Top

Published in:

16-02-2022 | Ultrasound | Review

Advanced Imaging of the Biliary System and Pancreas

Authors: Selena Zhou, James Buxbaum

Published in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences | Issue 5/2022

Abstract

Despite advances in noninvasive techniques for imaging the pancreaticobiliary system, several disease processes including indeterminate biliary strictures as well as neuroendocrine tumors, inflammatory pseudotumors, and complex cysts of the pancreas remain difficult to characterize. New endoscopic imaging technologies have emerged to address these challenges. Cholangioscopy and intraductal ultrasound (IDUS) are powerful tools to characterize subtle biliary concretions and strictures. Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are emerging approaches for the most difficult biliary lesions. Contrast harmonic endoscopic ultrasound (CH-EUS), elastography, and 3D-EUS are improving the approach to subtle pancreatic lesions, particularly in the context of indeterminate tissue sampling. Pancreatoscopy, pancreatic IDUS, and intracystic CLE hold promise to further improve the assessment of pancreatic cysts. We aim to comprehensively review the emerging clinical evidence for these innovative endoscopic imaging techniques.

Andriulli A, Loperfido S, Napolitano G et al. Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1781–1788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01279.x.CrossRefPubMed

Moon JH, Cho YD, Cha SW et al. The detection of bile duct stones in suspected biliary pancreatitis: comparison of MRCP, ERCP, and intraductal US. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1051–1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41057.x.CrossRefPubMed

Scheiman JM, Carlos RC, Barnett JL et al. Can endoscopic ultrasound or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography replace ERCP in patients with suspected biliary disease? A prospective trial and cost analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2900–2904. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04245.x.CrossRefPubMed

Navaneethan U, Hasan MK, Kommaraju K et al. Digital, single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy in the diagnosis and management of pancreatobiliary disorders: a multicenter clinical experience (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2016;84:649–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.789.CrossRefPubMed

Weilert F, Bhat YM, Binmoeller KF et al. EUS-FNA is superior to ERCP-based tissue sampling in suspected malignant biliary obstruction: results of a prospective, single-blind, comparative study. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;80:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.12.031.CrossRefPubMed

Takekoshi T, Takagi K. Retrograde pancreatocholangioscopy (in Japanese). Gastroenterol Endosc 1975;17:676–683.

Cotton PB, Kozarek RA, Schapiro RH et al. Endoscopic laser lithotripsy of large bile duct stones. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:1128–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)90634-d.CrossRefPubMed

Larghi A, Waxman I. Endoscopic direct cholangioscopy by using an ultra-slim upper endoscope: a feasibility study. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:853–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.07.050.CrossRefPubMed

Chen YK, Parsi MA, Binmoeller KF et al. Single-operator cholangioscopy in patients requiring evaluation of bile duct disease or therapy of biliary stones (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:805–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.016.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Sejpal DV, Trindade AJ, Lee C et al. Digital cholangioscopy can detect residual biliary stones missed by occlusion cholangiogram in ERCP: a prospective tandem study. Endosc Int Open 2019;7:E608–E614. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0842-6450.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Fukuda Y, Tsuyuguchi T, Sakai Y, Tsuchiya S, Saisyo H. Diagnostic utility of peroral cholangioscopy for various bile-duct lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:374–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.04.032.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Seo DW, Lee SK, Yoo KS et al. Cholangioscopic findings in bile duct tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:630–634. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2000.108667.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Tischendorf JJ, Krüger M, Trautwein C et al. Cholangioscopic characterization of dominant bile duct stenoses in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Endoscopy. 2006;38:665–669. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-925257.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Shah RJ, Raijman I, Brauer B, Gumustop B, Pleskow DK. Performance of a fully disposable, digital, single-operator cholangiopancreatoscope. Endoscopy. 2017;49:651–658. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-106295.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Turowski F, Hügle U, Dormann A et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy with SpyGlassDS™: results of a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Surg Endosc 2018;32:3981–3988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6141-0.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Korrapati P, Ciolino J, Wani S et al. The efficacy of peroral cholangioscopy for difficult bile duct stones and indeterminate strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open 2016;4:E263–E275. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-100194.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Sun X, Zhou Z, Tian J et al. Is single-operator peroral cholangioscopy a useful tool for the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary lesion? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;82:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.12.021.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Sethi A, Doukides T, Sejpal DV et al. Interobserver agreement for single operator choledochoscopy imaging: Can we do better? Diagn Ther Endosc 2014;2014:730731. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/730731.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Kalaitzakis E, Webster GJ, Oppong KW et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of single-operator peroral cholangioscopy for indeterminate biliary lesions and bile duct stones. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:656–664. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283526fa1.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Sethi A, Widmer J, Shah NL et al. Interobserver agreement for evaluation of imaging with single operator choledochoscopy: What are we looking at? Dig Liver Dis 2014;46:518–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2014.02.004.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Robles-Medranda C, Valero M, Soria-Alcivar M et al. Reliability and accuracy of a novel classification system using peroral cholangioscopy for the diagnosis of bile duct lesions. Endoscopy 2018;50:1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0607-2534.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Draganov PV, Chauhan S, Wagh MS et al. Diagnostic accuracy of conventional and cholangioscopy-guided sampling of indeterminate biliary lesions at the time of ERCP: a prospective, long-term follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:347–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.09.020.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Kaura K, Sawas T, Bazerbachi F et al. Cholangioscopy biopsies improve detection of cholangiocarcinoma when combined with cytology and FISH, but not in patients with PSC. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65:1471–1478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05866-2.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Gerges C, Beyna T, Tang RSY et al. Digital single-operator peroral cholangioscopy-guided biopsy sampling versus ERCP-guided brushing for indeterminate biliary strictures: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2020;91:1105–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2019.11.025.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Tyberg A, Raijman I, Siddiqui A et al. Digital pancreaticocholangioscopy for mapping of pancreaticobiliary neoplasia: Can we alter the surgical resection margin? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53:71–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0000000000001008.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Itoi T, Neuhaus H, Chen YK. Diagnostic value of image-enhanced video cholangiopancreatoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2009;19:557–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2009.06.002.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Osanai M, Itoi T, Igarashi Y et al. Peroral video cholangioscopy to evaluate indeterminate bile duct lesions and preoperative mucosal cancerous extension: a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy. 2013;45:635–642. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1326631.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Azeem N, Gostout CJ, Knipschield M, Baron TH. Cholangioscopy with narrow-band imaging in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis undergoing ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79:773–9.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.09.017.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Nishikawa T, Tsuyuguchi T, Sakai Y et al. Preoperative assessment of longitudinal extension of cholangiocarcinoma with peroral video-cholangioscopy: a prospective study. Dig Endosc. 2014;26:450–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12159.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Nishikawa T, Tsuyuguchi T, Sakai Y, Sugiyama H, Miyazaki M, Yokosuka O. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of peroral video-cholangioscopic visual findings and cholangioscopy-guided forceps biopsy findings for indeterminate biliary lesions: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.10.011.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Hoffman A, Kiesslich R, Bittinger F, Galle PR, Neurath MF. Methylene blue-aided cholangioscopy in patients with biliary strictures: feasibility and outcome analysis. Endoscopy. 2008;40:563–571. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-995688.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Izuishi K, Tajiri H, Ryu M et al. Detection of bile duct cancer by autofluorescence cholangioscopy: a pilot study. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46:804–807.PubMed

33.

Das A, Isenberg G, Wong RC, Sivak MV Jr, Chak A. Wire-guided intraductal US: an adjunct to ERCP in the management of bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.115006.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Kubota Y, Takaoka M, Yamamoto S et al. Diagnosis of common bile duct calculi with intraductal ultrasonography during endoscopic biliary cannulation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:708–712. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02753.x.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Meeralam Y, Al-Shammari K, Yaghoobi M. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS compared with MRCP in detecting choledocholithiasis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in head-to-head studies. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86:986–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2017.06.009.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Tamada K, Nagai H, Yasuda Y et al. Transpapillary intraductal US prior to biliary drainage in the assessment of longitudinal spread of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(01)70402-6.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Tamada K, Ueno N, Tomiyama T et al. Characterization of biliary strictures using intraductal ultrasonography: comparison with percutaneous cholangioscopic biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(98)70216-0.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Chen L, Lu Y, Wu JC, Bie L, Xia L, Gong B. Diagnostic utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography/intraductal ultrasound (ERC/IDUS) in distinguishing malignant from benign bile duct obstruction. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:610–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3896-1.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Baron TH, Clain JE et al. Evaluation of indeterminate bile duct strictures by intraductal US. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:372–379.CrossRef

40.

