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Molecular Neurodegeneration
Published in: Molecular Neurodegeneration 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Glymphatic distribution of CSF-derived apoE into brain is isoform specific and suppressed during sleep deprivation

Authors: Thiyagaragan M. Achariyar, Baoman Li, Weiguo Peng, Philip B. Verghese, Yang Shi, Evan McConnell, Abdellatif Benraiss, Tristan Kasper, Wei Song, Takahiro Takano, David M. Holtzman, Maiken Nedergaard, Rashid Deane

Published in: Molecular Neurodegeneration | Issue 1/2016

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Abstract

Background

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major carrier of cholesterol and essential for synaptic plasticity. In brain, it’s expressed by many cells but highly expressed by the choroid plexus and the predominant apolipoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The role of apoE in the CSF is unclear. Recently, the glymphatic system was described as a clearance system whereby CSF and ISF (interstitial fluid) is exchanged via the peri-arterial space and convective flow of ISF clearance is mediated by aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel. We reasoned that this system also serves to distribute essential molecules in CSF into brain. The aim was to establish whether apoE in CSF, secreted by the choroid plexus, is distributed into brain, and whether this distribution pattern was altered by sleep deprivation.

Methods

We used fluorescently labeled lipidated apoE isoforms, lenti-apoE3 delivered to the choroid plexus, immunohistochemistry to map apoE brain distribution, immunolabeled cells and proteins in brain, Western blot analysis and ELISA to determine apoE levels and radiolabeled molecules to quantify CSF inflow into brain and brain clearance in mice. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA or Student’s t- test.

Results

We show that the glymphatic fluid transporting system contributes to the delivery of choroid plexus/CSF-derived human apoE to neurons. CSF-delivered human apoE entered brain via the perivascular space of penetrating arteries and flows radially around arteries, but not veins, in an isoform specific manner (apoE2 > apoE3 > apoE4). Flow of apoE around arteries was facilitated by AQP4, a characteristic feature of the glymphatic system. ApoE3, delivered by lentivirus to the choroid plexus and ependymal layer but not to the parenchymal cells, was present in the CSF, penetrating arteries and neurons. The inflow of CSF, which contains apoE, into brain and its clearance from the interstitium were severely suppressed by sleep deprivation compared to the sleep state.

Conclusions

Thus, choroid plexus/CSF provides an additional source of apoE and the glymphatic fluid transporting system delivers it to brain via the periarterial space. By implication, failure in this essential physiological role of the glymphatic fluid flow and ISF clearance may also contribute to apoE isoform-specific disorders in the long term.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Glymphatic distribution of CSF-derived apoE into brain is isoform specific and suppressed during sleep deprivation
Authors
Thiyagaragan M. Achariyar
Baoman Li
Weiguo Peng
Philip B. Verghese
Yang Shi
Evan McConnell
Abdellatif Benraiss
Tristan Kasper
Wei Song
Takahiro Takano
David M. Holtzman
Maiken Nedergaard
Rashid Deane
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Molecular Neurodegeneration / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1750-1326
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0138-8

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