Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Cardiovascular Toxicology
Published in: Cardiovascular Toxicology 4/2014

01-12-2014

The Adverse Cardiac Effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Bisphenol A

Author: Nikki Gillum Posnack

Published in: Cardiovascular Toxicology | Issue 4/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The ubiquitous nature of plastics has raised concerns pertaining to continuous exposure to plastic polymers and human health risks. Of particular concern is the use of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in plastic production, including di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA). Widespread and continuous exposure to DEHP and BPA occurs through dietary intake, inhalation, dermal and intravenous exposure via consumer products and medical devices. This article reviews the literature examining the relationship between DEHP and BPA exposure and cardiac toxicity. In vitro and in vivo experimental reports are outlined, as well as epidemiological studies which examine the association between these chemicals and cardiovascular outcomes. Gaps in our current knowledge are also discussed, along with future investigative endeavors that may help resolve whether DEHP and/or BPA exposure has a negative impact on cardiovascular physiology.
Literature
1.
Halden, R. U. (2010). Plastics and health risks. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 179–194.PubMed
2.
Casals-Casas, C., & Desvergne, B. (2011). Endocrine disruptors: From endocrine to metabolic disruption. Annual Review of Physiology, 73, 135–162.PubMed
3.
Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., et al. (2009). Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews, 30, 293–342.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Vandenberg, L. N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N., & Welshons, W. V. (2007). Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 139–177.PubMed
5.
Wittassek, M., Koch, H. M., Angerer, J., & Brüning, T. (2011). Assessing exposure to phthalates—The human biomonitoring approach. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 55, 7–31.
6.
Rubin, B. S. (2011). Bisphenol A: An endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 127, 27–34.PubMed
7.
Schettler, T. (2006). Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products. International Journal of Andrology 29, 134–139; discussion 181–185.
8.
Calafat, A. M., Needham, L. L., Silva, M. J., & Lambert, G. (2004). Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among premature neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics, 113, e429–e434.PubMed
9.
Silva, M. J., et al. (2004). Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 331–338.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Wittassek, M., et al. (2007). Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades—A retrospective human biomonitoring study. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 210, 319–333.PubMed
11.
Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L. Y., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L. (2008). Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 39–44.PubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Calafat, A. M., et al. (2009). Exposure to bisphenol A and other phenols in neonatal intensive care unit premature infants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 639–644.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Green, R., et al. (2005). Use of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical products and urinary levels of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neonatal intensive care unit infants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1222–1225.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Melzer, D., Rice, N. E., Lewis, C., Henley, W. E., & Galloway, T. S. (2010). Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: Evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PLoS ONE, 5, e8673.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Melzer, D., et al. (2012). Urinary bisphenol A concentration and risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women. Circulation, 125, 1482–1490.PubMed
16.
17.
Lind, P. M., & Lind, L. (2011). Circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalates are related to carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly. Atherosclerosis, 218, 207–213.PubMed
18.
Lang, I. A., et al. (2008). Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and laboratory abnormalities in adults. JAMA, 300, 1303–1310.PubMed
19.
Bae, S., Kim, J. H., Lim, Y.-H., Park, H. Y., & Hong, Y.-C. (2012). Associations of bisphenol A exposure with heart rate variability and blood pressure. Hypertension, 60, 786–793.PubMed
20.
Trasande, L. et al. (2013) Urinary phthalates are associated with higher blood pressure in childhood. The Journal of Pediatrics 163, 747–53.e1.
21.