Domagk D, Wessling J, Reimer P et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, intraductal ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in bile duct strictures: a prospective comparison of imaging diagnostics with histopathological correlation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1684–1689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30347.x.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Eloubeidi MA, Chen VK, Jhala NC et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2:209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00005-9.CrossRefPubMed

42.

DeWitt J, Misra VL, Leblanc JK, McHenry L, Sherman S. EUS-guided FNA of proximal biliary strictures after negative ERCP brush cytology results. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;64:325–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.11.064.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Heimbach JK, Sanchez W, Rosen CB, Gores GJ. Trans-peritoneal fine needle aspiration biopsy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is associated with disease dissemination. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:356–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00298.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Rosen CB, Heimbach JK, Gores GJ. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma. Transpl Int. 2010;23:692–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01108.x.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Gores GJ, Gish RG, Sudan D, Rosen CB. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) exception for cholangiocarcinoma or biliary dysplasia. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:S95–S97. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20965.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Rösch T, Lorenz R, Braig C et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic tumor diagnosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(91)70729-3.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Wallace M, Lauwers GY, Chen Y et al. Miami classification for probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy. Endoscopy. 2011;43:882–891. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1256632.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Meining A, Shah RJ, Slivka A et al. Classification of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy findings in pancreaticobiliary strictures. Endoscopy. 2012;44:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1291545.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Caillol F, Filoche B, Gaidhane M, Kahaleh M. Refined probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy classification for biliary strictures: the Paris Classification. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:1784–1789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2533-5.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Taunk P, Singh S, Lichtenstein D, Joshi V, Gold J, Sharma A. Improved classification of indeterminate biliary strictures by probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy using the Paris Criteria following biliary stenting. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:1778–1783. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13782.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Slivka A, Gan I, Jamidar P et al. Validation of the diagnostic accuracy of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for the characterization of indeterminate biliary strictures: results of a prospective multicenter international study. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.10.009.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Liu Y, Lu Y, Sun B et al. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of undetermined biliary stenoses: a meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016;40:666–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2016.05.007.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Testoni PA, Mariani A, Mangiavillano B et al. Main pancreatic duct, common bile duct and sphincter of Oddi structure visualized by optical coherence tomography: an ex vivo study compared with histology. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38:409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2006.02.014.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Seitz U, Freund J, Jaeckle S et al. First in vivo optical coherence tomography in the human bile duct. Endoscopy. 2001;33:1018–1021. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18934.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Arvanitakis M, Hookey L, Tessier G et al. Intraductal optical coherence tomography during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for investigation of biliary strictures. Endoscopy. 2009;41:696–701. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1214950.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Tyberg A, Xu MM, Gaidhane M, Kahaleh M. Second generation optical coherence tomography: preliminary experience in pancreatic and biliary strictures. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:1214–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.05.019.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Costache MI, Costache CA, Dumitrescu CI, et al. Which is the best imaging method in pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis and staging CT, MRI or EUS? Curr Health Sci J 2017. p. 132–6.

59.

Mertz HR, Sechopoulos P, Delbeke D, Leach SD. EUS, PET, and CT scanning for evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:367–371. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2000.107727.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Raman SP, Horton KM, Fishman EK. Multimodality imaging of pancreatic cancer-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Cancer J. 2012;18:511–522. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e318274a461.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Miller FH, Rini NJ, Keppke AL. MRI of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:W365–W374. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.05.0875.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Volmar KE, Vollmer RT, Jowell PS, Nelson RC, Xie HB. Pancreatic FNA in 1000 cases: a comparison of imaging modalities. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:854–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(05)00364-0.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Wang W, Shpaner A, Krishna SG et al. Use of EUS-FNA in diagnosing pancreatic neoplasm without a definitive mass on CT. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2013.01.040.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Voss M, Hammel P, Molas G et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses. Gut. 2000;46:244–249. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.46.2.244.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Varadarajulu S, Eltoum I, Tamhane A, Eloubeidi MA. Histopathologic correlates of noncalcific chronic pancreatitis by EUS: a prospective tissue characterization study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2006.12.043.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Stevens T, Dumot JA, Zuccaro G Jr et al. Evaluation of duct-cell and acinar-cell function and endosonographic abnormalities in patients with suspected chronic pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.09.002.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Gardner TB, Levy MJ. EUS diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:1280–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2010.02.038.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Bhutani MS, Gress FG, Giovannini M et al. The No Endosonographic Detection of Tumor (NEST) Study: a case series of pancreatic cancers missed on endoscopic ultrasonography. Endoscopy. 2004;36:385–389. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-814320.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Fritscher-Ravens A, Knoefel WT, Krause C, Swain CP, Brandt L, Patel K. Three-dimensional linear endoscopic ultrasound-feasibility of a novel technique applied for the detection of vessel involvement of pancreatic masses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1296–1302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41681.x.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Kim JH, Eun HW, Park HJ, Hong SS, Kim YJ. Diagnostic performance of MRI and EUS in the differentiation of benign from malignant pancreatic cyst and cyst communication with the main duct. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:2927–2935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.12.019.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Lim LG, Lakhtakia S, Ang TL et al. Factors determining diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration for pancreatic cystic lesions: a multicentre Asian study. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:1751–1757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-012-2528-2.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Kato T, Tsukamoto Y, Naitoh Y, Hirooka Y, Furukawa T, Hayakawa T. Ultrasonographic and endoscopic ultrasonographic angiography in pancreatic mass lesions. Acta Radiol. 1995;36:381–387.CrossRef

73.

Kitano M, Sakamoto H, Matsui U et al. A novel perfusion imaging technique of the pancreas: contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67:141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2007.07.045.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Becker D, Strobel D, Bernatik T, Hahn EG. Echo-enhanced color- and power-Doppler EUS for the discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:784–789. https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2001.115007.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Kitano M, Kudo M, Yamao K et al. Characterization of small solid tumors in the pancreas: the value of contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:303–310. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.354.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Gong TT, Hu DM, Zhu Q. Contrast-enhanced EUS for differential diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesions: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.02.051.CrossRefPubMed

77.

He XK, Ding Y, Sun LM. Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8:66392–66401. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18915.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Sugimoto M, Takagi T, Hikichi T et al. Conventional versus contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions: a prospective randomized trial. Pancreatology. 2015;15:538–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2015.06.005.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Gincul R, Palazzo M, Pujol B et al. Contrast-harmonic endoscopic ultrasound for the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a prospective multicenter trial. Endoscopy. 2014;46:373–379. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1364969.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Ishikawa T, Itoh A, Kawashima H et al. Usefulness of EUS combined with contrast-enhancement in the differential diagnosis of malignant versus benign and preoperative localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;71:951–959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.023.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Kamata K, Kitano M, Omoto S et al. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cysts. Endoscopy. 2016;48:35–41. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1393564.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Yamamoto N, Kato H, Tomoda T et al. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography with time-intensity curve analysis for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Endoscopy. 2016;48:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1393563.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Buxbaum J, Ko C, Varghese N et al. Qualitative and quantitative contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound improves evaluation of focal pancreatic lesions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18:917–25.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.054.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Giovannini M, Hookey LC, Bories E, Pesenti C, Monges G, Delpero JR. Endoscopic ultrasound elastography: the first step towards virtual biopsy? Preliminary results in 49 patients. Endoscopy. 2006;38:344–348. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-925158.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Kitano M, Yoshida T, Itonaga M, Tamura T, Hatamaru K, Yamashita Y. Impact of endoscopic ultrasonography on diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. J Gastroenterol. 2019;54:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-018-1519-2.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Iglesias-Garcia J, Larino-Noia J, Abdulkader I, Forteza J, Dominguez-Munoz JE. Quantitative endoscopic ultrasound elastography: an accurate method for the differentiation of solid pancreatic masses. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1172–1180. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.059.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Dawwas MF, Taha H, Leeds JS, Nayar MK, Oppong KW. Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative EUS elastography for discriminating malignant from benign solid pancreatic masses: a prospective, single-center study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:953–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.05.034.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Kume K, Sakai N, Goto T. Development of a novel endoscopic manipulation system: the Endoscopic Operation Robot ver.3. Endoscopy. 2015;47:815–819. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1391973.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Mei M, Ni J, Liu D, Jin P, Sun L. EUS elastography for diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:578–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.09.035.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Yamashita Y, Tanioka K, Kawaji Y et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography shear wave as a predictive factor of endocrine/exocrine dysfunction in chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15137.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Furukawa T, Tsukamoto Y, Naitoh Y, Hirooka Y, Katoh T. Evaluation of intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Endoscopy. 1993;25:577–581. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1010408.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Hara T, Yamaguchi T, Ishihara T et al. Diagnosis and patient management of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor of the pancreas by using peroral pancreatoscopy and intraductal ultrasonography. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.30337.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Furukawa T, Tsukamoto S, Hirooka Y et al. Diagnosis of the pancreatic diseases by intraductal ultrasound of the pancreas—with special reference to clinical cases difficult to diagnose differentially pancreatic diseases by the endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Rinsho Byori. 1994;42:118–126.PubMed

94.

Yamao K, Okubo K, Sawaka A et al. Endolumenal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Abdom Imaging. 2003;28:545–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-002-0080-9.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Furukawa T, Oohashi K, Yamao K et al. Intraductal ultrasonography of the pancreas: development and clinical potential. Endoscopy. 1997;29:561–569. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1004259.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Kobayashi G, Fujita N, Noda Y, Obana T, Takasawa O. Ultrasonographic findings and natural history of intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. J Med Ultrason 2001;2008:85–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-008-0188-9.CrossRef

97.

Kanemaki N, Nakazawa S, Inui K, Yoshino J, Yamao J, Okushima K. Three-dimensional intraductal ultrasonography: preliminary results of a new technique for the diagnosis of diseases of the pancreatobiliary system. Endoscopy. 1997;29:726–731. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1004297.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Prachayakul V, Aswakul P, Kachintorn U. Overtube-assisted direct peroral pancreatoscopy using an ultraslim gastroscope in a patient suspected of having an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Endoscopy. 2011;43:E279–E280. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1256436.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Sung KF, Chu YY, Liu NJ et al. Direct peroral cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy for diagnosis of a pancreatobiliary fistula caused by an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: a case report. Dig Endosc. 2011;23:247–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-1661.2011.01126.x.CrossRefPubMed

100.

El H II, Brauer BC, Wani S, Fukami N, Attwell AR, Shah RJ. Role of per-oral pancreatoscopy in the evaluation of suspected pancreatic duct neoplasia: a 13-year U.S. single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:737–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2016.07.040.CrossRef

101.

Furukawa T, Tsukamoto Y, Naitoh Y, Mitake M, Hirooka Y, Hayakawa T. Differential diagnosis of pancreatic diseases with an intraductal ultrasound system. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;40:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(94)70169-5.CrossRefPubMed

102.

Napoléon B, Lemaistre AI, Pujol B et al. A novel approach to the diagnosis of pancreatic serous cystadenoma: needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy. Endoscopy. 2015;47:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1390693.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Krishna SG, Rao BB, Ugbarugba E et al. Diagnostic performance of endoscopic ultrasound for detection of pancreatic malignancy following an indeterminate multidetector CT scan: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:4558–4567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5516-y.CrossRefPubMed

104.

Krishna SG, Hart PA, DeWitt JM et al. EUS-guided confocal laser endomicroscopy: prediction of dysplasia in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2020;91:551–63.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2019.09.014.CrossRefPubMed

105.

Keane MG, Wehnert N, Perez-Machado M et al. A prospective trial of CONfocal endomicroscopy in CYSTic lesions of the pancreas: CONCYST-01. Endosc Int Open. 2019;7:E1117–E1122. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0957-2976.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Advanced Imaging of the Biliary System and Pancreas
Authors: Selena Zhou
James Buxbaum
Publication date: 16-02-2022
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Ultrasound
Chronic Pancreatitis
Ultrasound
Laser
Pancreatic Cyst
Published in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences / Issue 5/2022
Print ISSN: 0163-2116
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2568
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-022-07389-9

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Advanced Imaging of the Biliary System and Pancreas

Abstract

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2022

When ERCP Fails: EUS-Guided Access to Biliary and Pancreatic Ducts

Lumen Apposition: A Changing Landscape in Therapeutic Endoscopy

Endoscopic Management of Barrett's Esophagus

Does Surveillance Increase Survival? Benefits of Periodic Colonoscopy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Colorectal Cancer

Variceal Bleeding: Beyond Banding

Advances in Endoscopic Techniques and Technology: Old Problems, New Frontiers

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page