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Brain Structure and Function
Published in: Brain Structure and Function 9/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Review

Cortical visual area CSv as a cingulate motor area: a sensorimotor interface for the control of locomotion

Author: Andrew T. Smith

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 9/2021

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Abstract

The response properties, connectivity and function of the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) are reviewed. Cortical area CSv has been identified in both human and macaque brains. It has similar response properties and connectivity in the two species. It is situated bilaterally in the cingulate sulcus close to an established group of medial motor/premotor areas. It has strong connectivity with these areas, particularly the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area, suggesting that it is involved in motor control. CSv is active during visual stimulation but only if that stimulation is indicative of self-motion. It is also active during vestibular stimulation and connectivity data suggest that it receives proprioceptive input. Connectivity with topographically organized somatosensory and motor regions strongly emphasizes the legs over the arms. Together these properties suggest that CSv provides a key interface between the sensory and motor systems in the control of locomotion. It is likely that its role involves online control and adjustment of ongoing locomotory movements, including obstacle avoidance and maintaining the intended trajectory. It is proposed that CSv is best seen as part of the cingulate motor complex. In the human case, a modification of the influential scheme of Picard and Strick (Picard and Strick, Cereb Cortex 6:342–353, 1996) is proposed to reflect this.
Footnotes
1
The words “homologue” and “homologous” are used here to refer to cortical areas in two species that have closely related functions and are assumed to derive from the same anatomical region in a common ancestor, whether or not they still have corresponding anatomical locations.
 
2
Different classificatory systems are in use for sub-divisions of both human and macaque cerebral cortex and these sometimes reflect differences not only in terminology but also in the positions of boundaries and the number of sub-divisions. In this review, Brodmann’s system is used to provide anchor points while refinements and sub-divisions are described in the terms chosen by the authors cited. Alternative names for the same area are added where this will aid clarity.
 
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Metadata
Title
Cortical visual area CSv as a cingulate motor area: a sensorimotor interface for the control of locomotion
Author
Andrew T. Smith
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Brain Structure and Function / Issue 9/2021
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02325-5

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