Khalil, N. et al. (2013) Bisphenol A and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children. Science of The Total Environment, 470–471C, 726–732.
22.
LaKind, J. S., Goodman, M., & Naiman, D. Q. (2012). Use of NHANES data to link chemical exposures to chronic diseases: A cautionary tale. PLoS ONE, 7, e51086.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Jaeger, R. J., & Rubin, R. J. (1973). Extraction, localization, and metabolism of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC plastic medical devices. Environmental Health Perspectives, 3, 95–102.PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
25.
Marcel, Y. L. (1973). Determination of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate levels in human blood plasma and cryoprecipitates. Environmental Health Perspectives, 3, 119–121.PubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Loff, S., et al. (2000). Polyvinylchloride infusion lines expose infants to large amounts of toxic plasticizers. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 35, 1775–1781.PubMed
27.
Peck, C. C., & Albro, P. W. (1982). Toxic potential of the plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the context of its disposition and metabolism in primates and man. Environmental Health Perspectives, 45, 11–17.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Rubin, R. J., & Jaeger, R. J. (1973). Some pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and other plasticizers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 3, 53–59.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Latini, G., & Avery, G. B. (1999). Materials degradation in endotracheal tubes: A potential contributor to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Paediatrica, 88, 1174–1175.PubMed
30.
Danschutter, D., et al. (2007). Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and deep venous thrombosis in children: A clinical and experimental analysis. Pediatrics, 119, e742–e753.PubMed
31.
Li, L.-X., et al. (2013). Exposure levels of environmental endocrine disruptors in mother-newborn pairs in China and their placental transfer characteristics. PLoS ONE, 8, e62526.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Latini, G., et al. (2003). Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in humans during pregnancy. A preliminary report. Environmental Health Perspectives, 83, 22–24.
33.
Zhang, Y., et al. (2009). Phthalate levels and low birth weight: A nested case-control study of Chinese newborns. Journal of Pediatrics, 155, 500–504.PubMed
34.
Latini, G., et al. (2003). In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 1783–1785.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Huang, Y., et al. (2014). Phthalate levels in cord blood are associated with preterm delivery and fetal growth parameters in Chinese women. PLoS ONE, 9, e87430.PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Hoppin, J. A., Brock, J. W., Davis, B. J., & Baird, D. D. (2002). Reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolites in first morning urine samples. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 515–518.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Yolton, K., et al. (2011). Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates and infant neurobehavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33, 558–566.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Whyatt, R. M., et al. (2009). Prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure and length of gestation among an inner-city cohort. Pediatrics, 124, e1213–e1220.PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Swan, S. H., et al. (2010). Prenatal phthalate exposure and reduced masculine play in boys. International Journal of Andrology, 33, 259–269.PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Brock, J. W., Caudill, S. P., Silva, M. J., Needham, L. L., & Hilborn, E. D. (2002). Phthalate monoesters levels in the urine of young children. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 68, 309–314.
41.
Teitelbaum, S. L., et al. (2008). Temporal variability in urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, phytoestrogens and phenols among minority children in the United States. Environmental Research, 106, 257–269.PubMed
42.
Barry, Y. A., Labow, R. S., Keon, W. J., Tocchi, M., & Rock, G. (1989). Perioperative exposure to plasticizers in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 97, 900–905.PubMed
43.
Pollack, G. M., Buchanan, J. F., Slaughter, R. L., Kohli, R. K., & Shen, D. D. (1985). Circulating concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its de-esterified phthalic acid products following plasticizer exposure in patients receiving hemodialysis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 79, 257–267.PubMed
44.
Faouzi, M. A., et al. (1999). Exposure of hemodialysis patients to di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 180, 113–121.PubMed
45.
Buchta, C., et al. (2005). Transfusion-related exposure to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in patients receiving plateletpheresis concentrates. Transfusion, 45, 798–802.PubMed
46.
Weuve, J., et al. (2006). Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: Urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1424–1431.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Sjoberg, P. O., Bondesson, U. G., Sedin, E. G., & Gustafsson, J. P. (1985). Exposure of newborn infants to plasticizers. Plasma levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during exchange transfusion. Transfusion, 25, 424–428.PubMed
48.
Plonait, S. L., Nau, H., Maier, R. F., Wittfoht, W., & Obladen, M. (1993). Exposure of newborn infants to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and 2-ethylhexanoic acid following exchange transfusion with polyvinylchloride catheters. Transfusion, 33, 598–605.PubMed
49.
Shneider, B., Schena, J., Truog, R., Jacobson, M., & Kevy, S. (1989). Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in infants receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 1563.PubMed
50.
Karle, V. A., et al. (1997). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation exposes infants to the plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Critical Care Medicine, 25, 696–703.PubMed
51.
Sjoberg, P., Bondesson, U., Sedin, G., & Gustafsson, J. (1985). Dispositions of di- and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in newborn infants subjected to exchange transfusions. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 15, 430–436.PubMed
52.
Su, P.-H., et al. (2012). Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in premature neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit in Taiwan. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 13, 671–677.
53.
Peck, C. C., et al. (1979). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and mono-2-ethylexyl phthalate (MEHP) accumulation in whole blood and red cell concentrates. Transfusion, 19, 137–146.PubMed
54.
55.
Swan, S. H., et al. (2005). Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1056–1061.PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Hauser, R., Meeker, J. D., Duty, S., Silva, M. J., & Calafat, A. M. (2006). Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Epidemiology, 17, 682–691.PubMed
57.
Duty, S. M., et al. (2003). The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 1164–1169.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Joensen, U. N., et al. (2012). Phthalate excretion pattern and testicular function: A study of 881 healthy Danish men. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 1397–1403.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Colon, I., Caro, D., Bourdony, C. J., & Rosario, O. (2000). Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 895–900.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Stahlhut, R. W., van Wijngaarden, E., Dye, T. D., Cook, S., & Swan, S. H. (2007). Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 876–882.PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Meeker, J. D., et al. (2009). Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to preterm birth in Mexico city. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 1587–1592.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Parks, L. G., et al. (2000). The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicological Sciences, 58, 339–349.PubMed
63.
Sharpe, R. M. (2001). Hormones and testis development and the possible adverse effects of environmental chemicals. Toxicology Letters, 120, 221–232.PubMed
64.
Braun, J. M., Sathyanarayana, S., & Hauser, R. (2013). Phthalate exposure and children’s health. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 25, 247–254.PubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals.
66.
Leeder, J. S., & Kearns, G. L. (1997). Pharmacogenetics in pediatrics. Implications for practice. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 44, 55–77.PubMed
67.
Jahnke, G. D., Iannucci, A. R., Scialli, A. R., & Shelby, M. D. (2005). Center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction—The first five years. Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 74, 1–8.
68.
Kavlock, R., et al. (2002). NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reproductive Toxicology, 16, 529–653.PubMed
69.
Shea, K. M. (2003). Pediatric exposure and potential toxicity of phthalate plasticizers. Pediatrics, 111, 1467–1474.PubMed
70.
Von Rettberg, H., et al. (2009). Use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-containing infusion systems increases the risk for cholestasis. Pediatrics, 124, 710–716.
71.
Gillum, N., et al. (2009). Clinically relevant concentrations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) uncouple cardiac syncytium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 236, 25–38.PubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Aronson, C. E., Serlick, E. R., & Preti, G. (1978). Effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on the isolated perfused rat heart. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 44, 155–169.PubMed
