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Gut Pathogens
Published in: Gut Pathogens 1/2022

Open Access 01-12-2022 | Colorectal Cancer | Review

The emerging role of neutrophilic extracellular traps in intestinal disease

Authors: Feng Chen, Yongqiang Liu, Yajing Shi, Jianmin Zhang, Xin Liu, Zhenzhen Liu, Jipeng Lv, Yufang Leng

Published in: Gut Pathogens | Issue 1/2022

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Abstract

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular reticular fibrillar structures composed of DNA, histones, granulins and cytoplasmic proteins that are delivered externally by neutrophils in response to stimulation with various types of microorganisms, cytokines and host molecules, etc. NET formation has been extensively demonstrated to trap, immobilize, inactivate and kill invading microorganisms and acts as a form of innate response against pathogenic invasion. However, NETs are a double-edged sword. In the event of imbalance between NET formation and clearance, excessive NETs not only directly inflict tissue lesions, but also recruit pro-inflammatory cells or proteins that promote the release of inflammatory factors and magnify the inflammatory response further, driving the progression of many human diseases. The deleterious effects of excessive release of NETs on gut diseases are particularly crucial as NETs are more likely to be disrupted by neutrophils infiltrating the intestinal epithelium during intestinal disorders, leading to intestinal injury, and in addition, NETs and their relevant molecules are capable of directly triggering the death of intestinal epithelial cells. Within this context, a large number of NETs have been reported in several intestinal diseases, including intestinal infections, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and colorectal cancer. Therefore, the formation of NET would have to be strictly monitored to prevent their mediated tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the formation mechanisms of NETs and their pathophysiological roles in a variety of intestinal diseases, with the aim of providing an essential directional guidance and theoretical basis for clinical interventions in the exploration of mechanisms underlying NETs and targeted therapies.
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Metadata
Title
The emerging role of neutrophilic extracellular traps in intestinal disease
Authors
Feng Chen
Yongqiang Liu
Yajing Shi
Jianmin Zhang
Xin Liu
Zhenzhen Liu
Jipeng Lv
Yufang Leng
Publication date
01-12-2022
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Gut Pathogens / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1757-4749
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-022-00497-x

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