al. Pain in people living with HIV and its association with healthcare resource use, well being and functional status. Aids. 2018;32(18):2697–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000002021.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Aouizerat BE, Miaskowski CA, Gay C, Portillo CJ, Coggins T, Davis H, et al. Risk factors and symptoms associated with pain in HIV-infected adults. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010;21(2):125–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2009.10.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Uebelacker LA, Weisberg RB, Herman DS, Bailey GL, Pinkston-Camp MM, Stein MD. Chronic pain in HIV-infected patients: relationship to depression, substance use, and mental health and pain treatment. Pain Med. 2015;16(10):1870–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12799.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Johnson A, Condon KD, Mapas-Dimaya AC, Schrager J, Grossberg R, Gonzalez R, et al. Report of an HIV clinic-based pain management program and utilization of health status and health service by HIV patients. J Opioid Manag. 2012;8(1):17–27. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2012.0092.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Cody SL, Hobson JM, Gilstrap SR, Gloston GF, Riggs KR, Justin Thomas S, et al. Insomnia severity and depressive symptoms in people living with HIV and chronic pain: associations with opioid use. AIDS Care. 2021:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2021.1889953.

32.

Safo SA, Blank AE, Cunningham CO, Quinlivan EB, Lincoln T, Blackstock OJ. Pain is associated with missed clinic visits among HIV-positive women. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(6):1782–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1475-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Perry BA, Westfall AO, Molony E, Tucker R, Ritchie C, Saag MS, et al. Characteristics of an ambulatory palliative care clinic for HIV-infected patients. J Palliat Med. 2013;16(8):934–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2012.0451.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Namisango E, Harding R, Atuhaire L, Ddungu H, Katabira E, Muwanika FR, et al. Pain among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients: multicenter study of prevalence, intensity, associated factors, and effect. J Pain. 2012;13(7):704–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.04.007.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Parker R, Jelsma J, Stein DJ. Pain in amaXhosa women living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study of ambulant outpatients. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0388-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Önen NF, Barrette EP, Shacham E, Taniguchi T, Donovan M, Overton ET. A review of opioid prescribing practices and associations with repeat opioid prescriptions in a contemporary outpatient HIV clinic. Pain Pract. 2012;12(6):440–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00520.x.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Madden VJ, Parker R, Goodin BR. Chronic pain in people with HIV: a common comorbidity and threat to quality of life. Pain Manag. 2020;10(4):253–60. https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2020-0004.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Roda RH, Hoke A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-induced peripheral neuropathy. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2019;145:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2019.04.001.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Gierthmühlen J, Baron R. Neuropathic pain. Semin Neurol. 2016;36(5):462–8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584950.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Brooks JT, Kaplan JE, Holmes KK, Benson C, Pau A, Masur H. HIV-associated opportunistic infections--going, going, but not gone: the continued need for prevention and treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(5):609–11. https://doi.org/10.1086/596756.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Lichtenstein KA, Armon C, Baron A, Moorman AC, Wood KC, Holmberg SD. Modification of the incidence of drug-associated symmetrical peripheral neuropathy by host and disease factors in the HIV outpatient study cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(1):148–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/426076.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Morgello S, Estanislao L, Simpson D, Geraci A, DiRocco A, Gerits P, et al. HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):546–51. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.4.546.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Simpson DM, Kitch D, Evans SR, McArthur JC, Asmuth DM, Cohen B, et al. HIV neuropathy natural history cohort study: assessment measures and risk factors. Neurology. 2006;66(11):1679–87. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000218303.48113.5d.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Vecchio AC, Marra CM, Schouten J, Jiang H, Kumwenda J, Supparatpinyo K, et al. Distal sensory peripheral neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive individuals before and after antiretroviral therapy initiation in diverse resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(1):158–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz745.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Simpson DM, Brown S, Tobias JK, Vanhove GF. NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% dermal patch, for the treatment of painful HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy: results of a 52-week open-label study. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(2):134–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318287a32f.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Childs EA, Lyles RH, Selnes OA, Chen B, Miller EN, Cohen BA, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4 lymphocytes predict HIV-associated dementia and sensory neuropathy. Neurology. 1999;52(3):607–13. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.52.3.607.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Bacellar H, Muñoz A, Miller EN, Cohen BA, Besley D, Selnes OA, et al. Temporal trends in the incidence of HIV-1-related neurologic diseases: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1985-1992. Neurology. 1994;44(10):1892–900. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.44.10.1892.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Kamerman PR, Moss PJ, Weber J, Wallace VCJ, Rice ASC, Huang W. Pathogenesis of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: evidence from in vivo and in vitro experimental models. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2012;17(1):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00373.x.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Van der Watt JJ, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Heckmann JM. Plasma cytokine profiles in HIV-1 infected patients developing neuropathic symptoms shortly after commencing antiretroviral therapy: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:71. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Shi Y, Shu J, Gelman BB, Lisinicchia JG, Tang SJ. Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of human HIV-associated pain syndromes. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol. 2013;8(4):956–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-013-9474-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Shi Y, Gelman BB, Lisinicchia JG, Tang SJ. Chronic-pain-associated astrocytic reaction in the spinal cord dorsal horn of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Neurosci. 2012;32(32):10833–40. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5628-11.2012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Slawek DE, Merlin JS, Owens MA, Long DM, Gonzalez CE, White DM, et al. Increasing age is associated with elevated circulating interleukin-6 and enhanced temporal summation of mechanical pain in people living with HIV and chronic pain. Pain Rep. 2020;5(6):e859. https://doi.org/10.1097/pr9.0000000000000859.CrossRef

53.

Merlin JS, Westfall AO, Heath SL, Goodin BR, Stewart JC, Sorge RE, et al. Brief report: IL-1β levels are associated with chronic multisite pain in people living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(4):e99–e103. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001377.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Van de Ven NS, Ngalamika O, Martin K, Davies KA, Vera JH. Impact of musculoskeletal symptoms on physical functioning and quality of life among treated people with HIV in high and low resource settings: a case study of the UK and Zambia. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0216787. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216787.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Demirdal US, Bilir N, Demirdal T. The effect of concomitant fibromyalgia in HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cross-sectional study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2019;18(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-019-0330-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Fink D, Oladele D, Etomi O, Wapmuk A, Musari-Martins T, Agahowa E, et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-prescribed treatments are common in an urban African population of people living with HIV. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39(2):285–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-018-4188-9.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Walker-Bone K, Doherty E, Sanyal K, Churchill D. Assessment and management of musculoskeletal disorders among patients living with HIV. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(10):1648–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kew418.CrossRef

58.

Sabin CA, Harding R, Bagkeris E, Geressu A, Nkhoma K, Post FA, et al. The predictors of pain extent in people living with HIV. Aids. 2020;34(14):2071–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000002660.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Merlin JS, Zinski A, Norton WE, Ritchie CS, Saag MS, Mugavero MJ, et al. A conceptual framework for understanding chronic pain in patients with HIV. Pain Pract. 2014;14(3):207–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12052.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Scott W, Arkuter C, Kioskli K, Kemp H, McCracken LM, Rice ASC, et al. Psychosocial factors associated with persistent pain in people with HIV: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain. 2018;159(12):2461–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001369.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Jeevanjee S, Penko J, Guzman D, Miaskowski C, Bangsberg DR, Kushel MB. Opioid analgesic misuse is associated with incomplete antiretroviral adherence in a cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults in San Francisco. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(7):1352–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0619-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Rivera-Rivera Y, Garcia Y, Toro V, Cappas N, Lopez P, Yamamura Y, et al. Depression correlates with increased plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and a dysregulated oxidant/antioxidant balance in HIV-1-infected subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2014;5(6). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.1000276.

63.

Mitchell MM, Nguyen TQ, Maragh-Bass AC, Isenberg SR, Beach MC, Knowlton AR. Patient-provider engagement and chronic pain in drug-using, primarily African American persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(6):1768–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1592-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Tsao JC, Stein JA, Dobalian A. Sex differences in pain and misuse of prescription analgesics among persons with HIV. Pain Med. 2010;11(6):815–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00858.x.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Parker R, Stein DJ, Jelsma J. Pain in people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(1):18719. https://doi.org/10.7448/ias.17.1.18719.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Goodin BR, Owens MA, White DM, Strath LJ, Gonzalez C, Rainey RL, et al. Intersectional health-related stigma in persons living with HIV and chronic pain: implications for depressive symptoms. AIDS Care. 2018;30(sup2):66–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1468012.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Earnshaw VA, Smith LR, Chaudoir SR, Amico KR, Copenhaver MM. HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(5):1785–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0437-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Merlin JS, Tamhane A, Starrels JL, Kertesz S, Saag M, Cropsey K. Factors associated with prescription of opioids and co-prescription of sedating medications in individuals with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(3):687–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1178-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1624–45. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1464.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Brown S, Simpson DM, Moyle G, Brew BJ, Schifitto G, Larbalestier N, et al. NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% patch, for the treatment of painful HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy: integrated analysis of two phase III, randomized, controlled trials. AIDS Res Ther. 2013;10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-10-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Lake S, Walsh Z, Kerr T, Cooper ZD, Buxton J, Wood E, et al. Frequency of cannabis and illicit opioid use among people who use drugs and report chronic pain: a longitudinal analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(11):e1002967. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002967.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Harris GE, Dupuis L, Mugford GJ, Johnston L, Haase D, Page G, et al. Patterns and correlates of cannabis use among individuals with HIV/AIDS in Maritime Canada. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2014;25(1):e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/301713.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Pacek LR, Towe SL, Hobkirk AL, Nash D, Goodwin RD. Frequency of cannabis use and medical cannabis use among persons living with HIV in the United States: findings from a nationally representative sample. AIDS Educ Prev. 2018;30(2):169–81. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2018.30.2.169.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Slawson G, Milloy MJ, Balneaves L, Simo A, Guillemi S, Hogg R, et al. High-intensity cannabis use and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(1):120–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0847-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Lake S, Kerr T, Capler R, Shoveller J, Montaner J, Milloy MJ. High-intensity cannabis use and HIV clinical outcomes among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;42:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.02.009.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Chayama KL, Valleriani J, Ng C, Haines-Saah R, Capler R, Milloy MJ, et al. The role of cannabis in pain management among people living with HIV who use drugs: a qualitative study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13294.

77.

Sohler NL, Starrels JL, Khalid L, Bachhuber MA, Arnsten JH, Nahvi S, et al. Cannabis use is associated with lower odds of prescription opioid analgesic use among HIV-infected individuals with chronic pain. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(10):1602–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1416408.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Ellis RJ, Toperoff W, Vaida F, van den Brande G, Gonzales J, Gouaux B, et al. Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(3):672–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2008.120.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Abrams DI, Jay CA, Shade SB, Vizoso H, Reda H, Press S, et al. Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2007;68(7):515–21. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000253187.66183.9c.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, Di Nisio M, Duffy S, Hernandez AV, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(24):2456–73. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358.CrossRefPubMed

81.

National Academies of Sciences E, and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2017.

82.

National Conference of State Legislatures. State Medical Marijuana Laws. 2021. Accessed 4/26/2021.

83.

Sturgeon JA. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:115–24. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.S44762.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Trafton JA, Sorrell JT, Holodniy M, Pierson H, Link P, Combs A, et al. Outcomes associated with a cognitive-behavioral chronic pain management program implemented in three public HIV primary care clinics. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2012;39(2):158–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-011-9254-y.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Evans S, Fishman B, Spielman L, Haley A. Randomized trial of cognitive behavior therapy versus supportive psychotherapy for HIV-related peripheral neuropathic pain. Psychosomatics. 2003;44(1):44–50. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.44.1.44.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Prevention CfDCa. Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas. 2017.

Title: People living with HIV and the emerging field of chronic pain—what is known about epidemiology, etiology, and management
Author: Deepika E. Slawek
Publication date: 01-10-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Neuropathic Pain
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 5/2021
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-021-00563-0

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

People living with HIV and the emerging field of chronic pain—what is known about epidemiology, etiology, and management

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2021

Correction to: A Review of Interventions to Enhance HIV Medication Adherence

Advances in the Experimental Models of HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders

Lessons Learned from Longer Acting Reversible Contraception Applied to Longer Acting HIV Prevention Technologies

A Review of Interventions to Enhance HIV Medication Adherence

Cardiometabolic Complications in Youth With Perinatally Acquired HIV in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Transgender People with HIV

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page