73.
Schulpen, S. H. W., Robinson, J. F., Pennings, J. L. A., van Dartel, D. A. M., & Piersma, A. H. (2013). Dose response analysis of monophthalates in the murine embryonic stem cell test assessed by cardiomyocyte differentiation and gene expression. Reproductive Toxicology, 35, 81–88.PubMed
74.
Rock, G., Labow, R. S., Franklin, C., Burnett, R., & Tocchi, M. (1987). Hypotension and cardiac arrest in rats after infusion of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), a contaminant of stored blood. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 1218–1219.PubMed
75.
Barry, Y. A., Labow, R. S., Keon, W. J., & Tocchi, M. (1990). Atropine inhibition of the cardiodepressive effect of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on human myocardium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 106, 48–52.PubMed
76.
Hillman, L. S., Goodwin, S. L., & Sherman, W. R. (1975). Identification and measurement of plasticizer in neonatal tissues after umbilical catheters and blood products. New England Journal of Medicine, 292, 381–386.PubMed
77.
Martinez-Arguelles, D. B., et al. (2013). Maternal in utero exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate affects the blood pressure of adult male offspring. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 266, 95–100.PubMed
78.
Wei, Z., et al. (2012). Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate alters kidney development through the renin-angiotensin system in offspring. Toxicology Letters, 212, 212–221.PubMed
79.
Calley, D., Autian, J., & Guess, W. L. (1966). Toxicology of a series of phthalate esters. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 55, 158–162.PubMed
80.
Posnack, N. G., Lee, N. H., Brown, R., & Sarvazyan, N. (2011). Gene expression profiling of DEHP-treated cardiomyocytes reveals potential causes of phthalate arrhythmogenicity. Toxicology, 279, 54–64.PubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Posnack, N. G., Swift, L. M., Kay, M. W., Lee, N. H., & Sarvazyan, N. (2012). Phthalate exposure changes the metabolic profile of cardiac muscle cells. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 1243–1251.PubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Priya, V. M., Mayilvanan, C., Akilavalli, N., Rajesh, P., & Balasubramanian, K. (2014). Lactational exposure of phthalate impairs insulin signaling in the cardiac muscle of f1 female albino rats. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 14, 10–20.
83.
Feige, J. N., et al. (2010). The pollutant diethylhexyl phthalate regulates hepatic energy metabolism via species-specific PPARalpha-dependent mechanisms. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 234–241.PubMedPubMedCentral
84.
Olsén, L., Lind, L., & Lind, P. M. (2012). Associations between circulating levels of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites and coronary risk in the elderly. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 80, 179–183.PubMed
85.
Brotons, J. A., Olea-Serrano, M. F., Villalobos, M., Pedraza, V., & Olea, N. (1995). Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103, 608–612.PubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Kang, J.-H., Kito, K., & Kondo, F. (2003). Factors influencing the migration of bisphenol A from cans. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 1444–1447.PubMed
87.
Calafat, A. M., et al. (2005). Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 391–395.PubMedPubMedCentral
88.
Bushnik, T., et al. (2010). Lead and bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population. Health Reports, 21, 7–18.PubMed
89.
Mendiola, J., et al. (2010). Are environmental levels of bisphenol a associated with reproductive function in fertile men? Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 1286–1291.PubMedPubMedCentral
90.
Genuis, S. J., Beesoon, S., Birkholz, D., & Lobo, R. A. (2012). Human excretion of bisphenol A: Blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012, 185731.PubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Heffernan, A. L., et al. (2013). Age-related trends in urinary excretion of bisphenol A in Australian children and adults: evidence from a pooled sample study using samples of convenience. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 76, 1039–1055.
92.
Zhang, T., Sun, H., & Kannan, K. (2013). Blood and urinary bisphenol A concentrations in children, adults, and pregnant women from china: Partitioning between blood and urine and maternal and fetal cord blood. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 4686–4694.PubMed
93.
Braun, J. M., et al. (2011). Variability and predictors of urinary bisphenol A concentrations during pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 131–137.PubMedPubMedCentral
94.
Morgan, M. K., et al. (2011). Assessing the quantitative relationships between preschool children’s exposures to bisphenol A by route and urinary biomonitoring. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 5309–5316.PubMed
95.
Becker, K., et al. (2009). GerES IV: Phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 212, 685–692.PubMed
96.
Völkel, W., Kiranoglu, M., & Fromme, H. (2011). Determination of free and total bisphenol A in urine of infants. Environmental Research, 111, 143–148.PubMed
97.
Sathyanarayana, S., Braun, J. M., Yolton, K., Liddy, S., & Lanphear, B. P. (2011). Case report: High prenatal bisphenol a exposure and infant neonatal neurobehavior. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1170–1175.PubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Patel, C. J., et al. (2013). Investigation of maternal environmental exposures in association with self-reported preterm birth. Reproductive Toxicology, 45C, 1–7.
99.
Braun, J. M., et al. (2011). Impact of early-life bisphenol A exposure on behavior and executive function in children. Pediatrics, 128, 873–882.PubMedPubMedCentral
100.
101.
Duty, S. M., et al. (2013). Potential sources of bisphenol A in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics, 131, 483–489.PubMedPubMedCentral
102.
Aris, A. (2013). Estimation of bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in pregnant women, fetuses and nonpregnant women in Eastern Townships of Canada. Reproductive Toxicology, 45C, 8–13.
103.
Lee, Y. J., et al. (2008). Maternal and fetal exposure to bisphenol A in Korea. Reproductive Toxicology, 25, 413–419.PubMed
104.
Padmanabhan, V., et al. (2008). Maternal bisphenol-A levels at delivery: A looming problem? Journal of Perinatology, 28, 258–263.PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Schonfelder, G., et al. (2002). Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, A703–A707.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Vandenberg, L. N., et al. (2010). Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 1055–1070.PubMedPubMedCentral
107.
Krieter, D. H., et al. (2013). Bisphenol A in chronic kidney disease. Artificial Organs, 37, 283–290.PubMed
108.
Sajiki, J., et al. (2008). Determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in plasma of hemodialysis patients using three methods: LC/ECD, LC/MS, and ELISA. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 18, 733–738.PubMed
109.
Kanno, Y., Okada, H., Kobayashi, T., Takenaka, T., & Suzuki, H. (2007). Effects of endocrine disrupting substance on estrogen receptor gene transcription in dialysis patients. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 11, 262–265.PubMed
110.
Cobellis, L., Colacurci, N., Trabucco, E., Carpentiero, C., & Grumetto, L. (2009). Measurement of bisphenol A and bisphenol B levels in human blood sera from healthy and endometriotic women. Biomedical Chromatography, 23, 1186–1190.PubMed
111.
Teeguarden, J. G., & Hanson-Drury, S. (2013). A systematic review of Bisphenol A “low dose” studies in the context of human exposure: A case for establishing standards for reporting “low-dose” effects of chemicals. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 62, 935–948.PubMed
112.
Vandenberg, L. N., Hunt, P. A., Myers, J. P., & Vom Saal, F. S. (2013). Human exposures to bisphenol A: Mismatches between data and assumptions. Reviews on Environmental Health, 28, 37–58.PubMed
113.
Meeker, J. D., et al. (2010). Semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary bisphenol A among men from an infertility clinic. Reproductive Toxicology, 30, 532–539.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Yang, M., Ryu, J. H., Jeon, R., Kang, D., & Yoo, K. Y. (2009). Effects of bisphenol A on breast cancer and its risk factors. Archives of Toxicology, 83, 281–285.PubMed
115.
Ehrlich, S., et al. (2012). Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and early reproductive health outcomes among women undergoing IVF. Human Reproduction, 27, 3583–3592.PubMedPubMedCentral
116.
Hiroi, H., et al. (2004). Differences in serum bisphenol a concentrations in premenopausal normal women and women with endometrial hyperplasia. Endocrine Journal, 51, 595–600.PubMed
117.
Braun, J. M., & Hauser, R. (2011). Bisphenol A and children’s health. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 23, 233–239.PubMed
118.
Markey, C. M., Michaelson, C. L., Veson, E. C., Sonnenschein, C., & Soto, A. M. (2001). The mouse uterotrophic assay: A reevaluation of its validity in assessing the estrogenicity of bisphenol A. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 55–60.PubMedPubMedCentral
119.
Markey, C. M., Wadia, P. R., Rubin, B. S., Sonnenschein, C., & Soto, A. M. (2005). Long-term effects of fetal exposure to low doses of the xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the female mouse genital tract. Biology of Reproduction, 72, 1344–1351.PubMed
120.
Yan, S., et al. (2011). Bisphenol A and 17beta-estradiol promote arrhythmia in the female heart via alteration of calcium handling. PLoS ONE, 6, e25455.PubMedPubMedCentral
121.
Belcher, S. M., Chen, Y., Yan, S., & Wang, H. S. (2011). Rapid estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms determine the sexually dimorphic sensitivity of ventricular myocytes to 17beta-estradiol and the environmental endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. Endocrinology,. doi:10.​1210/​en.​2011-1772.PubMedPubMedCentral
122.
Yan, S., et al. (2013). Low-dose bisphenol A and estrogen increase ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion in female rat hearts. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 56, 75–80.PubMedPubMedCentral
123.
124.
Schirling, M., Bohlen, A., Triebskorn, R., & Kohler, H. R. (2006). An invertebrate embryo test with the apple snail Marisa cornuarietis to assess effects of potential developmental and endocrine disruptors. Chemosphere, 64, 1730–1738.PubMed
125.
Lee, W., Kang, C. W., Su, C. K., Okubo, K., & Nagahama, Y. (2012). Screening estrogenic activity of environmental contaminants and water samples using a transgenic medaka embryo bioassay. Chemosphere, 88, 945–952.PubMed
126.
Pant, J., & Deshpande, S. B. (2012). Acute toxicity of bisphenol A in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 50, 425–429.PubMed
127.
Pant, J., Ranjan, P., & Deshpande, S. B. (2011). Bisphenol A decreases atrial contractility involving NO-dependent G-cyclase signaling pathway. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 31, 698–702.PubMed
128.
Patel, B. B., Raad, M., Sebag, I. A., & Chalifour, L. E. (2013). Lifelong exposure to bisphenol a alters cardiac structure/function, protein expression, and DNA methylation in adult mice. Toxicological Sciences, 133, 174–185.PubMed
129.
Kurosawa, T., et al. (2002). The activity of bisphenol A depends on both the estrogen receptor subtype and the cell type. Endocrine Journal, 49, 465–471.PubMed
130.
Yan, S., et al. (2011). Bisphenol A and 17β-estradiol promote arrhythmia in the female heart via alteration of calcium handling. PLoS ONE, 6, e25455.PubMedPubMedCentral
131.
Belcher, S. M., Chen, Y., Yan, S., & Wang, H.-S. (2012). Rapid estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms determine the sexually dimorphic sensitivity of ventricular myocytes to 17β-estradiol and the environmental endocrine disruptor bisphenol A. Endocrinology, 153, 712–720.PubMedPubMedCentral
132.
Gao, X., Liang, Q., Chen, Y., & Wang, H.-S. (2013). Molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid arrhythmogenic action of bisphenol A in female rat hearts. Endocrinology, 154, 4607–4617.PubMed
133.
González, D. R., et al. (2008). Differential role of S-nitrosylation and the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway in cardiac contractility. Nitric Oxide, 18, 157–167.PubMed
134.
O’Reilly, A. O., et al. (2012). Bisphenol a binds to the local anesthetic receptor site to block the human cardiac sodium channel. PLoS ONE, 7, e41667.PubMedPubMedCentral
135.
Deutschmann, A., Hans, M., Meyer, R., Häberlein, H., Swandulla, D. (2013). Bisphenol A inhibits voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels in vitro: Mechanisms and structural requirements. Molecular Pharmacology, 83(2), 501–511. doi:10.​1124/​mol.​112.​081372.
136.
Asano, S., Tune, J. D., & Dick, G. M. (2010). Bisphenol A activates Maxi-K (K(Ca)1.1) channels in coronary smooth muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology, 160, 160–170.PubMedPubMedCentral
137.
Melzer, D., et al. (2012). Urinary bisphenol a concentration and angiography-defined coronary artery stenosis. PLoS ONE, 7, e43378.PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
Csanady, G. A., et al. (2002). Distribution and unspecific protein binding of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and daidzein. Archives of Toxicology, 76, 299–305.PubMed
139.
Teeguarden, J. G., Waechter, J. M., Jr, Clewell, H. J., 3rd, Covington, T. R., & Barton, H. A. (2005). Evaluation of oral and intravenous route pharmacokinetics, plasma protein binding, and uterine tissue dose metrics of bisphenol A: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach. Toxicological Sciences, 85, 823–838.PubMed
140.
Kurebayashi, H., Harada, R., Stewart, R. K., Numata, H., & Ohno, Y. (2002). Disposition of a low dose of bisphenol a in male and female cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicological Sciences, 68, 32–42.PubMed
141.
Zhang, H., & Liu, E. (2012). Binding behavior of DEHP to albumin: Spectroscopic investigation. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 74, 231–238.
142.
Sasakawa, S., & Mitomi, Y. (1978). Di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) content of blood or blood components stored in plastic bags. Vox Sanguinis, 34, 81–86.PubMed
143.
Albro, P. W., & Corbett, J. T. (1978). Distribution of di- and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human plasma. Transfusion, 18, 750–755.PubMed
144.
Teeguarden, J. G., et al. (2011). Twenty-four hour human urine and serum profiles of bisphenol a during high-dietary exposure. Toxicological Sciences, 123, 48–57.PubMed
145.
Hengstler, J. G., et al. (2011). Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of exposure to bisphenol A. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41, 263–291.PubMedPubMedCentral
146.
Saal, Vom. (2012). F. S., Prins, G. S. & Welshons, W. V. Report of very low real-world exposure to bisphenol A is unwarranted based on a lack of data and flawed assumptions. Toxicological Sciences, 125, 315–318.
147.
Teeguarden, J., Calafat, A., & Doerge, D. (2012). Adhering to fundamental principles of biomonitoring, BPA pharmacokinetics, and mass balance is no “flaw”. Tox Sci., 125(1), 321–325.
148.
Kambia, N. et al. (2012). Strong variability of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) plasmatic rate in infants and children undergoing 12-hour cyclic parenteral nutrition. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. doi:10.​1177/​0148607112450914​.
149.
Volkel, W., Colnot, T., Csanady, G. A., Filser, J. G., & Dekant, W. (2002). Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol a in humans at low doses following oral administration. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 15, 1281–1287.PubMed
150.
Koch, H. M., Angerer, J., Drexler, H., Eckstein, R., & Weisbach, V. (2005). Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) exposure of voluntary plasma and platelet donors. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 208, 489–498.PubMed
151.
Kessler, W., et al. (2012). Kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in blood and of DEHP metabolites in urine of male volunteers after single ingestion of ring-deuterated DEHP. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 264, 284–291.PubMed
152.
Yang, X., Doerge, D. R., & Fisher, J. W. (2013). Prediction and evaluation of route dependent dosimetry of BPA in rats at different life stages using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 270, 45–59.PubMed
153.
Shin, B. S., et al. (2004). Physiologically based pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A. J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. A, 67, 1971–1985.
154.
Koch, H. M., Preuss, R., & Angerer, J. (2006). Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): Human metabolism and internal exposure—An update and latest results. International Journal of Andrology, 29, 155.PubMed
155.
Sieli, P. T., et al. (2011). Comparison of serum bisphenol A concentrations in mice exposed to bisphenol A through the diet versus oral bolus exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1260–1265.PubMedPubMedCentral
156.
Stahlhut, R. W., Welshons, W. V., & Swan, S. H. (2009). Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 784–789.PubMedPubMedCentral
157.
Nunez, A. A., Kannan, K., Giesy, J. P., Fang, J., & Clemens, L. G. (2001). Effects of bisphenol A on energy balance and accumulation in brown adipose tissue in rats. Chemosphere, 42, 917–922.PubMed
158.
Fernandez, M. F., et al. (2007). Bisphenol-A and chlorinated derivatives in adipose tissue of women. Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 259–264.PubMed
159.
Herreros, M. A., et al. (2010). Pregnancy-associated changes in plasma concentration of the endocrine disruptor di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in a sheep model. Theriogenology, 73, 141–146.PubMed
160.
Li, D., Fareh, S., Leung, T. K., & Nattel, S. (1999). Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: Atrial remodeling of a different sort. Circulation, 100, 87–95.PubMed
161.
Ellison, K. E., Stevenson, W. G., Sweeney, M. O., Epstein, L. M., & Maisel, W. H. (2003). Management of arrhythmias in heart failure. Congestive Heart Failure, 9, 91–99.PubMed
162.
Maisel, W. H., & Stevenson, L. W. (2003). Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy. American Journal of Cardiology, 91, 2D–8D.PubMed
163.
Pogwizd, S. M., & Bers, D. M. (2004). Cellular basis of triggered arrhythmias in heart failure. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 14, 61–66.PubMed
164.
Pogwizd, S. M., Schlotthauer, K., Li, L., Yuan, W., & Bers, D. M. (2001). Arrhythmogenesis and contractile dysfunction in heart failure: Roles of sodium-calcium exchange, inward rectifier potassium current, and residual beta-adrenergic responsiveness. Circulation Research, 88, 1159–1167.PubMed
165.
Baicu, C. F., Zile, M. R., Aurigemma, G. P., & Gaasch, W. H. (2005). Left ventricular systolic performance, function, and contractility in patients with diastolic heart failure. Circulation, 111, 2306–2312.PubMed
166.
Dean, J. W., & Lab, M. J. (1989). Arrhythmia in heart failure: Role of mechanically induced changes in electrophysiology. Lancet, 1, 1309–1312.PubMed
167.
Col, J. J., & Weinberg, S. L. (1972). The incidence and mortality of intraventricular conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology, 29, 344–350.PubMed
168.
Nattel, S., Maguy, A., Le Bouter, S., & Yeh, Y. H. (2007). Arrhythmogenic ion-channel remodeling in the heart: Heart failure, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation. Physiological Reviews, 87, 425–456.PubMed
169.
170.
De Jong, S., van Veen, T. A. B., van Rijen, H. V. M., & de Bakker, J. M. T. (2011). Fibrosis and cardiac arrhythmias. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 57, 630–638.PubMed
171.
Spach, M. S. (2007). Mounting evidence that fibrosis generates a major mechanism for atrial fibrillation. Circulation Research, 101, 743–745.PubMed
172.
Rudy, Y., et al. (2008). Systems approach to understanding electromechanical activity in the human heart: A national heart, lung, and blood institute workshop summary. Circulation, 118, 1202–1211.PubMedPubMedCentral
173.
Loiselle, D. S., & Gibbs, C. L. (1979). Species differences in cardiac energetics. American Journal of Physiology, 237, H90–H98.PubMed
174.
Harding, S. E. (2011). Human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for pharmacological and toxicological modeling. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1245, 48–49.PubMed
175.
Zeevi-Levin, N., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., & Binah, O. (2012). Cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells for drug screening. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 134, 180–188.
176.
Itzhaki, I., et al. (2011). Calcium handling in human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. PLoS ONE, 6, e18037.PubMedPubMedCentral
177.
Guo, L., et al. (2011). Estimating the risk of drug-induced proarrhythmia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicological Sciences, 123, 281–289.PubMed
178.
Caspi, O., et al. (2009). In vitro electrophysiological drug testing using human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells Dev., 18, 161–172.PubMed
179.
Braam, S. R., & Mummery, C. L. (2010). Human stem cell models for predictive cardiac safety pharmacology. Stem Cell Res., 4, 155–156.PubMed
180.
Posnack, N., et al. (2014). The effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, March 23–27, Phoenix, AZ.
181.
Van Vliet, E. D. S., Reitano, E. M., Chhabra, J. S., Bergen, G. P., & Whyatt, R. M. (2011). A review of alternatives to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical devices in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Perinatology, 31, 551–560.PubMedPubMedCentral
182.
183.
Simmchen, J., Ventura, R., & Segura, J. (2012). Progress in the removal of di-[2-ethylhexyl]-phthalate as plasticizer in blood bags. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 26, 27–37.PubMed
184.
Mathapati, S., Verma, R. S., Cherian, K. M., & Guhathakurta, S. (2010). Inflammatory responses of tissue-engineered xenografts in a clinical scenario. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery,. doi:10.​1510/​icvts.​2010.​256719.PubMed
185.
186.
Genay, S., et al. (2011). Experimental study on infusion devices containing polyvinyl chloride: To what extent are they di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-free? International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 412, 47–51.PubMed
187.
Cooper, J. E., Kendig, E. L., & Belcher, S. M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85, 943–947.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
The Adverse Cardiac Effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and Bisphenol A
Author
Nikki Gillum Posnack
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Cardiovascular Toxicology / Issue 4/2014
Print ISSN: 1530-7905
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0259
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-014-9258-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2014

Cardiovascular Toxicology 4/2014 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Serum–Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase 1 Regulates Macrophage Recruitment and Activation Contributing to Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

OriginalPaper

Analysis of Unipolar Electrograms in Rabbit Heart Demonstrated the Key Role of Ventricular Apicobasal Dispersion in Arrhythmogenicity

OriginalPaper

The Effect of Myocardial Infarct Size on Cardiac Reserve in Rhesus Monkeys

OriginalPaper

The Correlation Between Prolonged Corrected QT Interval with the Frequency of Respiratory Arrest, Endotracheal Intubation, and Mortality in Acute Methadone Overdose

OriginalPaper

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiologic Insights

OriginalPaper

Suppression of Placental Metallothionein 1 and Zinc Transporter 1 mRNA Expressions Contributes to Fetal Heart Malformations Caused by Maternal Zinc Deficiency

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits