Top

Published in:

01-08-2019 | Frontotemporal Dementia | Review Article

Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias

Authors: Paul Noufi, Rita Khoury, Sajeeka Jeyakumar, George T. Grossberg

Published in: Drugs & Aging | Issue 8/2019

Abstract

Non-Alzheimer’s dementias constitute 30% of all dementias and present with major cognitive and behavioral disturbances. Cholinesterase inhibitors improve memory by increasing brain acetylcholine levels and are approved symptomatic therapies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). They have also been investigated in other types of dementias with potential cholinergic dysfunction. There is compelling evidence for a profound cholinergic deficit in Lewy Body dementia (LBD) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), even to a greater extent than AD. However, this deficit is difficult to objectivize in vascular dementia (VaD) given the increased comorbidity with AD. Furthermore, there is minimal to no evidence for cholinergic loss in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Although cholinesterase inhibitors showed significant improvement in cognitive, behavioral, and functional measures in both LBD and PDD clinical trials, only rivastigmine is approved for PDD, due to the heterogeneity of the scales used, the duration of trials, and the limited sample sizes impacting data interpretation. Similarly, the interpretation of findings in VaD trials are limited by the lack of pre-defined inclusion criteria for ‘pure VaD’ and the wide heterogeneity of patients enrolled with respect to location and extent of cerebrovascular disease. In FTD patients, cholinesterase inhibitors were mostly associated with worsening of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. In non-AD dementias, cholinesterase inhibitors were well tolerated, with increased reports of mild to moderate cholinergic side effects and a non-significant trend for increased cardio and cerebrovascular events with rivastigmine in VaD, justifying their cautious use on a case-by-case basis, especially when there is evidence for cholinergic deficit.

World Health Organization WHO. Dementia. 2017. https://www-who-int.ezp.slu.edu/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia. Accessed 03 Sep 2019.

DSM-5 A. Neurocognitive Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Cummings J, Reiber C, Kumar P. The price of progress: funding and financing Alzheimer’s disease drug development. Alzheimer’s Dement (New York, N Y). 2018;4:330–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2018.04.008.CrossRef

Khoury R, Patel K, Gold J, Hinds S, Grossberg GT. Recent Progress in the Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. Drugs Aging. 2017;34(11):811–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-017-0499-x.CrossRefPubMed

Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66(2):137. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.66.2.137.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jann MW, Shirley KL, Small GW. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2002;41(10):719–39. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200241100-00003.CrossRefPubMed

Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Of Syst Rev. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005593.CrossRef

Nordberg A, Ballard C, Bullock R, Darreh-Shori T, Somogyi M. A review of butyrylcholinesterase as a therapeutic target in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The primary care companion for CNS disorders. 2013;15(2). https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.12r01412.

Gustavson AR, Cummings JL. Cholinesterase inhibitors in non-Alzheimer dementias. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003;4(6 Suppl):S165–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jam.0000095367.55043.b5.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Reingold JL, Morgan JC, Sethi KD. Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(6):775–83.PubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Contestabile A. The history of the cholinergic hypothesis. Behav Brain Res. 2011;221(2):334–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.044.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Pepeu G, Grazia Giovannini M. The fate of the brain cholinergic neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. 2017;1670:173–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.06.023.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Outeiro TF, Koss DJ, Erskine D, Walker L, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Burn D, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies: an update and outlook. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-019-0306-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor J-P, Weintraub D, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017;89(1):88–100. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Nejad-Davarani S, Koeppe RA, Albin RL, Frey KA, Müller MLTM, Bohnen NI. Quantification of brain cholinergic denervation in dementia with Lewy bodies using PET imaging with [(18)F]-FEOBV. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(3):322–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0130-5.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Dugger BN, Murray ME, Boeve BF, Parisi JE, Benarroch EE, Ferman TJ, et al. Neuropathological analysis of brainstem cholinergic and catecholaminergic nuclei in relation to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2012;38(2):142–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01203.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Perry EK, Marshall E, Kerwin J, Smith CJ, Jabeen S, Cheng AV, et al. Evidence of a monoaminergic-cholinergic imbalance related to visual hallucinations in Lewy body dementia. J Neurochem. 1990;55(4):1454–6.CrossRef

18.

Ferman TJ, Boeve BF. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(3):741–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2007.03.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

O’Brien JT, Colloby SJ, Pakrasi S, Perry EK, Pimlott SL, Wyper DJ, et al. Nicotinic alpha4beta2 receptor binding in dementia with Lewy bodies using 123I-5IA-85380 SPECT demonstrates a link between occipital changes and visual hallucinations. NeuroImage. 2008;40(3):1056–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.010.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Aarsland D, Creese B, Politis M, Chaudhuri KR, Ffytche DH, Weintraub D, et al. Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(4):217–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.27.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Roy R, Niccolini F, Pagano G, Politis M. Cholinergic imaging in dementia spectrum disorders. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(7):1376–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-016-3349-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Kotagal V, Muller ML, Kaufer DI, Koeppe RA, Bohnen NI. Thalamic cholinergic innervation is spared in Alzheimer disease compared to parkinsonian disorders. Neurosci Lett. 2012;514(2):169–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.083.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Asahina M, Suhara T, Shinotoh H, Inoue O, Suzuki K, Hattori T. Brain muscarinic receptors in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson’s disease: a positron emission tomographic study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(2):155–63.CrossRef

24.

Ballard C, Ziabreva I, Perry R, Larsen JP, O’Brien J, McKeith I, et al. Differences in neuropathologic characteristics across the Lewy body dementia spectrum. Neurology. 2006;67(11):1931–4. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000249130.63615.cc.CrossRefPubMed

25.

O’Brien JT, Thomas A. Vascular dementia. Lancet (London, England). 2015;386(10004):1698–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00463-8.CrossRef

26.

Khan A, Kalaria RN, Corbett A, Ballard C. Update on vascular dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2016;29(5):281–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988716654987.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Roman GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27(12):1769–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.004.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Saito H, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Nakamura N, Minami M, Parvez H. Animal models of vascular dementia with emphasis on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl. 1995;22(1):S257–9.CrossRef

29.

Gottfries CG, Blennow K, Karlsson I, Wallin A. The neurochemistry of vascular dementia. Dementia (Basel, Switzerland). 1994;5(3–4):163–7.

30.

Tohgi H, Abe T, Kimura M, Saheki M, Takahashi S. Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine and choline in vascular dementia of Binswanger and multiple small infarct types as compared with Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 1996;103(10):1211–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01271206.CrossRef

31.

Perry E, Ziabreva I, Perry R, Aarsland D, Ballard C. Absence of cholinergic deficits in “pure” vascular dementia. Neurology. 2005;64(1):132–3. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000148591.63727.80.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Sharp SI, Francis PT, Elliott MS, Kalaria RN, Bajic N, Hortobagyi T, et al. Choline acetyltransferase activity in vascular dementia and stroke. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28(3):233–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000239235.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Keverne JS, Low WC, Ziabreva I, Court JA, Oakley AE, Kalaria RN. Cholinergic neuronal deficits in CADASIL. Stroke. 2007;38(1):188–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000251787.90695.05.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Mesulam M, Siddique T, Cohen B. Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: observations on CADASIL. Neurology. 2003;60(7):1183–5.CrossRef

35.

Liu Q, Zhu Z, Teipel SJ, Yang J, Xing Y, Tang Y, et al. White matter damage in the cholinergic system contributes to cognitive impairment in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Engelhardt E, Moreira DM, Laks J. Vascular dementia and the cholinergic pathways. Dement Neuropsychol. 2007;1(1):2–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642008DN10100002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Wang J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30(7):879–88. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2009.82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cattaruzza T, Cazzato G, Bava A. Rivastigmine in frontotemporal dementia: an open-label study. Drugs Aging. 2004;21(14):931–7. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200421140-00003.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Young JJ, Lavakumar M, Tampi D, Balachandran S, Tampi RR. Frontotemporal dementia: latest evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(1):33–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125317739818.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Bang J, Spina S, Miller BL. Frontotemporal dementia. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2015;386(10004):1672–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00461-4.CrossRef

41.

Huey ED, Putnam KT, Grafman J. A systematic review of neurotransmitter deficits and treatments in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2006;66(1):17–22. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000191304.55196.4d.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Murley AG, Rowe JB. Neurotransmitter deficits from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Brain J Neurol. 2018;141(5):1263–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx327.CrossRef

43.

Minami SS, Shen V, Le D, Krabbe G, Asgarov R, Perez-Celajes L, et al. Reducing inflammation and rescuing FTD-related behavioral deficits in progranulin-deficient mice with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;97(4):454–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.016.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Edwards KR, Hershey L, Wray L, Bednarczyk EM, Lichter D, Farlow M, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a 12-week interim analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17(Suppl 1):40–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000074681.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Edwards K, Royall D, Hershey L, Lichter D, Hake A, Farlow M, et al. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a 24-week open-label study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(6):401–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000101512.CrossRefPubMed

46.

McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, Emre M, Wesnes K, Anand R, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2000;356(9247):2031–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03399-7.CrossRef

47.

Grace J, Daniel S, Stevens T, Shankar KK, Walker Z, Byrne EJ, et al. Long-Term use of rivastigmine in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an open-label trial. Int Psychogeriatr. 2001;13(2):199–205.CrossRef

48.

Maclean LE, Collins CC, Byrne EJ. Dementia with Lewy bodies treated with rivastigmine: effects on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and sleep. Int Psychogeriatr. 2001;13(3):277–88.CrossRef

49.

Grace JB, Walker MP, McKeith IG. A comparison of sleep profiles in patients with dementia with lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15(11):1028–33.CrossRef

50.

Rozzini L, Chilovi BV, Bertoletti E, Conti M, Delrio I, Trabucchi M, et al. Cognitive and psychopathologic response to rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer’s disease: a case control study. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Dement. 2007;22(1):42–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317506297517.CrossRef

51.

Mori E, Ikeda M, Kosaka K, Donepezil DLBSI. Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(1):41–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23557.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Ikeda M, Mori E, Kosaka K, Iseki E, Hashimoto M, Matsukawa N, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: results from a 52-week, open-label, multicenter extension study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36(3–4):229–41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000351672.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Ikeda M, Mori E, Matsuo K, Nakagawa M, Kosaka K. Donepezil for dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, confirmatory phase III trial. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015;7(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-014-0083-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Mori E, Ikeda M, Nagai R, Matsuo K, Nakagawa M, Kosaka K. Long-term donepezil use for dementia with Lewy bodies: results from an open-label extension of Phase III trial. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015;7(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-014-0081-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Mori E, Ikeda M, Nakai K, Miyagishi H, Nakagawa M, Kosaka K. Increased plasma donepezil concentration improves cognitive function in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an exploratory pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis in a phase 3 randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2016;366:184–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.001.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Mori E, Ikeda M, Nakagawa M, Miyagishi H, Kosaka K. Pretreatment cognitive profile likely to benefit from donepezil treatment in dementia with lewy bodies: pooled analyses of two randomized controlled trials. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016;42(1–2):58–68. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447586.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Samuel W, Caligiuri M, Galasko D, Lacro J, Marini M, McClure FS, et al. Better cognitive and psychopathologic response to donepezil in patients prospectively diagnosed as dementia with Lewy bodies: a preliminary study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15(9):794–802.CrossRef

58.

Pakrasi S, Thomas A, Mosimann UP, Cousins DA, Lett D, Burn DJ, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors in advanced Dementia with Lewy bodies: increase or stop? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(8):719–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1547.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Mori S, Mori E, Iseki E, Kosaka K. Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: preliminary findings from an open-label study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60(2):190–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01485.x.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Rowan E, McKeith IG, Saxby BK, O’Brien JT, Burn D, Mosimann U, et al. Effects of donepezil on central processing speed and attentional measures in Parkinson’s disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(3):161–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000098335.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Kazui H, Adachi H, Kanemoto H, Yoshiyama K, Wada T, Tokumasu Nomura K, et al. Effects of donepezil on sleep disturbances in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: an open-label study with actigraphy. Psychiatry Res. 2017;251:312–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.039.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Ozaki A, Nishida M, Koyama K, Ishikawa K, Nishikawa T. Donepezil-induced sleep spindle in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies: a case report. Psychogeriatrics. 2012;12(4):255–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2012.00411.x.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Fujita Y, Takebayashi M. Efficacy of low-dose donepezil for visual hallucinations in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;64(3):336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02088.x.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Satoh M, Ishikawa H, Meguro K, Kasuya M, Ishii H, Yamaguchi S. Improved visual hallucination by donepezil and occipital glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies: the Osaki-Tajiri project. Eur Neurol. 2010;64(6):337–44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322121.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Ukai K, Fujishiro H, Iritani S, Ozaki N. Long-term efficacy of donepezil for relapse of visual hallucinations in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Psychogeriatrics. 2015;15(2):133–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12089.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, et al. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(24):2509–18. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa041470.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Poewe W, Wolters E, Emre M, Onofrj M, Hsu C, Tekin S, et al. Long-term benefits of rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease: an active treatment extension study. Mov Disord. 2006;21(4):456–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20700.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Aarsland D, Hutchinson M, Larsen JP. Cognitive, psychiatric and motor response to galantamine in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18(10):937–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.949.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Litvinenko IV, Odinak MM, Mogil’naya VI, Emelin AY. Efficacy and safety of galantamine (reminyl) for dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (an open controlled trial). Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2008;38(9):937–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-008-9077-3.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Hiraoka K, Okamura N, Funaki Y, Hayashi A, Tashiro M, Hisanaga K, et al. Cholinergic deficit and response to donepezil therapy in Parkinson’s disease with dementia. Eur Neurol. 2012;68(3):137–43. https://doi.org/10.1159/000338774.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Werber EA, Rabey JM. The beneficial effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease and dementia. J Neural Transm (Vienna, Austria: 1996). 2001;108(11):1319–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020100008.CrossRef

72.

Thomas AJ, Burn DJ, Rowan EN, Littlewood E, Newby J, Cousins D, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of donepezil in Parkinson’s disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(10):938–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1381.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Leroi I, Brandt J, Reich SG, Lyketsos CG, Grill S, Thompson R, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.993.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, Farrar JT, Gillespie M, Crawley A, et al. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):934–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.050682.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Dubois B, Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R, Emre M, Lees AJ, Schumann G, et al. Donepezil in Parkinson’s disease dementia: a randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study. Mov Disord. 2012;27(10):1230–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25098.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Wilkinson D, Doody R, Helme R, Taubman K, Mintzer J, Kertesz A, et al. Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 2003;61(4):479–86.CrossRef

77.

Black S, Roman GC, Geldmacher DS, Salloway S, Hecker J, Burns A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: positive results of a 24-week, multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke. 2003;34(10):2323–30. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000091396.95360.E1.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Wilkinson D, Roman G, Salloway S, Hecker J, Boundy K, Kumar D, et al. The long-term efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in patients with vascular dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(3):305–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2340.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Roman GC, Salloway S, Black SE, Royall DR, Decarli C, Weiner MW, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of donepezil in vascular dementia: differential effects by hippocampal size. Stroke. 2010;41(6):1213–21. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.570077.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Kwon JC, Kim EG, Kim JW, Kwon OD, Yoo BG, Yi HA, et al. A multicenter, open-label, 24-week follow-up study for efficacy on cognitive function of donepezil in Binswanger-type subcortical vascular dementia. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Dement. 2009;24(4):293–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317509334960.CrossRef

81.

Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2002;359(9314):1283–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08267-3.CrossRef

82.

Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Small GW, Bullock R, Lilienfeld S, Damaraju CV, et al. An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Clin Ther. 2003;25(6):1765–82.CrossRef

83.

Auchus AP, Brashear HR, Salloway S, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Gassmann-Mayer C, et al. Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2007;69(5):448–58. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000266625.31615.f6.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Bava A. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: an open 22-month study. J Neurol Sci. 2002;203–204:141–6.CrossRef

85.

Mok V, Wong A, Ho S, Leung T, Lam WW, Wong KS. Rivastigmine in Chinese patients with subcortical vascular dementia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(6):943–8.PubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Bava A. Rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia: a randomized, controlled, open 12-month study in 208 patients. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Dement. 2003;18(5):265–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/153331750301800508.CrossRef

87.

Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Cazzato G, Pizzolato G. Different responses to rivastigmine in subcortical vascular dementia and multi-infarct dementia. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Dement. 2008;23(2):167–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317507312558.CrossRef

88.

Ballard C, Sauter M, Scheltens P, He Y, Barkhof F, van Straaten EC, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the VantagE study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(9):2561–74. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007990802328142.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Kertesz A, Morlog D, Light M, Blair M, Davidson W, Jesso S, et al. Galantamine in frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008;25(2):178–85. https://doi.org/10.1159/000113034.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Mendez MF, Shapira JS, McMurtray A, Licht E. Preliminary findings: behavioral worsening on donepezil in patients with frontotemporal dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15(1):84–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000231744.69631.33.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Arciniegas DB, Anderson CA. Donepezil-induced confusional state in a patient with autopsy-proven behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25(3):E25–6. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12060158.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, Lees A. Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd003735.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Mori E, Ikeda M, Nakagawa M, Miyagishi H, Yamaguchi H, Kosaka K. Effects of donepezil on extrapyramidal symptoms in patients with dementia with lewy bodies: a secondary pooled analysis of two randomized-controlled and two open-label long-term extension studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;40(3–4):186–98. https://doi.org/10.1159/000433524.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Oertel W, Poewe W, Wolters E, De Deyn PP, Emre M, Kirsch C, et al. Effects of rivastigmine on tremor and other motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease dementia: a retrospective analysis of a double-blind trial and an open-label extension. Drug Saf. 2008;31(1):79–94. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200831010-00007.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Khoury R, Rajamanickam J, Grossberg GT. An update on the safety of current therapies for Alzheimer’s disease: focus on rivastigmine. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2018;9(3):171–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042098617750555.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Emre M, Poewe W, De Deyn PP, Barone P, Kulisevsky J, Pourcher E, et al. Long-term safety of rivastigmine in parkinson disease dementia: an open-label, randomized study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000010.CrossRefPubMed

97.

Wang HF, Yu JT, Tang SW, Jiang T, Tan CC, Meng XF, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(2):135–43. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-307659.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Meng Y-H, Wang P-P, Song Y-X, Wang J-H. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for Parkinson’s disease dementia and Lewy body dementia: a meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(3):1611–24. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.7129.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Weintraub D, Somogyi M, Meng X. Rivastigmine in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease dementia: an ADAS-cog factor analysis. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis other Dement. 2011;26(6):443–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317511424892.CrossRef

100.

Kavirajan H, Schneider LS. Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(9):782–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70195-3.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Bohnen NI, Grothe MJ, Ray NJ, Muller M, Teipel SJ. Recent advances in cholinergic imaging and cognitive decline-Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis of dementia. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2018;7(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-018-0234-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

102.

Fotiou DF, Stergiou V, Tsiptsios D, Lithari C, Nakou M, Karlovasitou A. Cholinergic deficiency in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: evaluation with pupillometry. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;73(2):143–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.011.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias
Authors: Paul Noufi
Rita Khoury
Sajeeka Jeyakumar
George T. Grossberg
Publication date: 01-08-2019
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Keywords: Frontotemporal Dementia
Vascular Dementia
Frontotemporal Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease
Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease
Vascular Dementia
Dementia
Published in: Drugs & Aging / Issue 8/2019
Print ISSN: 1170-229X
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1969
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-019-00685-6

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 8/2019

Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of O-Desmethyltramadol in Young and Elderly Healthy Volunteers

Systemic Treatment of Prostate Cancer in Elderly Patients: Current Role and Safety Considerations of Androgen-Targeting Strategies

Did Generic Clopidogrel Commercialization Affect Trends of ER Consultations and Hospitalizations in the Population Treated with Clopidogrel?

Going Beyond the Guidelines in Individualising the Use of Antihypertensive Drugs in Older Patients

Optimizing Drug Therapies in Patients with COPD in the US Nursing Home Setting

Statins for Primary Prevention in Those Aged 70 Years and Older: A Critical Review of Recent Cholesterol Guidelines

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage