Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Critical Care
Published in: Critical Care 1/2019

Open Access 01-12-2019 | Central Nervous System Trauma | Review

Diagnostic and therapeutic approach in adult patients with traumatic brain injury receiving oral anticoagulant therapy: an Austrian interdisciplinary consensus statement

Authors: Marion Wiegele, Herbert Schöchl, Alexander Haushofer, Martin Ortler, Johannes Leitgeb, Oskar Kwasny, Ronny Beer, Cihan Ay, Eva Schaden

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

There is a high degree of uncertainty regarding optimum care of patients with potential or known intake of oral anticoagulants and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Anticoagulation therapy aggravates the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage but, on the other hand, patients take anticoagulants because of an underlying prothrombotic risk, and this could be increased following trauma. Treatment decisions must be taken with due consideration of both these risks. An interdisciplinary group of Austrian experts was convened to develop recommendations for best clinical practice. The aim was to provide pragmatic, clear, and easy-to-follow clinical guidance for coagulation management in adult patients with TBI and potential or known intake of platelet inhibitors, vitamin K antagonists, or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Diagnosis, coagulation testing, and reversal of anticoagulation were considered as key steps upon presentation. Post-trauma management (prophylaxis for thromboembolism and resumption of long-term anticoagulation therapy) was also explored. The lack of robust evidence on which to base treatment recommendations highlights the need for randomized controlled trials in this setting.
Literature
1.
Mauritz W, Brazinova A, Majdan M, Leitgeb J. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2014;126:42–52.PubMed
2.
Peeters W, van den Brande R, Polinder S, Brazinova A, Steyerberg EW, Lingsma HF, et al. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in Europe. Acta Neurochir. 2015;157:1683–96.PubMed
3.
Herou E, Romner B, Tomasevic G. Acute traumatic brain injury: mortality in the elderly. World Neurosurg. 2015;83:996–1001.PubMed
4.
Majdan M, Plancikova D, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, Nieboer D, Feigin V, et al. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2016;1:e76–83.PubMed
5.
Frontera JA, Lewin JJ 3rd, Rabinstein AA, Aisiku IP, Alexandrov AW, Cook AM, et al. Guideline for reversal of Antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care society and Society of Critical Care Medicine. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24:6–46.PubMed
6.
Feeney JM, Santone E, DiFiori M, Kis L, Jayaraman V, Montgomery SC. Compared to warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants are associated with lower mortality in patients with blunt traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: a TQIP study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81:843–8.PubMed
7.
Prexl O, Bruckbauer M, Voelckel W, Grottke O, Ponschab M, Maegele M, et al. The impact of direct oral anticoagulants in traumatic brain injury patients greater than 60-years-old. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26:20.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Kobayashi L, Barmparas G, Bosarge P, Brown CV, Bukur M, Carrick MM, et al. Novel oral anticoagulants and trauma: the results of a prospective American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi-Institutional Trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82:827–35.PubMed
9.
Ibanez J, Arikan F, Pedraza S, Sanchez E, Poca MA, Rodriguez D, et al. Reliability of clinical guidelines in the detection of patients at risk following mild head injury: results of a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:825–34.PubMed
10.
Vilke GM, Chan TC, Guss DA. Use of a complete neurological examination to screen for significant intracranial abnormalities in minor head injury. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:159–63.PubMed
11.
Vos PE, Alekseenko Y, Battistin L, Ehler E, Gerstenbrand F, Muresanu DF, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:191–8.PubMed
12.
Jagoda AS, Bazarian JJ, Bruns JJ Jr, Cantrill SV, Gean AD, Howard PK, et al. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:714–48.PubMed
13.
Kuczawski M, Stevenson M, Goodacre S, Teare MD, Ramlakhan S, Morris F, et al. Should all anticoagulated patients with head injury receive a CT scan? Decision-analysis modelling of an observational cohort. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e013742.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Unden J, Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B, Scandinavian NC. Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update. BMC Med. 2013;11:50.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Mower WR, Gupta M, Rodriguez R, Hendey GW. Validation of the sensitivity of the National Emergency X-radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) head computed tomographic (CT) decision instrument for selective imaging of blunt head injury patients: an observational study. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002313.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Ro YS, Shin SD, Holmes JF, Song KJ, Park JO, Cho JS, et al. Comparison of clinical performance of cranial computed tomography rules in patients with minor head injury: a multicenter prospective study. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:597–604.PubMed
17.
Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K, Clement C, Lesiuk H, Laupacis A, et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet. 2001;357:1391–6.PubMed
18.
Batchelor JS, Grayson A. A meta-analysis to determine the effect of anticoagulation on mortality in patients with blunt head trauma. Br J Neurosurg. 2012;26:525–30.PubMed
19.
Dossett LA, Riesel JN, Griffin MR, Cotton BA. Prevalence and implications of preinjury warfarin use: an analysis of the National Trauma Databank. Arch Surg. 2011;146:565–70.PubMed
20.
Pieracci FM, Eachempati SR, Shou J, Hydo LJ, Barie PS. Use of long-term anticoagulation is associated with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage and subsequent mortality in elderly patients hospitalized after falls: analysis of the New York State Administrative Database. J Trauma. 2007;63:519–24.PubMed
21.
Beynon C, Hertle DN, Unterberg AW, Sakowitz OW. Clinical review: traumatic brain injury in patients receiving antiplatelet medication. Crit Care. 2012;16:228.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Brewer ES, Reznikov B, Liberman RF, Baker RA, Rosenblatt MS, David CA, et al. Incidence and predictors of intracranial hemorrhage after minor head trauma in patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication. J Trauma. 2011;70:E1–5.PubMed
23.
McMillian WD, Rogers FB. Management of prehospital antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in traumatic head injury: a review. J Trauma. 2009;66:942–50.PubMed
24.
van den Brand CL, Tolido T, Rambach AH, Hunink MG, Patka P, Jellema K. Systematic review and meta-analysis: is pre-injury antiplatelet therapy associated with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage? J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:1–7.PubMed
25.
Menditto VG, Lucci M, Polonara S, Pomponio G, Gabrielli A. Management of minor head injury in patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy: a prospective study of a 24-hour observation protocol. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;59:451–5.PubMed
26.
Peck KA, Sise CB, Shackford SR, Sise MJ, Calvo RY, Sack DI, et al. Delayed intracranial hemorrhage after blunt trauma: are patients on preinjury anticoagulants and prescription antiplatelet agents at risk? J Trauma. 2011;71:1600–4.PubMed
27.
Schoonman GG, Bakker DP, Jellema K. Low risk of late intracranial complications in mild traumatic brain injury patients using oral anticoagulation after an initial normal brain computed tomography scan: education instead of hospitalization. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21:1021–5.PubMed
28.
Swap C, Sidell M, Ogaz R, Sharp A. Risk of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage in anticoagulated patients after minor head trauma: the role of repeat cranial computed tomography. Perm J. 2016;20:14–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Verschoof MA, Zuurbier CCM, de Beer F, Coutinho JM, Eggink EA, van Geel BM. Evaluation of the yield of 24-h close observation in patients with mild traumatic brain injury on anticoagulation therapy: a retrospective multicenter study and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2018;265:315–21.PubMed
30.
Grandhi R, Harrison G, Voronovich Z, Bauer J, Chen SH, Nicholas D, et al. Preinjury warfarin, but not antiplatelet medications, increases mortality in elderly traumatic brain injury patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78:614–21.PubMed
31.
Moustafa F, Roubin J, Pereira B, Barres A, Saint-Denis J, Perrier C, et al. Predictive factors of intracranial bleeding in head trauma patients receiving antiplatelet therapy admitted to an emergency department. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26:50.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
33.
Ding J, Yuan F, Guo Y, Chen SW, Gao WW, Wang G, et al. A prospective clinical study of routine repeat computed tomography (CT) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj. 2012;26:1211–6.PubMed
34.
Sifri ZC, Homnick AT, Vaynman A, Lavery R, Liao W, Mohr A, et al. A prospective evaluation of the value of repeat cranial computed tomography in patients with minimal head injury and an intracranial bleed. J Trauma. 2006;61:862–7.PubMed
35.
Kasprowicz M, Burzynska M, Melcer T, Kubler A. A comparison of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score and Glasgow coma score (GCS) in predictive modelling in traumatic brain injury. Br J Neurosurg. 2016;30:211–20.PubMed
36.
Bansal V, Fortlage D, Lee J, Doucet J, Potenza B, Coimbra R. A new clopidogrel (Plavix) point-of-care assay: rapid determination of antiplatelet activity in trauma patients. J Trauma. 2011;70:65–9.PubMed
37.
Parry PV, Choi PA, Bauer JS, Panczykowski DM, Puccio AM, Okonkwo DO. Utility of the aspirin and P2Y12 response assays to determine the effect of antiplatelet agents on platelet reactivity in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery. 2017;80:92–6.PubMed
38.
39.
Pieracci FM, Eachempati SR, Shou J, Hydo LJ, Barie PS. Degree of anticoagulation, but not warfarin use itself, predicts adverse outcomes after traumatic brain injury in elderly trauma patients. J Trauma. 2007;63:525–30.PubMed
40.
Mason S, Kuczawski M, Teare MD, Stevenson M, Goodacre S, Ramlakhan S, et al. AHEAD study: an observational study of the management of anticoagulated patients who suffer head injury. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e014324.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Bershad EM, Farhadi S, Suri MF, Feen ES, Hernandez OH, Selman WR, et al. Coagulopathy and inhospital deaths in patients with acute subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg. 2008;109:664–9.PubMed
42.
Kim BS, Jallo J. Intracranial pressure monitoring and management of raised intracranial pressure. In: Loftus CM, editor. Neurosurgical emergencies. New York: American Association of Neurosurgeons; 2008.
43.
Goldstein JN, Refaai MA, Milling TJ Jr, Lewis B, Goldberg-Alberts R, Hug BA, et al. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate versus plasma for rapid vitamin K antagonist reversal in patients needing urgent surgical or invasive interventions: a phase 3b, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2077–87.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA, Mangione A, Schneider A, Durn BL, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation. 2013;128:1234–43.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Steiner T, Poli S, Griebe M, Husing J, Hajda J, Freiberger A, et al. Fresh frozen plasma versus prothrombin complex concentrate in patients with intracranial haemorrhage related to vitamin K antagonists (INCH): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:566–73.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018;49:e46–e110.PubMed
47.
Hankey GJ, Norrving B, Hacke W, Steiner T. Management of acute stroke in patients taking novel oral anticoagulants. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:627–32.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Malloy PC, Grassi CJ, Kundu S, Gervais DA, Miller DL, Osnis RB, et al. Consensus guidelines for periprocedural management of coagulation status and hemostasis risk in percutaneous image-guided interventions. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20:S240–9.PubMed
49.
Alban S. Monitoring der Antikoagulanzien. In: Barthels M, Lavis TN, editors. Das Gerinnungskompendium. Italy: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2013.
50.
Baglin T. The role of the laboratory in treatment with new oral anticoagulants. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(Suppl 1):122–8.PubMed
51.
Hart C, Spannagl M, Heimerl S. Gerinnungsmonitoring der neuen, nicht Vitamin K abhängigen oralen Antikoagulanzien. Interventionelle Radiologie Scan. 2016;4:53–68.
52.
53.
Stangier J, Feuring M. Using the HEMOCLOT direct thrombin inhibitor assay to determine plasma concentrations of dabigatran. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2012;23:138–43.PubMed
54.
Levy JH, Ageno W, Chan NC, Crowther M, Verhamme P, Weitz JI, et al. When and how to use antidotes for the reversal of direct oral anticoagulants: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14:623–7.PubMed
55.
Kepplinger J, Prakapenia A, Barlinn K, Siegert G, Gehrisch S, Zerna C, et al. Standardized use of novel oral anticoagulants plasma level thresholds in a new thrombolysis decision making protocol. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016;41:293–300.PubMed
56.
Steiner T. Neue direkte orale Antikoagulanzien: Was ist im Notfall zu beachten. Dtsch Arztebl. 2012;109:A-1928 / B-570 / C-542.
57.
Studt J-D. Gerinnungstests und Messparameter für die neuen Antikoagulanzien. Universum InnereMedizin. 2013;09–2013:[Angiologie].
58.
Samama MM, Contant G, Spiro TE, Perzborn E, Guinet C, Gourmelin Y, et al. Evaluation of the anti-factor Xa chromogenic assay for the measurement of rivaroxaban plasma concentrations using calibrators and controls. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:379–87.PubMed
59.
Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29:19–31.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Joseph B, Pandit V, Aziz H, Kulvatunyou N, Hashmi A, Tang A, et al. Clinical outcomes in traumatic brain injury patients on preinjury clopidogrel: a prospective analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76:817–20.PubMed
61.
Narum S, Brors O, Stokland O, Kringen MK. Mortality among head trauma patients taking preinjury antithrombotic agents: a retrospective cohort analysis from a level 1 trauma centre. BMC Emerg Med. 2016;16:29.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Mannucci PM, Remuzzi G, Pusineri F, Lombardi R, Valsecchi C, Mecca G, et al. Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin shortens the bleeding time in uremia. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:8–12.PubMed
63.
Mappus JL, Fellows SE, Anand S, Gandhi MA. The use of desmopressin acetate in patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage: a review. Trauma. 2016;19:3–10.
64.
Naidech AM, Maas MB, Levasseur-Franklin KE, Liotta EM, Guth JC, Berman M, et al. Desmopressin improves platelet activity in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2014;45:2451–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Kapapa T, Rohrer S, Struve S, Petscher M, Konig R, Wirtz CR, et al. Desmopressin acetate in intracranial haemorrhage. Neurol Res Int. 2014;2014:298767.PubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Kim DY, O'Leary M, Nguyen A, Kaji A, Bricker S, Neville A, et al. The effect of platelet and desmopressin administration on early radiographic progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1815–21.PubMed
67.
Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernandez-Mondejar E, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fourth edition. Crit Care. 2016;20:100.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Singleton T, Kruse-Jarres R, Leissinger C. Emergency department care for patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand disease. J Emerg Med. 2010;39:158–65.PubMed
69.
Schochl H, Frietsch T, Pavelka M, Jambor C. Hyperfibrinolysis after major trauma: differential diagnosis of lysis patterns and prognostic value of thrombelastometry. J Trauma. 2009;67:125–31.PubMed
70.
Cohen MJ, Brohi K, Ganter MT, Manley GT, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF. Early coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: the role of hypoperfusion and the protein C pathway. J Trauma. 2007;63:1254–61.PubMed
71.
Maegele M, Schochl H, Menovsky T, Marechal H, Marklund N, Buki A, et al. Coagulopathy and haemorrhagic progression in traumatic brain injury: advances in mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:630–47.PubMed
72.
Cole E, Davenport R. Early tranexamic acid use in trauma haemorrhage: why do we give it and which patients benefit most? Int Emerg Nurs. 2015;23:38–41.PubMed
73.
Morrison JJ, Dubose JJ, Rasmussen TE, Midwinter MJ. Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation (MATTERs) Study. Arch Surg. 2012;147:113–9.PubMed
74.
Morrison JJ, Ross JD, Dubose JJ, Jansen JO, Midwinter MJ, Rasmussen TE. Association of cryoprecipitate and tranexamic acid with improved survival following wartime injury: findings from the MATTERs II Study. JAMA Surg. 2013;148:218–25.PubMed
75.
Crash-2 trial collaborators, Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:23–32.
76.
Crash-2 Collaborators (Intracranial Bleeding Study). Effect of tranexamic acid in traumatic brain injury: a nested randomised, placebo controlled trial (CRASH-2 Intracranial Bleeding Study). BMJ. 2011;343:d3795.
77.
Yutthakasemsunt S, Kittiwatanagul W, Piyavechvirat P, Thinkamrop B, Phuenpathom N, Lumbiganon P. Tranexamic acid for patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Emerg Med. 2013;13:20.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Jokar A, Ahmadi K, Salehi T, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. The effect of tranexamic acid in traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Chin J Traumatol. 2017;20:49–51.PubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Chakroun-Walha O, Samet A, Jerbi M, Nasri A, Talbi A, Kanoun H, et al. Benefits of the tranexamic acid in head trauma with no extracranial bleeding: a prospective follow-up of 180 patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2018:[Epub ahead of print].
80.
Joseph B, Pandit V, Sadoun M, Larkins CG, Kulvatunyou N, Tang A, et al. A prospective evaluation of platelet function in patients on antiplatelet therapy with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:990–4.PubMed
81.
Baharoglu MI, Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, de Gans K, Koopman MM, Brand A, et al. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet therapy (PATCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:2605–13.PubMed
82.
Holzmacher JL, Reynolds C, Patel M, Maluso P, Holland S, Gamsky N, et al. Platelet transfusion does not improve outcomes in patients with brain injury on antiplatelet therapy. Brain Inj. 2018;32:325–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Downey DM, Monson B, Butler KL, Fortuna GR Jr, Saxe JM, Dolan JP, et al. Does platelet administration affect mortality in elderly head-injured patients taking antiplatelet medications? Am Surg. 2009;75:1100–3.PubMed
84.
Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Zacharia BE, Grobelny BT, DeRosa PA, Landes E, et al. Impact of platelet transfusion on hematoma expansion in patients receiving antiplatelet agents before intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2010;32:706–10.PubMed
85.
Briggs A, Gates JD, Kaufman RM, Calahan C, Gormley WB, Havens JM. Platelet dysfunction and platelet transfusion in traumatic brain injury. J Surg Res. 2015;193:802–6.PubMed
86.
Crowther MA, Ageno W, Schnurr T, Manfredi E, Kinnon K, Garcia D, et al. Oral vitamin K produces a normal INR within 24 hours of its administration in most patients discontinuing warfarin. Haematologica. 2005;90:137–9.PubMed
87.
Sahai T, Tavares MF, Sweeney JD. Rapid response to intravenous vitamin K may obviate the need to transfuse prothrombin complex concentrates. Transfusion. 2017;57:1885–90.PubMed
88.
Tran HA, Chunilal SD, Tran H. An update of consensus guidelines for warfarin reversal. Med J Aust. 2014;200:82.PubMed
89.
Yasaka M, Minematsu K, Naritomi H, Sakata T, Yamaguchi T. Predisposing factors for enlargement of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients treated with warfarin. Thromb Haemost. 2003;89:278–83.PubMed
90.
Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, Becker K, Bendok BR, Cushman M, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46:2032–60.PubMed
91.
Pabinger I, Brenner B, Kalina U, Knaub S, Nagy A, Ostermann H, et al. Prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N) for emergency anticoagulation reversal: a prospective multinational clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:622–31.PubMed
92.
Holland L, Warkentin TE, Refaai M, Crowther MA, Johnston MA, Sarode R. Suboptimal effect of a three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (Profilnine-SD) in correcting supratherapeutic international normalized ratio due to warfarin overdose. Transfusion. 2009;49:1171–7.PubMed
93.
Martin DT, Barton CA, Dodgion C, Schreiber M. Emergent reversal of vitamin K antagonists: addressing all the factors. Am J Surg. 2016;211:919–25.PubMed
94.
Huynh TK, Costello JL, Rebuck JA. Optimizing the dose of three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in traumatic brain injury patients on warfarin therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34:260–4.PubMed
95.
Majeed A, Meijer K, Larrazabal R, Arnberg F, Luijckx GJ, Roberts RS, et al. Mortality in vitamin K antagonist-related intracerebral bleeding treated with plasma or 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111:233–9.PubMed
96.
Yanamadala V, Walcott BP, Fecci PE, Rozman P, Kumar JI, Nahed BV, et al. Reversal of warfarin associated coagulopathy with 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21:1881–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
97.
Edavettal M, Rogers A, Rogers F, Horst M, Leng W. Prothrombin complex concentrate accelerates international normalized ratio reversal and diminishes the extension of intracranial hemorrhage in geriatric trauma patients. Am Surg. 2014;80:372–6.PubMed
98.
Pinner NA, Hurdle AC, Oliphant C, Reaves A, Lobo B, Sills A. Treatment of warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage: a comparison of prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant activated factor VII. World Neurosurg. 2010;74:631–5.PubMed
99.
Woo CH, Patel N, Conell C, Rao VA, Faigeles BS, Patel MC, et al. Rapid warfarin reversal in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage: a comparison of plasma, recombinant activated factor VII, and prothrombin complex concentrate. World Neurosurg. 2014;81:110–5.PubMed
100.
Majeed A, Agren A, Holmstrom M, Bruzelius M, Chaireti R, Odeberg J, et al. Management of rivaroxaban- or apixaban-associated major bleeding with prothrombin complex concentrates: a cohort study. Blood. 2017;130:1706–12.PubMed
101.
Sholzberg M, Pavenski K, Shehata N, Cserti-Gazdewich C, Lin Y. Bleeding complications from the direct oral anticoagulants. BMC Hematol. 2015;15:18.PubMedPubMedCentral
102.
Beynon C, Sakowitz OW, Storzinger D, Orakcioglu B, Radbruch A, Potzy A, et al. Intracranial haemorrhage in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Thromb Res. 2015;136:560–5.PubMed
103.
Barletta JF, Hall S, Sucher JF, Dzandu JK, Haley M, Mangram AJ. The impact of pre-injury direct oral anticoagulants compared to warfarin in geriatric G-60 trauma patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2017;43:445–9.PubMed
104.
Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, van Ryn J, Eikelboom JW, Glund S, Bernstein RA, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal - full cohort analysis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:431–41.PubMed
105.
Riccardi A, Spinola B, Minuto P, Ghinatti M, Guiddo G, Malerba M, et al. Intracranial complications after minor head injury (MHI) in patients taking vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35:1317–9.PubMed
106.
Carnevale JA, Segar DJ, Powers AY, Shah M, Doberstein C, Drapcho B, et al. Blossoming contusions: identifying factors contributing to the expansion of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2018;129:1305–16.
107.
Denson K, Morgan D, Cunningham R, Nigliazzo A, Brackett D, Lane M, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury. Am J Surg. 2007;193:380–3 discussion 3-4.PubMed
108.
Praeger AJ, Westbrook AJ, Nichol AD, Wijemunige R, Davies AR, Lyon SM, et al. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus in patients with traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational study. Crit Care Resusc. 2012;14:10–3.PubMed
109.
Van Gent JM, Bandle J, Calvo RY, Zander AL, Olson EJ, Shackford SR, et al. Isolated traumatic brain injury and venous thromboembolism. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77:238–42.PubMed
110.
Nathens AB, McMurray MK, Cuschieri J, Durr EA, Moore EE, Bankey PE, et al. The practice of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the major trauma patient. J Trauma. 2007;62:557–62.PubMed
111.
Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurg. 2017;80:6–15.
112.
Margolick J, Dandurand C, Duncan K, Chen W, Evans DC, Sekhon MS, et al. A systematic review of the risks and benefits of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury. Can J Neurol Sci. 2018;45:432–44.PubMed
113.
Norwood SH, Berne JD, Rowe SA, Villarreal DH, Ledlie JT. Early venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with enoxaparin in patients with blunt traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2008;65:1021–6.PubMed
114.
Byrne JP, Mason SA, Gomez D, Hoeft C, Subacius H, Xiong W, et al. Timing of pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: a propensity-matched cohort study. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;223:621–31 e5.PubMed
115.
Frisoli FA, Shinseki M, Nwabuobi L, Zeng XL, Adrados M, Kanter C, et al. Early venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis after traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2017;81:1016–20.PubMed
116.
Byrne JP, Geerts W, Mason SA, Gomez D, Hoeft C, Murphy R, et al. Effectiveness of low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin to prevent pulmonary embolism following major trauma: a propensity-matched analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82:252–62.PubMed
117.
Lubenow N, Hinz P, Thomaschewski S, Lietz T, Vogler M, Ladwig A, et al. The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2010;115:1797–803.PubMed
118.
Minshall CT, Eriksson EA, Leon SM, Doben AR, McKinzie BP, Fakhry SM. Safety and efficacy of heparin or enoxaparin prophylaxis in blunt trauma patients with a head abbreviated injury severity score >2. J Trauma. 2011;71:396–9.PubMed
119.
Wong H, Lovett N, Curry N, Shah K, Stanworth SJ. Antithrombotics in trauma: management strategies in the older patients. J Blood Med. 2017;8:165–74.PubMedPubMedCentral
120.
Hawryluk GW, Furlan JC, Austin JW, Fehlings MG. Survey of neurosurgical management of central nervous system hemorrhage in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy: current practice is highly variable and may be suboptimal. World Neurosurg. 2011;76:299–303.PubMed
121.
Albrecht JS, Liu X, Baumgarten M, Langenberg P, Rattinger GB, Smith GS, et al. Benefits and risks of anticoagulation resumption following traumatic brain injury. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1244–51.PubMedPubMedCentral
122.
Matsushima K, Inaba K, Cho J, Mohammed H, Herr K, Leichtle S, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury. J Surg Res. 2016;205:186–91.PubMed
123.
Puckett Y, Zhang K, Blasingame J, Lorenzana J, Parameswaran S, Brooks M, Facs SE, et al. Safest Time to Resume Oral Anticoagulation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. Cureus. 2018;10:e2920.PubMedPubMedCentral
124.
Tykocki T, Guzek K. Anticoagulation therapy in traumatic brain injury. World Neurosurg. 2016;89:497–504.PubMed
125.
Majeed A, Kim YK, Roberts RS, Holmstrom M, Schulman S. Optimal timing of resumption of warfarin after intracranial hemorrhage. Stroke. 2010;41:2860–6.PubMed
126.
Hawryluk GW, Austin JW, Furlan JC, Lee JB, O'Kelly C, Fehlings MG. Management of anticoagulation following central nervous system hemorrhage in patients with high thromboembolic risk. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:1500–8.PubMed
127.
Pennlert J, Overholser R, Asplund K, Carlberg B, Van Rompaye B, Wiklund PG, et al. Optimal timing of anticoagulant treatment after intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2017;48:314–20.PubMed
128.
van Nieuwenhuizen KM, van der Worp HB, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, Rinkel GJ, van Gelder IC, et al. Apixaban versus antiplatelet drugs or no antithrombotic drugs after anticoagulation-associated intraCerebral HaEmorrhage in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (APACHE-AF): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:393.PubMedPubMedCentral
129.
Douketis JD, Healey JS, Brueckmann M, Eikelboom JW, Ezekowitz MD, Fraessdorf M, et al. Perioperative bridging anticoagulation during dabigatran or warfarin interruption among patients who had an elective surgery or procedure. Substudy of the RE-LY trial. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113:625–32.PubMed
130.
Niemi T, Silvasti-Lundell M, Armstrong E, Hernesniemi J. The Janus face of thromboprophylaxis in patients with high risk for both thrombosis and bleeding during intracranial surgery: report of five exemplary cases. Acta Neurochir. 2009;151:1289–94.PubMed
131.
Apostolakis S, Lane DA, Buller H, Lip GY. Comparison of the CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores for the prediction of clinically relevant bleeding in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the AMADEUS trial. Thromb Haemost. 2013;110:1074–9.PubMed
132.
Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383:955–62.PubMed
133.
Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Beer R, Christensen H, Cordonnier C, Csiba L, et al. European stroke organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014;9:840–55.PubMed
134.
Watzke H, Metzler H, Weltermann A, Marschang P, Brodmann M, Lang W, et al. Periprocedual management of vitamin K antagonist's with low molecular weight heparins during invasive procedures—consensus of experts. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2013;125:412–20.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Diagnostic and therapeutic approach in adult patients with traumatic brain injury receiving oral anticoagulant therapy: an Austrian interdisciplinary consensus statement
Authors
Marion Wiegele
Herbert Schöchl
Alexander Haushofer
Martin Ortler
Johannes Leitgeb
Oskar Kwasny
Ronny Beer
Cihan Ay
Eva Schaden
Publication date
01-12-2019
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 1/2019
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2352-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Critical Care 1/2019 Go to the issue

Research

Interventions aimed at healthcare professionals to increase the number of organ donors: a systematic review

Letter

Neuromuscular blocking agents for acute respiratory distress syndrome: how did we get conflicting results?

Editorial

How I optimize power to avoid VILI

Letter

A conceivable mechanism of harm in a stretched “teen lung”

Review

Thrombomodulin in disseminated intravascular coagulation and other critical conditions—a multi-faceted anticoagulant protein with therapeutic potential

Review

ARDS in Obese Patients: Specificities and Management