Top

Published in:

01-12-2012 | NON-THEMATIC REVIEW

Metastatic view of breast cancer

Author: Gaspar Banfalvi

Published in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews | Issue 3-4/2012

Abstract

The ancient view regarding breast cancer as a metastasis has not been supported so far by experimental evidence. We have implanted nephroblastoma tumor cells resulting in a rat metastatic kidney capsule–parathymic lymph node (PTN) model. India ink implantation confirmed the lymphatic connection between the primary tumor of the kidney and PTNs. ¹⁸F-FDG glucose analog distribution provided further evidence that the first metastatic sites of distant tumor progression are PTNs. Tumor invasion caused disruptions in the tissue of the primary renal tumor, releasing cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity. Colloidal particles, among them bacteria and India ink, crossed transdiaphragmatic channels drained from the peritonel cavity to the thoracic lymphatics and entered not only in the parathymic lymph nodes but also in the anterior mammary lymph nodes. The kidney capsule–PTN complex is reflecting a so far unknown mechanism of tumor development and suggests a similar tumor progression directed towards mammary lymph nodes. The mammalian tumor model provides a reasonable explanation for breast cancer development viewed as a metastasis, rather than a primary tumor.

Chaffer, C. L., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011). A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science, 331, 1559–1564.PubMedCrossRef

Allen, J. P., Allen, S. J., Patch, D. C., & Mininberg, D. T. (2005). The art of medicine in ancient Egypt (p. 70). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Arts. http://medicineworld.org/cancer/history.html.

Loris, P. (1970). Aselli, Gaspare. Dictionary of scientific biography (pp. 315–316). New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

James, O. (2002). Bathsheba’s breast: women, cancer, and history. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.

Doe, J. (1960). Jean Astruc (1694–1766): a biography and bibliography. Journal of the History Medicine, 15, 184–197.

Halsted, W. S. (1894). The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1899, to January, 1894. Annals of Surgery, 20, 497–555.PubMedCrossRef

Urban, J. A., & Baker, H. W. (1952). Radical mastectomy in continuity with en bloc resection of the internal mammary lymph-node chain; a new procedure for primary operable cancer of the breast. Cancer, 5, 992–1008.PubMedCrossRef

Stockwell, S. (1983). Classics in oncology: George Thomas Beatson, M.D. (1848–1933). Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 33, 105–107.CrossRef

Chodosh, L. A., D’Cruz, C. M., Gardner, H. P., Ha, S. I., Marquis, S. T., Rajan, J. V., Stairs, D. B., Wang, J. Y., & Wang, M. (1999). Mammary gland development, reproductive history, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Research, 59, 1765–1771.PubMed

10.

MacMahon, B., Cole, P., Lin, T. M., Lowe, C. R., Mirra, A. P., Ravnihar, B., Salber, E. J., Valaoras, V. G., & Yuasa, S. (1970). Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 43, 209–221.PubMed

11.

Layde, P. M., Webster, L. A., Baughman, A. L., Wingo, P. A., Rubin, G. L., & Ory, H. W. (1989). The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study Group. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 42, 963–973.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Huggins, C. B., Grand, L. C., & Brillantes, F. P. (1961). Mammary cancer induced by a single feeding of polymucular hydrocarbons, and its suppression. Nature (London), 189, 204–207.CrossRef

13.

Huggins, C. B., Grand, L. C., & Oka, H. (1970). Hundred day leukemia: preferential induction in rat by pulse-doses of 7,8,12-trimethylbenz(a)anthracene. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 131, 321–330.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Huggins, C. B., Ueda, N., & Wiessler, M. (1981). N-Nitroso-N-methylurea elicits mammary cancer in resistant and sensitive rat strains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 78, 1185–1188.CrossRef

15.

Luft, R., & Olivecrona, H. (1957). Hypophysectomy in the treatment of malignant tumors. Cancer, 10, 789–794.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Crile, G., Jr. (1967). A biological consideration of treatment of breast cancer (p. 189). Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher.

17.

Travis, K. (2005). Bernard Fisher reflects on a half-entury’s worth of breast cancer research. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97, 1636–1637.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Hellman, S. (1994). Karnofsky memorial lecture. Natural history of small breast cancers. Journal Clinical Oncology, 12, 2229–2234.

19.

Weichselbaum, R. R., & Hellman, S. (2011). Oligometastases revisited. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 8, 378–382.PubMed

20.

Hart, I. R., & Fidler, I. J. (1980). Cancer invasion and metastasis. Quarterly Review of Biology, 55, 121–142.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Marco, A. J., Domingo, M., Ruberte, J., Carretero, A., Briones, V., & Dominguez, L. (1992). Lymphatic drainage of Listeria monocytogenes and Indian ink inoculated in the peritoneal cavity of the mouse. Laboratory Animals, 26, 200–205.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Abernethy, N. J., Chin, W., Hay, J. B., Rodela, H., Oreopoulos, D., & Johnston, M. G. (1991). Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep. American Journal of Physiology, 260, F353–F358.PubMed

23.

Pereira, C. T., Luiz Navarro Marques, F., Williams, J., Wlademir De Martin, B., & Primo Bombonato, P. (2008). 99mTc-labeled dextran for mammary lymphoscintigraphy in dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 49, 487–491.CrossRef

24.

Morcos, M. B., Lotfi, Z. S., Sabban, M. A., Ibrahim, M. S., & Nada, S. M. (1977). Mastitis concomitant with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in buffaloes. Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires, 8, 221–225.PubMed

25.

Nagy, J. A. (1992). Lymphatic and nonlymphatic pathways of peritoneal absorption in mice: physiology versus pathology. Blood Purification, 10, 148–162.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Banfalvi, G. (2012). Role of parathymic lymph nodes in metastatic tumor development. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 31, 89–97. doi:10.1007/s10555-011-9331-y.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Trencsenyi, G., Kertai, P., Bako, F., Hunyadi, J., Marian, T., Hargitai, Z., Pocsi, I., Muranyi, E., Hornyak, L., & Banfalvi, G. (2009). Renal capsule–parathymic lymph node complex: a new in vivo metastatic model in rats. Anticancer Research, 29, 2121–2126.PubMed

28.

Kamperdijk, E. W. A., van den Berg, M., & Hoefsmit, E. C. M. (1984). Lymph node accessory cells in the immune response. The primary response to paratyphoid vaccine in rat parathymic lymph nodes. Cell and Tissue Research, 237, 39–42.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Trencsenyi, G., Juhasz, T., Bako, F., Marian, T., Pocsi, I., Kertai, P., Hunyadi, J., & Banfalvi, G. (2010). Comparison of the tumorigenic potential of liver and kidney tumors induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine. Histology and Histopathology, 25, 309–320.PubMed

30.

Steer, H. W., & Foot, R. A. (1987). Changes in the medulla of the parathymic lymph nodes of the rat during acute gastro-intestinal inflammation. Journal of Anatomy, 152, 23–36.PubMed

31.

Nandi, S., Guzman, R. C., & Yang, J. (1995). Hormones and mammary carcinogenesis in mice, rats and humans: a unifying hypothesis. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 92, 3650–3657.CrossRef

32.

Patsikas, M. N., & Dessiris, A. (1996). The lymph drainage of the mammary glands in the Bitch: a lymphographic study. Part II: the 3rd mammary gland. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 25, 139–143.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Jardines, L., Goyal, S., Royce, M., Jaiyesimi, I., & Shari B. Goldfarb, S. B. (2012). Stages III and IV breast cancer. In: D. G. Haller, L. D. Wagman, K. A. Camphausen, & William J. Hoskins (Eds.), Cancer management: a multidisciplinary approach (14th Edition). Norwalk, CT, UBM Medica, 2012. http://www.ubmmedica.com

34.

Suwatanapongched, T., & Gierada, D. S. (2006). CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part I: anatomy and drainage. British Journal of Radiology, 79, 922–928.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Boorman, G., & Everitt, J. (2005). Neoplastic disease in the laboratory rat. In M. Suckow, S. Weisbroth, & C. Franklin (Eds.), 2nd Edition American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. Toronto: Academic.

36.

MacLennan, M. B., Anderson, B. M., & Ma, D. W. L. (2011). Differential mammary gland development in FVB and C57Bl/6 mice: implications for breast cancer research. Nutrients, 3, 929–936.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Akewanlop, C., Watanabe, M., Singh, B., Walker, M., Kufe, D. W., & Hayes, D. F. (2001). Phagocytosis of breast cancer cells mediated by anti-MUC-1 monoclonal antibody, DF3, and its bispecific antibody. Cancer Research, 61, 4061–4065.PubMed

38.

Hsieh, C. C., & Trichopoulos, D. (1991). Breast size, handedness and breast cancer risk. European Journal of Cancer, 27, 131–135.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Ford, D., Easton, D. F., & Peto, J. (1995). Estimates of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 1457–1462.PubMed

40.

Anglian Breast Cancer Study Group. (2000). Prevalence and penetrance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a population-based series of breast cancer cases. British Journal of Cancer, 83, 1301–1308.CrossRef

41.

Rozsa, D., Trencsenyi, G., Kertai, P., Marian, T., Nagy, G., & Banfalvi, G. (2009). Lymphatic spread of mesenchymal renal tumor to metastatic parathymic lymph nodes. Histolology and Histopathology, 24, 1367–1379.

42.

Wood, K., Cameron, M., & Fitzgerald, K. (2008). Breast size, bra fit and thoracic pain in young women: a correlational study. Chiropractic and Osteopathy, 16, 1–7.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Vendrell-Torné, E., Setoain-Quinquer, J., & Domenech-Torné, F. M. (1972). Study of normal mammary lymphatic drainage using radioactive isotopes. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 13, 801–805.PubMed

44.

Johnson, D., & Shah, P. (2005). Thorax. In S. Standring (Ed.), Gray’s anatomy (39th ed., pp. 951–1079). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Title: Metastatic view of breast cancer
Author: Gaspar Banfalvi
Publication date: 01-12-2012
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews / Issue 3-4/2012
Print ISSN: 0167-7659
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7233
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-012-9392-6

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3-4/2012

EZH2 inhibition: targeting the crossroad of tumor invasion and angiogenesis

Cancer stem cells, microRNAs, and therapeutic strategies including natural products

Biographies

Role of the EpCAM (CD326) in prostate cancer metastasis and progression

Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis to bone

Maspin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer