Hearing is one of the earliest senses that develop, with the cochlea maturing by the 23rd week of gestation. Toddlers and children learn to communicate using oral language and develop cognitive skills through listening, but they can also interpret …

Antenatal HIV prevalence remains high in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries over 20% of children are born to mothers living with HIV [ 1 ]. Substantial progress has been made in preventing vertical transmission of HIV with the scale-up of …

Thyroid dysfunction is a prevalent endocrine disorder during pregnancy, with hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity impacting 3% and 17% of expectant mothers, respectively [ 1 ]. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) value during pregnancy should be …

Since the beginning of 2020, the Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide, changing young children’s social lives and their health-related living conditions [ 1 ]. During the pandemic, public health measures were implemented to …

Low language ability in the early years, often accompanied by neurodevelopmental disorder [ 1 , 2 ], is associated with poor academic progress, peer relationship problems, school exclusion [ 3 ] and its impact extends into adulthood [ 4 , 5 ].

Chronic cough (CC)—defined as daily cough for ≥ 8 weeks [ 1 , 2 ]—is associated with poor health-related quality of life [ 3 – 8 ]; sleep, work, and activity impairment [ 3 , 6 , 7 ]; and high rates of health care resource use (HCRU) [ 6 , 7 , 9 – …

Globally, children living in poverty experience impaired linear growth. Impaired growth that results in a height-for-age more than 2 standard deviations below the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards median, termed short stature or …

Child maltreatment refers to “all forms of physical and emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, and exploitation that results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, development or dignity” [ 1 , 2 ]. Four main types of child …

The widespread use of the Internet has enabled instant access to vast amounts of information related to medications; however, it is necessary to assess the correctness of the information that is obtained [ 1 ]. In addition, the aging of the …

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI), including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, is most prevalent cause of disability globally [ 1 – 3 ]. According to the World Health Organization, the global incidence of all-severity TBI is estimated at 69 …

Research on topics related to sustainability and health is growing at an unprecedented pace across multiple disciplines and sectors [ 1 – 3 ]. As a result, scoping reviews, systematic reviews, and bibliometric analyses have become essential tools …

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is characterised by difficulties with expressive and receptive language, impacting individuals’ everyday lives and social interactions [ 1 ]. It is estimated to affect 7.6% of children [ 2 ]. As with other …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health infection that terrifies the physical, mental, and social health of well-being [ 1 – 6 ]. Although many preventive and control measures have been implemented, including the COVID-19 …

Feedback processing is an essential part of learning, particularly for school-aged children who are expected to adjust behaviors and strategies following external feedback provided to them by educators. Feedback processing is particularly …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the DSM is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized as social communication disorders, narrow interest, or repeated stereotyped behaviors [ 1 ]. The incidence of ASD has risen sharply in recent …