Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Clinical and Translational Medicine 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Perspective

A systematic approach to cancer: evolution beyond selection

Authors: William B. Miller Jr., John S. Torday

Published in: Clinical and Translational Medicine | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Cancer is typically scrutinized as a pathological process characterized by chromosomal aberrations and clonal expansion subject to stochastic Darwinian selection within adaptive cellular ecosystems. Cognition based evolution is suggested as an alternative approach to cancer development and progression in which neoplastic cells of differing karyotypes and cellular lineages are assessed as self-referential agencies with purposive participation within tissue microenvironments. As distinct self-aware entities, neoplastic cells occupy unique participant/observer status within tissue ecologies. In consequence, neoplastic proliferation by clonal lineages is enhanced by the advantaged utilization of ecological resources through flexible re-connection with progenitor evolutionary stages.
Literature
1.
2.
3.
go back to reference Huang S (2013) Genetic and non-genetic instability in tumor progression: link between the fitness landscape and the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4):423–448PubMedCrossRef Huang S (2013) Genetic and non-genetic instability in tumor progression: link between the fitness landscape and the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4):423–448PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Merlo LM, Pepper JW, Reid BJ, Maley CC (2006) Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process. Nat Rev Cancer 6(12):924–935PubMedCrossRef Merlo LM, Pepper JW, Reid BJ, Maley CC (2006) Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process. Nat Rev Cancer 6(12):924–935PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Gerlinger M, Swanton C (2010) How Darwinian models inform therapeutic failure initiated by clonal heterogeneity in cancer medicine. Br J Cancer 103(8):1139–1143PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gerlinger M, Swanton C (2010) How Darwinian models inform therapeutic failure initiated by clonal heterogeneity in cancer medicine. Br J Cancer 103(8):1139–1143PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Gillies RJ, Verduzco D, Gatenby RA (2012) Evolutionary dynamics of carcinogenesis and why targeted therapy does not work. Nat Rev Cancer 12(7):487–493PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gillies RJ, Verduzco D, Gatenby RA (2012) Evolutionary dynamics of carcinogenesis and why targeted therapy does not work. Nat Rev Cancer 12(7):487–493PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Torday JS, Miller WB (2016) Biologic relativity: Who is the observer and what is observed? Prog Biophys Mol Biol 121(1):29–34PubMedCrossRef Torday JS, Miller WB (2016) Biologic relativity: Who is the observer and what is observed? Prog Biophys Mol Biol 121(1):29–34PubMedCrossRef
10.
11.
go back to reference Miller WB Jr (2013) The microcosm within: evolution and extinction in the hologenome. Universal-Publishers, Boca Raton Miller WB Jr (2013) The microcosm within: evolution and extinction in the hologenome. Universal-Publishers, Boca Raton
15.
go back to reference Gilbert SF (2014) Symbiosis as the way of eukaryotic life: the dependent co-origination of the body. J Biosci 39(2):201–209PubMedCrossRef Gilbert SF (2014) Symbiosis as the way of eukaryotic life: the dependent co-origination of the body. J Biosci 39(2):201–209PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Gilbert SF, McDonald E, Boyle N, Buttino N, Gyi L, Mai M, Prakash N, Robinson J (2010) Symbiosis as a source of selectable epigenetic variation: taking the heat for the big guy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365(1540):671–678PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gilbert SF, McDonald E, Boyle N, Buttino N, Gyi L, Mai M, Prakash N, Robinson J (2010) Symbiosis as a source of selectable epigenetic variation: taking the heat for the big guy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365(1540):671–678PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Tian X, Azpurua J, Hine C, Vaidya A, Myakishev-Rempel M, Ablaeva J, Mao Z, Nevo E, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A (2013) High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat. Nature 499(7458):346–349PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tian X, Azpurua J, Hine C, Vaidya A, Myakishev-Rempel M, Ablaeva J, Mao Z, Nevo E, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A (2013) High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat. Nature 499(7458):346–349PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Shapiro JA (2011) Evolution: a view from the 21st century. Pearson Education, London Shapiro JA (2011) Evolution: a view from the 21st century. Pearson Education, London
19.
go back to reference Lyon P (2015) The cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered. Front Microbiol 14(6):264 Lyon P (2015) The cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered. Front Microbiol 14(6):264
21.
go back to reference Bray D (2009) Wetware: a computer in every cell, vol 10. Yale University Press, New Haven, p 0300141734 Bray D (2009) Wetware: a computer in every cell, vol 10. Yale University Press, New Haven, p 0300141734
22.
go back to reference Freddolino PL, Tavazoie S (2012) Beyond homeostasis: a predictive-dynamic framework for understanding cellular behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 28:363–384PubMedCrossRef Freddolino PL, Tavazoie S (2012) Beyond homeostasis: a predictive-dynamic framework for understanding cellular behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 28:363–384PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Dong YH, Wang LH, Xu JL, Zhang HB, Zhang XF, Zhang LH (2001) Quenching quorum-sensing-dependent bacterial infection by an N-acyl homoserine lactonase. Nature 411(6839):813–817PubMedCrossRef Dong YH, Wang LH, Xu JL, Zhang HB, Zhang XF, Zhang LH (2001) Quenching quorum-sensing-dependent bacterial infection by an N-acyl homoserine lactonase. Nature 411(6839):813–817PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Williams P, Winzer K, Chan WC, Camara M (2007) Look who’s talking: communication and quorum sensing in the bacterial world. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 362(1483):1119–1134CrossRef Williams P, Winzer K, Chan WC, Camara M (2007) Look who’s talking: communication and quorum sensing in the bacterial world. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 362(1483):1119–1134CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Jacob EB, Shapira Y, Tauber AI (2006) Seeking the foundations of cognition in bacteria: from Schrödinger’s negative entropy to latent information. Phys A 1(359):495–524CrossRef Jacob EB, Shapira Y, Tauber AI (2006) Seeking the foundations of cognition in bacteria: from Schrödinger’s negative entropy to latent information. Phys A 1(359):495–524CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Shapiro JA (2007) Bacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, natural genetic engineering and socio-bacteriology. Stud Hist Philos Sci C Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 38(4):807–819CrossRef Shapiro JA (2007) Bacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, natural genetic engineering and socio-bacteriology. Stud Hist Philos Sci C Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci 38(4):807–819CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bruger E, Waters C (2015) Sharing the sandbox: evolutionary mechanisms that maintain bacterial cooperation. F1000Res 4:1504 Bruger E, Waters C (2015) Sharing the sandbox: evolutionary mechanisms that maintain bacterial cooperation. F1000Res 4:1504
28.
go back to reference Pinto D, Mascher T (2016) (Actino) bacterial “intelligence”: using comparative genomics to unravel the information processing capacities of microbes. Curr Genet 6:1–2 Pinto D, Mascher T (2016) (Actino) bacterial “intelligence”: using comparative genomics to unravel the information processing capacities of microbes. Curr Genet 6:1–2
29.
go back to reference Goo E, Majerczyk CD, An JH, Chandler JR, Seo YS, Ham H, Lim JY, Kim H, Lee B, Jang MS, Greenberg EP (2012) Bacterial quorum sensing, cooperativity, and anticipation of stationary-phase stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(48):19775–19780PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Goo E, Majerczyk CD, An JH, Chandler JR, Seo YS, Ham H, Lim JY, Kim H, Lee B, Jang MS, Greenberg EP (2012) Bacterial quorum sensing, cooperativity, and anticipation of stationary-phase stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(48):19775–19780PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kjelleberg S, Molin S (2002) Is there a role for quorum sensing signals in bacterial biofilms? Curr Opin Microbiol 5(3):254–258PubMedCrossRef Kjelleberg S, Molin S (2002) Is there a role for quorum sensing signals in bacterial biofilms? Curr Opin Microbiol 5(3):254–258PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Rubens JR, Selvaggio G, Lu TK (2016) Synthetic mixed-signal computation in living cells. Nat Commun 3:7 Rubens JR, Selvaggio G, Lu TK (2016) Synthetic mixed-signal computation in living cells. Nat Commun 3:7
36.
go back to reference Nicholson JM, Cimini D (2013) Cancer karyotypes: survival of the fittest. Front Oncol 7(3):148 Nicholson JM, Cimini D (2013) Cancer karyotypes: survival of the fittest. Front Oncol 7(3):148
37.
go back to reference Duncan AW, Newell AE, Smith L, Wilson EM, Olson SB, Thayer MJ, Strom SC, Grompe M (2012) Frequent aneuploidy among normal human hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 142(1):25–28PubMedCrossRef Duncan AW, Newell AE, Smith L, Wilson EM, Olson SB, Thayer MJ, Strom SC, Grompe M (2012) Frequent aneuploidy among normal human hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 142(1):25–28PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Weaver BA, Silk AD, Montagna C, Verdier-Pinard P, Cleveland DW (2007) Aneuploidy acts both oncogenically and as a tumor suppressor. Cancer Cell 11(1):25–36PubMedCrossRef Weaver BA, Silk AD, Montagna C, Verdier-Pinard P, Cleveland DW (2007) Aneuploidy acts both oncogenically and as a tumor suppressor. Cancer Cell 11(1):25–36PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Heng HH, Bremer SW, Stevens JB, Horne SD, Liu G, Abdallah BY, Karen JY, Christine JY (2013) Chromosomal instability (CIN): what it is and why it is crucial to cancer evolution. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4):325–340PubMedCrossRef Heng HH, Bremer SW, Stevens JB, Horne SD, Liu G, Abdallah BY, Karen JY, Christine JY (2013) Chromosomal instability (CIN): what it is and why it is crucial to cancer evolution. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4):325–340PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Shapiro JA (2011) Evolution: a view from the 21st century. FT Press Science, Upper Saddle River Shapiro JA (2011) Evolution: a view from the 21st century. FT Press Science, Upper Saddle River
43.
go back to reference Odling-Smee FJ, Laland KN, Feldman MW (2003) Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton Odling-Smee FJ, Laland KN, Feldman MW (2003) Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton
44.
45.
go back to reference Heylighen F (2001) The science of self-organization and adaptivity. Encycl Life Support Syst 5(3):253–280 Heylighen F (2001) The science of self-organization and adaptivity. Encycl Life Support Syst 5(3):253–280
46.
go back to reference Shapiro JA (1988) Bacteria as multicellular organisms. Sci Am 258(6):82–89CrossRef Shapiro JA (1988) Bacteria as multicellular organisms. Sci Am 258(6):82–89CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Gloag ES, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB (2015) Bacterial stigmergy: an organising principle of multicellular collective behaviours of bacteria. Scientifica 8:2015 Gloag ES, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB (2015) Bacterial stigmergy: an organising principle of multicellular collective behaviours of bacteria. Scientifica 8:2015
48.
go back to reference Jablonka E, Lamb MJ, Avital E (1998) ‘Lamarckian’mechanisms in darwinian evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 13(5):206–210PubMedCrossRef Jablonka E, Lamb MJ, Avital E (1998) ‘Lamarckian’mechanisms in darwinian evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 13(5):206–210PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Skinner MK (2015) Environmental epigenetics and a unified theory of the molecular aspects of evolution: a neo-Lamarckian concept that facilitates neo-Darwinian evolution. Genome Biol Evol 7(5):1296–1302PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Skinner MK (2015) Environmental epigenetics and a unified theory of the molecular aspects of evolution: a neo-Lamarckian concept that facilitates neo-Darwinian evolution. Genome Biol Evol 7(5):1296–1302PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Kim K, Doi A, Wen B, Ng K, Zhao R, Cahan P, Kim J, Aryee MJ, Ji H, Ehrlich LI, Yabuuchi A (2010) Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 467(7313):285–290PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim K, Doi A, Wen B, Ng K, Zhao R, Cahan P, Kim J, Aryee MJ, Ji H, Ehrlich LI, Yabuuchi A (2010) Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 467(7313):285–290PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Rehan VK, Liu J, Sakurai R, Torday JS (2013) Perinatal nicotine-induced transgenerational asthma. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305(7):L501–L507PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rehan VK, Liu J, Sakurai R, Torday JS (2013) Perinatal nicotine-induced transgenerational asthma. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol 305(7):L501–L507PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Torday JS (2015) The cell as the mechanistic basis for evolution. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 7(5):275–284PubMedCrossRef Torday JS (2015) The cell as the mechanistic basis for evolution. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 7(5):275–284PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Bohm D (2002) Wholeness and the implicate order. Psychology Press, New York Bohm D (2002) Wholeness and the implicate order. Psychology Press, New York
55.
go back to reference Hunt T (2011) Kicking the psychophysical laws into Gear a new approach to the combination problem. J Conscious Stud 18(11–12):96–134 Hunt T (2011) Kicking the psychophysical laws into Gear a new approach to the combination problem. J Conscious Stud 18(11–12):96–134
56.
go back to reference Alvarez MJ, Shen Y, Giorgi FM, Lachmann A, Ding BB, Ye BH, Califano A (2016) Functional characterization of somatic mutations in cancer using network-based inference of protein activity. Nat Genet 48(8):838–47PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Alvarez MJ, Shen Y, Giorgi FM, Lachmann A, Ding BB, Ye BH, Califano A (2016) Functional characterization of somatic mutations in cancer using network-based inference of protein activity. Nat Genet 48(8):838–47PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
go back to reference De Loof A (2015) From Darwin’s on the origin of species by means of natural selection to the evolution of life with communication activity as its very essence and driving force (=mega-evolution). Life Exc Biol 3(3):153–187CrossRef De Loof A (2015) From Darwin’s on the origin of species by means of natural selection to the evolution of life with communication activity as its very essence and driving force (=mega-evolution). Life Exc Biol 3(3):153–187CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Davis MM, Krogsgaard M, Huse M, Huppa J, Lillemeier BF, Li QJ (2007) T cells as a self-referential, sensory organ. Annu Rev Immunol 23(25):681–695CrossRef Davis MM, Krogsgaard M, Huse M, Huppa J, Lillemeier BF, Li QJ (2007) T cells as a self-referential, sensory organ. Annu Rev Immunol 23(25):681–695CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Deisboeck TS, Couzin ID (2009) Collective behavior in cancer cell populations. BioEssays 31(2):190–197PubMedCrossRef Deisboeck TS, Couzin ID (2009) Collective behavior in cancer cell populations. BioEssays 31(2):190–197PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Lobo NA, Shimono Y, Qian D, Clarke MF (2007) The biology of cancer stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 10(23):675–699CrossRef Lobo NA, Shimono Y, Qian D, Clarke MF (2007) The biology of cancer stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 10(23):675–699CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Danø K, Rømer J, Nielsen BS, Bjørn S, Pyke C, Rygaard J, Lund LR (1999) Cancer invasion and tissue remodeling-cooperation of protease systems and cell types. Apmis 107(1–6):120–127PubMedCrossRef Danø K, Rømer J, Nielsen BS, Bjørn S, Pyke C, Rygaard J, Lund LR (1999) Cancer invasion and tissue remodeling-cooperation of protease systems and cell types. Apmis 107(1–6):120–127PubMedCrossRef
63.
66.
go back to reference Bharadwaj R, Yu H (2004) The spindle checkpoint, aneuploidy, and cancer. Oncogene 23(11):2016–2027PubMedCrossRef Bharadwaj R, Yu H (2004) The spindle checkpoint, aneuploidy, and cancer. Oncogene 23(11):2016–2027PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Sunshine AB, Payen C, Ong GT, Liachko I, Tan KM, Dunham MJ (2015) The fitness consequences of aneuploidy are driven by condition-dependent gene effects. PLoS Biol 13(5):e1002155PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sunshine AB, Payen C, Ong GT, Liachko I, Tan KM, Dunham MJ (2015) The fitness consequences of aneuploidy are driven by condition-dependent gene effects. PLoS Biol 13(5):e1002155PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
70.
go back to reference Domingo L, Salas D, Zubizarreta R, Baré M, Sarriugarte G, Barata T, Ibáñez J, Blanch J, Puig-Vives M, Fernández AB, Castells X (2014) Tumor phenotype and breast density in distinct categories of interval cancer: results of population-based mammography screening in Spain. Breast Cancer Res 16(1):1CrossRef Domingo L, Salas D, Zubizarreta R, Baré M, Sarriugarte G, Barata T, Ibáñez J, Blanch J, Puig-Vives M, Fernández AB, Castells X (2014) Tumor phenotype and breast density in distinct categories of interval cancer: results of population-based mammography screening in Spain. Breast Cancer Res 16(1):1CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Pardal R, Clarke MF, Morrison SJ (2003) Applying the principles of stem-cell biology to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3(12):895–902PubMedCrossRef Pardal R, Clarke MF, Morrison SJ (2003) Applying the principles of stem-cell biology to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3(12):895–902PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Park CC, Bissell MJ, Barcellos-Hoff MH (2000) The influence of the microenvironment on the malignant phenotype. Mol Med Today 6(8):324–329PubMedCrossRef Park CC, Bissell MJ, Barcellos-Hoff MH (2000) The influence of the microenvironment on the malignant phenotype. Mol Med Today 6(8):324–329PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Bergman A, Gligorijevic B (2015) Niche construction game cancer cells play. Eur Phys J Plus 130(10):1–7CrossRef Bergman A, Gligorijevic B (2015) Niche construction game cancer cells play. Eur Phys J Plus 130(10):1–7CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Kelland LR (2005) Overcoming the immortality of tumour cells by telomere and telomerase based cancer therapeutics–current status and future prospects. Eur J Cancer 41(7):971–979PubMedCrossRef Kelland LR (2005) Overcoming the immortality of tumour cells by telomere and telomerase based cancer therapeutics–current status and future prospects. Eur J Cancer 41(7):971–979PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Berkowitz AL, Miller MB, Mir SA, Cagney D, Chavakula V, Guleria I, Aizer A, Ligon KL, Chi JH (2016) Glioproliferative lesion of the spinal cord as a complication of “stem-cell tourism”. N Engl J Med 375(2):196–198PubMedCrossRef Berkowitz AL, Miller MB, Mir SA, Cagney D, Chavakula V, Guleria I, Aizer A, Ligon KL, Chi JH (2016) Glioproliferative lesion of the spinal cord as a complication of “stem-cell tourism”. N Engl J Med 375(2):196–198PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Parris GE (2005) Clinically significant cancer evolves from transient mutated and/or aneuploid neoplasia by cell fusion to form unstable syncytia that give rise to ecologically viable parasite species. Med Hypotheses 65(5):846–850PubMedCrossRef Parris GE (2005) Clinically significant cancer evolves from transient mutated and/or aneuploid neoplasia by cell fusion to form unstable syncytia that give rise to ecologically viable parasite species. Med Hypotheses 65(5):846–850PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Shacter E, Weitzman SA (2002) Chronic inflammation and cancer. Oncology 16(2):217–226PubMed Shacter E, Weitzman SA (2002) Chronic inflammation and cancer. Oncology 16(2):217–226PubMed
79.
go back to reference Cozzio A, Passegué E, Ayton PM, Karsunky H, Cleary ML, Weissman IL (2003) Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors. Genes Dev 17(24):3029–3035PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cozzio A, Passegué E, Ayton PM, Karsunky H, Cleary ML, Weissman IL (2003) Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors. Genes Dev 17(24):3029–3035PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Vincent MD (2010) The animal within: carcinogenesis and the clonal evolution of cancer cells are speciation events sensu stricto. Evolution 64(4):1173–1183PubMedCrossRef Vincent MD (2010) The animal within: carcinogenesis and the clonal evolution of cancer cells are speciation events sensu stricto. Evolution 64(4):1173–1183PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Fernandes J, Guedes PG, Lage CL, Rodrigues JC, Claudia de Alencar SL (2012) Tumor malignancy is engaged to prokaryotic homolog toolbox. Med Hypotheses 78(4):435–441PubMedCrossRef Fernandes J, Guedes PG, Lage CL, Rodrigues JC, Claudia de Alencar SL (2012) Tumor malignancy is engaged to prokaryotic homolog toolbox. Med Hypotheses 78(4):435–441PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Davila AF, Zamorano P (2013) Mitochondria and the evolutionary roots of cancer. Phys Biol 10(2):026008PubMedCrossRef Davila AF, Zamorano P (2013) Mitochondria and the evolutionary roots of cancer. Phys Biol 10(2):026008PubMedCrossRef
83.
84.
go back to reference Bartek J, Lukas J (2003) Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. Cancer Cell 3(5):421–429PubMedCrossRef Bartek J, Lukas J (2003) Chk1 and Chk2 kinases in checkpoint control and cancer. Cancer Cell 3(5):421–429PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Vineis P (2003) Cancer as an evolutionary process at the cell level: an epidemiological perspective. Carcinogenesis 24(1):1–6PubMedCrossRef Vineis P (2003) Cancer as an evolutionary process at the cell level: an epidemiological perspective. Carcinogenesis 24(1):1–6PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Houssaye A, Lindgren J, Pellegrini R, Lee AH, Germain D, Polcyn MJ (2013) Microanatomical and histological features in the long bones of mosasaurine mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata)—Implications for aquatic adaptation and growth rates. PLoS ONE 8(10):e76741PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Houssaye A, Lindgren J, Pellegrini R, Lee AH, Germain D, Polcyn MJ (2013) Microanatomical and histological features in the long bones of mosasaurine mosasaurs (Reptilia, Squamata)—Implications for aquatic adaptation and growth rates. PLoS ONE 8(10):e76741PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Bell GL, Polcyn MJ (2005) Dallasaurus turneri, a new primitive mosasauroid from the Middle Turonian of Texas and comments on the phylogeny of Mosasauridae (Squamata). Neth J Geosci 84(3):177CrossRef Bell GL, Polcyn MJ (2005) Dallasaurus turneri, a new primitive mosasauroid from the Middle Turonian of Texas and comments on the phylogeny of Mosasauridae (Squamata). Neth J Geosci 84(3):177CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Guex J (2016) Retrograde evolution during major extinction crises. Springer, LondonCrossRef Guex J (2016) Retrograde evolution during major extinction crises. Springer, LondonCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Tokar EJ, Qu W, Liu J, Liu W, Webber MM, Phang JM, Waalkes MP (2010) Arsenic-specific stem cell selection during malignant transformation. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(9):638–649PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tokar EJ, Qu W, Liu J, Liu W, Webber MM, Phang JM, Waalkes MP (2010) Arsenic-specific stem cell selection during malignant transformation. J Natl Cancer Inst 102(9):638–649PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Asatryan AD, Komarova NL (2016) Evolution of genetic instability in heterogeneous tumors. J Theor Biol 7(396):1–2CrossRef Asatryan AD, Komarova NL (2016) Evolution of genetic instability in heterogeneous tumors. J Theor Biol 7(396):1–2CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Shapiro JA (2013) How life changes itself: the Read-Write (RW) genome. Phys Life Rev 10(3):287–323PubMedCrossRef Shapiro JA (2013) How life changes itself: the Read-Write (RW) genome. Phys Life Rev 10(3):287–323PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Sabin LR, Delás MJ, Hannon GJ (2013) Dogma derailed: the many influences of RNA on the genome. Mol Cell 49(5):783–794PubMedCrossRef Sabin LR, Delás MJ, Hannon GJ (2013) Dogma derailed: the many influences of RNA on the genome. Mol Cell 49(5):783–794PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Nordkvist A, Mark J, Gustafsson H, Bang G, Stenman G (1994) Non-random chromosome rearrangements in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. Genes Chromosom Cancer 10(2):115–121PubMedCrossRef Nordkvist A, Mark J, Gustafsson H, Bang G, Stenman G (1994) Non-random chromosome rearrangements in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. Genes Chromosom Cancer 10(2):115–121PubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
go back to reference Friston K, Kilner J, Harrison L (2006) A free energy principle for the brain. J Physiol Paris 100(1):70–87PubMedCrossRef Friston K, Kilner J, Harrison L (2006) A free energy principle for the brain. J Physiol Paris 100(1):70–87PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Duesberg P, Rasnick D (2000) Aneuploidy, the somatic mutation that makes cancer a species of its own. Cell Motil Cytoskelet 47(2):81–107CrossRef Duesberg P, Rasnick D (2000) Aneuploidy, the somatic mutation that makes cancer a species of its own. Cell Motil Cytoskelet 47(2):81–107CrossRef
97.
go back to reference Haslberger A, Varga F, Karlic H (2006) Recursive causality in evolution: a model for epigenetic mechanisms in cancer development. Med Hypotheses 67(6):1448–1454PubMedCrossRef Haslberger A, Varga F, Karlic H (2006) Recursive causality in evolution: a model for epigenetic mechanisms in cancer development. Med Hypotheses 67(6):1448–1454PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Reid CR, MacDonald H, Mann RP, Marshall JA, Latty T, Garnier S (2016) Decision-making without a brain: how an amoeboid organism solves the two-armed bandit. J R Soc Interface 13(119):20160030PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Reid CR, MacDonald H, Mann RP, Marshall JA, Latty T, Garnier S (2016) Decision-making without a brain: how an amoeboid organism solves the two-armed bandit. J R Soc Interface 13(119):20160030PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Laconi E, Doratiotto S, Vineis P (2008) The microenvironments of multistage carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 18(5):322–329PubMedCrossRef Laconi E, Doratiotto S, Vineis P (2008) The microenvironments of multistage carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 18(5):322–329PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Parris GE (2006) The cell clone ecology hypothesis and the cell fusion model of cancer progression and metastasis: history and experimental support. Med Hypotheses 66(1):76–83PubMedCrossRef Parris GE (2006) The cell clone ecology hypothesis and the cell fusion model of cancer progression and metastasis: history and experimental support. Med Hypotheses 66(1):76–83PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Berndt B, Zanker KS, Dittmar T (2013) Cell fusion is a potent inducer of aneuploidy and drug resistance in tumor cell/normal cell hybrids. Crit Rev Oncog 18(1–2):97–113PubMedCrossRef Berndt B, Zanker KS, Dittmar T (2013) Cell fusion is a potent inducer of aneuploidy and drug resistance in tumor cell/normal cell hybrids. Crit Rev Oncog 18(1–2):97–113PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Dittmar T, Nagler C, Niggemann B, Zanker KS (2013) The dark side of stem cells: triggering cancer progression by cell fusion. Curr Mol Med 13(5):735–750PubMedCrossRef Dittmar T, Nagler C, Niggemann B, Zanker KS (2013) The dark side of stem cells: triggering cancer progression by cell fusion. Curr Mol Med 13(5):735–750PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (2000) Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248(3):171–183PubMedCrossRef Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (2000) Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248(3):171–183PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Terzis AJ (2005) The origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat Rev Cancer 5(11):899–904PubMedCrossRef Bjerkvig R, Tysnes BB, Aboody KS, Najbauer J, Terzis AJ (2005) The origin of the cancer stem cell: current controversies and new insights. Nat Rev Cancer 5(11):899–904PubMedCrossRef
105.
106.
go back to reference Liotta LA, Kohn EC (2001) The microenvironment of the tumour–host interface. Nature 411(6835):375–379PubMedCrossRef Liotta LA, Kohn EC (2001) The microenvironment of the tumour–host interface. Nature 411(6835):375–379PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P (1989) Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res 49(23):6449–6465PubMed Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P (1989) Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res 49(23):6449–6465PubMed
108.
go back to reference Bissell MJ, LaBarge MA (2005) Context, tissue plasticity, and cancer: are tumor stem cells also regulated by the microenvironment? Cancer Cell 7(1):17–23PubMedPubMedCentral Bissell MJ, LaBarge MA (2005) Context, tissue plasticity, and cancer: are tumor stem cells also regulated by the microenvironment? Cancer Cell 7(1):17–23PubMedPubMedCentral
109.
go back to reference Christiansen JJ, Rajasekaran AK (2006) Reassessing epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a prerequisite for carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Cancer Res 66(17):8319–8326PubMedCrossRef Christiansen JJ, Rajasekaran AK (2006) Reassessing epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a prerequisite for carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Cancer Res 66(17):8319–8326PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Barcellos-Hoff MH, Lyden D, Wang TC (2013) The evolution of the cancer niche during multistage carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 13(7):511–518PubMedCrossRef Barcellos-Hoff MH, Lyden D, Wang TC (2013) The evolution of the cancer niche during multistage carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 13(7):511–518PubMedCrossRef
113.
114.
go back to reference Chénard C, Wirth JF, Suttle CA (2016) Viruses infecting a freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) encode a functional CRISPR array and a proteobacterial DNA polymerase B. mBio 7(3):e00667-16PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chénard C, Wirth JF, Suttle CA (2016) Viruses infecting a freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) encode a functional CRISPR array and a proteobacterial DNA polymerase B. mBio 7(3):e00667-16PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Young GR, Eksmond U, Salcedo R, Alexopoulou L, Stoye JP, Kassiotis G (2012) Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice. Nature 491(7426):774–778PubMedPubMedCentral Young GR, Eksmond U, Salcedo R, Alexopoulou L, Stoye JP, Kassiotis G (2012) Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice. Nature 491(7426):774–778PubMedPubMedCentral
118.
go back to reference Hill CR, Ter Haar GR (1995) High intensity focused ultrasound—potential for cancer treatment. Br J Radiol 68(816):1296–1303PubMedCrossRef Hill CR, Ter Haar GR (1995) High intensity focused ultrasound—potential for cancer treatment. Br J Radiol 68(816):1296–1303PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Wust P, Hildebrandt B, Sreenivasa G, Rau B, Gellermann J, Riess H, Felix R, Schlag PM (2002) Hyperthermia in combined treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncol 3(8):487–497PubMedCrossRef Wust P, Hildebrandt B, Sreenivasa G, Rau B, Gellermann J, Riess H, Felix R, Schlag PM (2002) Hyperthermia in combined treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncol 3(8):487–497PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH (2013) Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4):623–642PubMedCrossRef Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH (2013) Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32(3–4):623–642PubMedCrossRef
121.
122.
go back to reference Lawless MW, O’Byrne KJ, Gray SG (2009) Oxidative stress induced lung cancer and COPD: opportunities for epigenetic therapy. J Cell Mol Med 13(9a):2800–2821PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lawless MW, O’Byrne KJ, Gray SG (2009) Oxidative stress induced lung cancer and COPD: opportunities for epigenetic therapy. J Cell Mol Med 13(9a):2800–2821PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Chen L, He Z, Qin L, Li Q, Shi X, Zhao S, Chen L, Zhong N, Chen X (2011) Antitumor effect of malaria parasite infection in a murine Lewis lung cancer model through induction of innate and adaptive immunity. PLoS ONE 6(9):e24407PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chen L, He Z, Qin L, Li Q, Shi X, Zhao S, Chen L, Zhong N, Chen X (2011) Antitumor effect of malaria parasite infection in a murine Lewis lung cancer model through induction of innate and adaptive immunity. PLoS ONE 6(9):e24407PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Desnues C, La Scola B, Yutin N, Fournous G, Robert C, Azza S, Jardot P, Monteil S, Campocasso A, Koonin EV, Raoult D (2012) Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(44):18078–18083PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Desnues C, La Scola B, Yutin N, Fournous G, Robert C, Azza S, Jardot P, Monteil S, Campocasso A, Koonin EV, Raoult D (2012) Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(44):18078–18083PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Metzger MJ, Villalba A, Carballal MJ, Iglesias D, Sherry J, Reinisch C, Muttray AF, Baldwin SA, Goff SP (2016) Widespread transmission of independent cancer lineages within multiple bivalve species. Nature 534(7609):705–709PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Metzger MJ, Villalba A, Carballal MJ, Iglesias D, Sherry J, Reinisch C, Muttray AF, Baldwin SA, Goff SP (2016) Widespread transmission of independent cancer lineages within multiple bivalve species. Nature 534(7609):705–709PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Belov K (2011) The role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the spread of contagious cancers. Mamm Genome 22(1–2):83–90PubMedCrossRef Belov K (2011) The role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the spread of contagious cancers. Mamm Genome 22(1–2):83–90PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Agudelo CA, Hidron A, Eberhard ML, Mathison BA, Frace MA, Ito A, Metcalfe MG, Rollin DC, Visvesvara GS (2015) Malignant transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a human host. N Engl J Med 373(19):1845–1852PubMedCrossRef Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Agudelo CA, Hidron A, Eberhard ML, Mathison BA, Frace MA, Ito A, Metcalfe MG, Rollin DC, Visvesvara GS (2015) Malignant transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a human host. N Engl J Med 373(19):1845–1852PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Schmid-Hempel P (2011) Evolutionary parasitology the integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Schmid-Hempel P (2011) Evolutionary parasitology the integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
129.
130.
Metadata
Title
A systematic approach to cancer: evolution beyond selection
Authors
William B. Miller Jr.
John S. Torday
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Clinical and Translational Medicine / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2001-1326
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40169-016-0131-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Clinical and Translational Medicine 1/2017 Go to the issue