Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Nutrition Reports
Published in: Current Nutrition Reports 1/2013

Open Access 01-03-2013 | Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

Influence of Obesity and Related Metabolic Alterations on Colorectal Cancer Risk

Authors: Krasimira Aleksandrova, Katharina Nimptsch, Tobias Pischon

Published in: Current Nutrition Reports | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Obesity and related metabolic alterations have been implicated to play a role in colorectal cancer risk. The metabolic syndrome, as assessed according to current international definitions by the key components, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and abnormal glucose metabolism, is associated with colorectal cancer. Recent studies suggest that abdominal obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism may primarily account for this association. Visceral adipose tissue is physiologically more active than subcutaneous adipose tissue and generates hormones and cytokines with inflammatory, metabolic, and direct carcinogenic potential, which may directly or indirectly increase colorectal cancer risk. Current evidence suggests that obesity acts as a risk factor for colorectal cancer by several mechanisms, including chronic low-grade inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, as well as alterations in insulin-like growth factor and adipokine concentrations. Metabolic biomarkers reflecting these processes may not only provide clues for etiological understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis but also might be an alternative way to define an “obesity phenotype” that is relevant for colorectal cancer development.
Literature
1.
Ferlay J, Shin H, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 10. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. Available from: http://​globocan.​iarc.​fr.​
2.
World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR; 2007.
3.
World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:1–253.
4.
Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults - the evidence report - NIH PUBLICATION NO. 98–4083. In: National Institutes of Health, ed. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 1998.
5.
Ning Y, Wang L, Giovannucci EL. A quantitative analysis of body mass index and colorectal cancer: findings from 56 observational studies. Obes Rev. 2010;11(1):19–30.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Okorodudu DO, Jumean MF, Montori VM, Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Erwin PJ, et al. Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(5):791–9.CrossRef
7.
Galic S, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010;316(2):129–39.PubMedCrossRef
8.
9.
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome–a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1059–62.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–52.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Pischon T, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Friedenreich C, Norat T, Tjonneland A, et al. Body size and risk of colon and rectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(13):920–31.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Dai Z, Xu YC, Niu L. Obesity and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(31):4199–206.PubMed
13.
Hong S, Cai Q, Chen D, Zhu W, Huang W, Li Z. Abdominal obesity and the risk of colorectal adenoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2012;21(6):523–31.PubMedCrossRef
14.
World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Report Summary. Food Nutrition Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. 2011.
15.
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G. Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med. 2011;9:48.PubMedCrossRef
17.
van Duijnhoven FJ, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, Calligaro M, Jenab M, Pischon T, Jansen EH, et al. Blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and colorectal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Gut. 2011;60(8):1094–102.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Rinaldi S, Rohrmann S, Jenab M, Biessy C, Sieri S, Palli D, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin and risk of colorectal cancer in men and women, the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(11):3108–15.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Kabat GC, Kim MY, Strickler HD, Shikany JM, Lane D, Luo J, et al. A longitudinal study of serum insulin and glucose levels in relation to colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Br J Cancer. 2012;106(1):227–32.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Ollberding NJ, Cheng I, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Pollak MN, Kolonel LN, et al. Genetic variants, prediagnostic circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors, insulin, and glucose and the risk of colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(5):810–20.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Esposito K, Chiodini P, Colao A, Lenzi A, Giugliano D. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(11):2402–11.PubMedCrossRef
22.
• Aleksandrova K, Boeing H, Jenab M, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Jansen E, van Duijnhoven FJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risks of colon and rectal cancer: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(11):1873–83. This article shows that the association of metabolic syndrome with colon cancer risk was largely accounted for by abdominal obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism.CrossRef
23.
Kaaks R, Lukanova A. Energy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001;60(1):91–106.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Pollak M, Beamer W, Zhang JC. Insulin-like growth factors and prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1998;17(4):383–90.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Pollak M. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor signalling in neoplasia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(12):915–28.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Deng L, Gui Z, Zhao L, Wang J, Shen L. Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(6):1576–85.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Brunner JE, Johnson CC, Zafar S, Peterson EL, Brunner JF, Mellinger RC. Colon cancer and polyps in acromegaly: increased risk associated with family history of colon cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1990;32(1):65–71.CrossRef
28.
Jenkins PJ, Fairclough PD, Richards T, Lowe DG, Monson J, Grossman A, et al. Acromegaly, colonic polyps and carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;47(1):17–22.CrossRef
29.
Jenkins PJ, Frajese V, Jones AM, Camacho-Hubner C, Lowe DG, Fairclough PD, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and the development of colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):3218–21.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Ron E, Gridley G, Hrubec Z, Page W, Arora S, Fraumeni Jr JF. Acromegaly and gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer. 1991;68(8):1673–7.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Schoen RE, Tangen CM, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Cushman M, Tracy RP, et al. Increased blood glucose and insulin, body size, and incident colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(13):1147–54.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Jenab M, Riboli E, Cleveland RJ, Norat T, Rinaldi S, Nieters A, et al. Serum C-peptide, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(2):368–76.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Kaaks R, Toniolo P, Akhmedkhanov A, Lukanova A, Biessy C, Dechaud H, et al. Serum C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding proteins, and colorectal cancer risk in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(19):1592–600.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Ma J, Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Leavitt A, Tao Y, Gaziano JM, et al. A prospective study of plasma C-peptide and colorectal cancer risk in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(7):546–53.PubMedCrossRef
35.
• Rinaldi S, Cleveland R, Norat T, Biessy C, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, et al. Serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and colorectal cancer risk: results from the EPIC cohort, plus a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer. 2010;126(7):1702–15. This article poses so far the largest study on IGF-1 and colorectal cancer risk and includes a meta-analysis.PubMed
36.
37.
Jess T, Rungoe C, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(6):639–45.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Laukoetter MG, Mennigen R, Hannig CM, Osada N, Rijcken E, Vowinkel T, et al. Intestinal cancer risk in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15(4):576–83.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Cole BF, Logan RF, Halabi S, Benamouzig R, Sandler RS, Grainge MJ, et al. Aspirin for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: meta-analysis of the randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(4):256–66.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Chan AT, Ogino S, Fuchs CS. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of COX-2. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(21):2131–42.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Roberts DL, Dive C, Renehan AG. Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annu Rev Med. 2010;61:301–16.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Fayh AP, Lopes AL, da Silva AM, Reischak-Oliveira A, Friedman R. Effects of 5 % weight loss through diet or diet plus exercise on cardiovascular parameters of obese: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr. 2012.
43.
Pendyala S, Neff LM, Suarez-Farinas M, Holt PR. Diet-induced weight loss reduces colorectal inflammation: implications for colorectal carcinogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(2):234–42.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Tsilidis KK, Branchini C, Guallar E, Helzlsouer KJ, Erlinger TP, Platz EA. C-reactive protein and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review of prospective studies. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(5):1133–40.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Toriola AT, Ulrich CM. Is there a potential use for C-reactive protein as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for colorectal cancer? Future Oncol. 2011;7(10):1125–8.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Aleksandrova K, Jenab M, Boeing H, Jansen E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Rinaldi S, et al. Circulating C-reactive protein concentrations and risks of colon and rectal cancer: a nested case–control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(4):407–18.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Chan AT, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS. Inflammatory markers are associated with risk of colorectal cancer and chemopreventive response to anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(3):799–808. quiz e11.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Heikkila K, Harris R, Lowe G, Rumley A, Yarnell J, Gallacher J, et al. Associations of circulating C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cancer risk: findings from two prospective cohorts and a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(1):15–26.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zhang SM, Buring JE, Lee IM, Cook NR, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein levels are not associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer in women. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(6):425–32.PubMed
50.
Il'yasova D, Colbert LH, Harris TB, Newman AB, Bauer DC, Satterfield S, et al. Circulating levels of inflammatory markers and cancer risk in the health aging and body composition cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(10):2413–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
•• Ho GY, Wang T, Gunter MJ, Strickler HD, Cushman M, Kaplan RC, et al. Adipokines linking obesity with colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res. 2012;72(12):3029–37. This article shows that the positive association between adipokines involved in inflammation and colorectal cancer may be mediated by insulin, with leptin exerting an independent effect.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Allin KH, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated C-reactive protein in the diagnosis, prognosis, and cause of cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2011;48(4):155–70.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Allin KH, Nordestgaard BG, Zacho J, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Bojesen SE. C-reactive protein and the risk of cancer: a mendelian randomization study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(3):202–6.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Heikkila K, Silander K, Salomaa V, Jousilahti P, Koskinen S, Pukkala E, et al. C-reactive protein-associated genetic variants and cancer risk: findings from FINRISK 1992, FINRISK 1997 and Health 2000 studies. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(3):404–12.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Tsilidis KK, Helzlsouer KJ, Smith MW, Grinberg V, Hoffman-Bolton J, Clipp SL, et al. Association of common polymorphisms in IL10, and in other genes related to inflammatory response and obesity with colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(9):1739–51.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Slattery ML, Curtin K, Poole EM, Duggan DJ, Samowitz WS, Peters U, et al. Genetic variation in C-reactive protein in relation to colon and rectal cancer risk and survival. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(11):2726–34.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85–97.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Paz-Filho G, Lim EL, Wong ML, Licinio J. Associations between adipokines and obesity-related cancer. Front Biosci. 2011;16:1634–50.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Houseknecht KL, Baile CA, Matteri RL, Spurlock ME. The biology of leptin: a review. J Anim Sci. 1998;76(5):1405–20.PubMed
60.
Hoda MR, Keely SJ, Bertelsen LS, Junger WG, Dharmasena D, Barrett KE. Leptin acts as a mitogenic and antiapoptotic factor for colonic cancer cells. Br J Surg. 2007;94(3):346–54.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Chia VM, Newcomb PA, Lampe JW, White E, Mandelson MT, McTiernan A, et al. Leptin concentrations, leptin receptor polymorphisms, and colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(12):2697–703.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Nakajima TE, Yamada Y, Hamano T, Furuta K, Matsuda T, Fujita S, et al. Adipocytokines as new promising markers of colorectal tumors: adiponectin for colorectal adenoma, and resistin and visfatin for colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(5):1286–91.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Stattin P, Lukanova A, Biessy C, Soderberg S, Palmqvist R, Kaaks R, et al. Obesity and colon cancer: does leptin provide a link? Int J Cancer. 2004;109(1):149–52.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Stattin P, Palmqvist R, Soderberg S, Biessy C, Ardnor B, Hallmans G, et al. Plasma leptin and colorectal cancer risk: a prospective study in Northern Sweden. Oncol Rep. 2003;10(6):2015–21.PubMed
65.
Tamakoshi K, Toyoshima H, Wakai K, Kojima M, Suzuki K, Watanabe Y, et al. Leptin is associated with an increased female colorectal cancer risk: a nested case–control study in Japan. Oncology. 2005;68(4–6):454–61.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Huang L, Wang Z, Li C. Modulation of circulating leptin levels by its soluble receptor. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(9):6343–9.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Lammert A, Kiess W, Bottner A, Glasow A, Kratzsch J. Soluble leptin receptor represents the main leptin binding activity in human blood. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;283(4):982–8.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Magni P, Liuzzi A, Ruscica M, Dozio E, Ferrario S, Bussi I, et al. Free and bound plasma leptin in normal weight and obese men and women: relationship with body composition, resting energy expenditure, insulin-sensitivity, lipid profile and macronutrient preference. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62(2):189–96.CrossRef
69.
Yu D, Yu Z, Sun Q, Sun L, Li H, Song J, et al. Effects of body fat on the associations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin, leptin and soluble leptin receptor with metabolic syndrome in Chinese. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e16818.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Sun Q, van Dam RM, Meigs JB, Franco OH, Mantzoros CS, Hu FB. Leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in plasma and risk of type 2 diabetes in U.S. women: a prospective study. Diabetes. 2010;59(3):611–8.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Cohen P, Yang G, Yu X, Soukas AA, Wolfish CS, Friedman JM, et al. Induction of leptin receptor expression in the liver by leptin and food deprivation. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(11):10034–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Aleksandrova K, Boeing H, Jenab M, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jansen E, van Duijnhoven FJ, et al. Leptin and soluble leptin receptor in risk of colorectal cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort. Cancer Res. 2012;72(20):5328–37.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Ben Ali S, Kallel A, Sediri Y, Ftouhi B, Feki M, Slimene H, et al. LEPR p.Q223R Polymorphism influences plasma leptin levels and body mass index in Tunisian obese patients. Arch Med Res. 2009;40(3):186–90.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Chiu KC, Chu A, Chuang LM, Saad MF. Association of leptin receptor polymorphism with insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150(5):725–9.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Partida-Perez M, de la Luz Ayala-Madrigal M, Peregrina-Sandoval J, Macias-Gomez N, Moreno-Ortiz J, Leal-Ugarte E, et al. Association of LEP and ADIPOQ common variants with colorectal cancer in Mexican patients. Canc Biomarkers. 2010;7(3):117–21.
76.
Ahima RS. Metabolic actions of adipocyte hormones: focus on adiponectin. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14 Suppl 1:9S–15S.CrossRef
77.
Brochu-Gaudreau K, Rehfeldt C, Blouin R, Bordignon V, Murphy BD, Palin MF. Adiponectin action from head to toe. Endocrine. 2010;37(1):11–32.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Kim AY, Lee YS, Kim KH, Lee JH, Lee HK, Jang SH, et al. Adiponectin represses colon cancer cell proliferation via AdipoR1- and -R2-mediated AMPK activation. Mol Endocrinol. 2010;24(7):1441–52.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Byeon JS, Jeong JY, Kim MJ, Lee SM, Nam WH, Myung SJ, et al. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptor in relation to colorectal cancer progression. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(12):2758–67.PubMedCrossRef
80.
An W, Bai Y, Deng SX, Gao J, Ben QW, Cai QC, et al. Adiponectin levels in patients with colorectal cancer and adenoma: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2012;21(2):126–33.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Xu XT, Xu Q, Tong JL, Zhu MM, Huang ML, Ran ZH, et al. Meta-analysis: circulating adiponectin levels and risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma. J Dig Dis. 2011;12(4):234–44.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Neumeier M, Weigert J, Schaffler A, Wehrwein G, Muller-Ladner U, Scholmerich J, et al. Different effects of adiponectin isoforms in human monocytic cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2006;79(4):803–8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Aleksandrova K, Boeing H, Jenab M, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jansen E, van Duijnhoven FJ, et al. Total and high-molecular weight adiponectin and risk of colorectal cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(6):1211–8.PubMedCrossRef
84.
He B, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Bao Q, Chen L, Nie Z, et al. Effects of genetic variations in the adiponectin pathway genes on the risk of colorectal cancer in the Chinese population. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:94.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Liu L, Zhong R, Wei S, Yin JY, Xiang H, Zou L, et al. Interactions between genetic variants in the adiponectin, adiponectin receptor 1 and environmental factors on the risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27301.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Gornick MC, Rennert G, Moreno V, Gruber SB. Adiponectin gene and risk of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(4):562–4.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Ukkola O. Resistin - a mediator of obesity-associated insulin resistance or an innocent bystander? Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147(5):571–4.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Lazar MA. Resistin- and Obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39(10):710–6.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zheng LD, Tong QS, Weng MX, He J, Lv Q, Pu JR, et al. Enhanced expression of resistin-like molecule beta in human colon cancer and its clinical significance. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(2):274–81.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Tong J, Wallace TM, Hull RL, Zraika S, et al. Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia. 2005;48(11):2330–3.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Norata GD, Ongari M, Garlaschelli K, Tibolla G, Grigore L, Raselli S, et al. Effect of the -420C/G variant of the resistin gene promoter on metabolic syndrome, obesity, myocardial infarction and kidney dysfunction. J Intern Med. 2007;262(1):104–12.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Danese E, Montagnana M, Minicozzi AM, Bonafini S, Ruzzenente O, Gelati M, et al. The role of resistin in colorectal cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;413(7–8):760–4.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Salageanu A, Tucureanu C, Lerescu L, Caras I, Pitica R, Gangura G, et al. Serum levels of adipokines resistin and leptin in patients with colon cancer. J Med Life. 2010;3(4):416–20.PubMed
94.
Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE, Manson JE, et al. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, endogenous estradiol, and risk of colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res. 2008;68(1):329–37.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Clendenen TV, Koenig KL, Shore RE, Levitz M, Arslan AA, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Postmenopausal levels of endogenous sex hormones and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(1):275–81.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Bras A, Sanches R, Cristovao L, Fidalgo P, Chagas C, Mexia J, et al. Oxidative stress in familial adenomatous polyposis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999;8(4):305–10.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Gackowski D, Banaszkiewicz Z, Rozalski R, Jawien A, Olinski R. Persistent oxidative stress in colorectal carcinoma patients. Int J Cancer. 2002;101(4):395–7.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Suzuki K, Ito Y, Wakai K, Kawado M, Hashimoto S, Toyoshima H, et al. Serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels and risk of colorectal cancer: a case–control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(11 Pt 1):1781–7.PubMed
99.
Leufkens AM, van Duijnhoven FJ, Woudt SH, Siersema PD, Jenab M, Jansen EH, et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and risk of developing colorectal cancer: a cohort-nested case–control study in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(7):653–63.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Renehan AG, Soerjomataram I, Tyson M, Egger M, Zwahlen M, Coebergh JW, et al. Incident cancer burden attributable to excess body mass index in 30 European countries. Int J Cancer. 2010;126(3):692–702.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Influence of Obesity and Related Metabolic Alterations on Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors
Krasimira Aleksandrova
Katharina Nimptsch
Tobias Pischon
Publication date
01-03-2013
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Nutrition Reports / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 2161-3311
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-012-0036-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Current Nutrition Reports 1/2013 Go to the issue

Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

The Role of Diabetes and Diabetes Treatments in Colorectal Cancer Mortality, Incidence, and Survival

Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Prevention: A Review of Epidemiologic Studies

Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

Evidence for Contributions of Gut Microbiota to Colorectal Carcinogenesis

Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

The Epidemiologic Evidence and Potential Biological Mechanisms for a Protective Effect of Dietary Fiber on the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Cancer (MF Leitzmann, Section Editor)

The mTOR Pathway and the Role of Energy Balance Throughout Life in Colorectal Cancer Etiology and Prognosis: Unravelling Mechanisms Through a Multidimensional Molecular Epidemiologic Approach
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits