Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 2/2013

01-04-2013 | Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (E Nagel, Section Editor)

A Critical Review of Different Imaging Methods for the Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia

Authors: Caroline Jaarsma, Eike Nagel, Simon Schalla

Published in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports | Issue 2/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Myocardial ischemia imaging is increasingly being performed to detect obstructive CAD, guide therapy, and provide prognostic information. There are several imaging modalities available to assess the presence and extent of myocardial ischemia, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), stress echocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). This review discusses the various imaging methods, providing an overview of the specific benefits and drawbacks, and reviews recent literature on the diagnostic and prognostic value of each technique.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46–e215.PubMedCrossRef Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(7):e46–e215.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Kiat H, Cohen I, Cabico JA, et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97(6):535–43.PubMedCrossRef Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Shaw LJ, Kiat H, Cohen I, Cabico JA, et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97(6):535–43.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Jahnke C, Nagel E, Gebker R, Kokocinski T, Kelle S, Manka R, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation. 2007;115(13):1769–76.PubMedCrossRef Jahnke C, Nagel E, Gebker R, Kokocinski T, Kelle S, Manka R, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation. 2007;115(13):1769–76.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(20):2501–55.PubMedCrossRef Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2010;31(20):2501–55.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Smith Jr SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld Jr JW, Jacobs AK, Kern MJ, King 3rd SB, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(1):e1–e121.PubMedCrossRef Smith Jr SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld Jr JW, Jacobs AK, Kern MJ, King 3rd SB, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(1):e1–e121.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Gould KL, Lipscomb K. Effects of coronary stenoses on coronary flow reserve and resistance. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34(1):48–55.PubMedCrossRef Gould KL, Lipscomb K. Effects of coronary stenoses on coronary flow reserve and resistance. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34(1):48–55.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Tayebjee MH, Lip GY, MacFadyen RJ. Collateralization and the response to obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. QJM. 2004;97(5):259–72.PubMedCrossRef Tayebjee MH, Lip GY, MacFadyen RJ. Collateralization and the response to obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. QJM. 2004;97(5):259–72.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Nesto RW, Kowalchuk GJ. The ischemic cascade: temporal sequence of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic and symptomatic expressions of ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(7):23C–30C.PubMedCrossRef Nesto RW, Kowalchuk GJ. The ischemic cascade: temporal sequence of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic and symptomatic expressions of ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(7):23C–30C.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Leong-Poi H, Rim SJ, Le DE, Fisher NG, Wei K, Kaul S. Perfusion versus function: the ischemic cascade in demand ischemia: implications of single-vessel versus multivessel stenosis. Circulation. 2002;105(8):987–92.PubMedCrossRef Leong-Poi H, Rim SJ, Le DE, Fisher NG, Wei K, Kaul S. Perfusion versus function: the ischemic cascade in demand ischemia: implications of single-vessel versus multivessel stenosis. Circulation. 2002;105(8):987–92.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Anagnostopoulos C, Bax J, Nihoyannopoulos P, van der Wall E. Noninvasive imaging of myocardial ischemia. London: Springer; 2006.CrossRef Anagnostopoulos C, Bax J, Nihoyannopoulos P, van der Wall E. Noninvasive imaging of myocardial ischemia. London: Springer; 2006.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference De Bruyne B, Baudhuin T, Melin JA, Pijls NH, Sys SU, Bol A, et al. Coronary flow reserve calculated from pressure measurements in humans. Validation with positron emission tomography. Circulation. 1994;89(3):1013–22.PubMedCrossRef De Bruyne B, Baudhuin T, Melin JA, Pijls NH, Sys SU, Bol A, et al. Coronary flow reserve calculated from pressure measurements in humans. Validation with positron emission tomography. Circulation. 1994;89(3):1013–22.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, Van Der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek JKJJ, et al. Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(26):1703–8.PubMedCrossRef Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, Van Der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek JKJJ, et al. Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(26):1703–8.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Watkins S, McGeoch R, Lyne J, Steedman T, Good R, McLaughlin MJ, et al. Validation of magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging with fractional flow reserve for the detection of significant coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2009;120(22):2207–13.PubMedCrossRef Watkins S, McGeoch R, Lyne J, Steedman T, Good R, McLaughlin MJ, et al. Validation of magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging with fractional flow reserve for the detection of significant coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2009;120(22):2207–13.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Husser O, Bodi V, Sanchis J, Mainar L, Nunez J, Lopez-Lereu MP, et al. Additional diagnostic value of systolic dysfunction induced by dipyridamole stress cardiac magnetic resonance used in detecting coronary artery disease. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62(4):383–91.PubMedCrossRef Husser O, Bodi V, Sanchis J, Mainar L, Nunez J, Lopez-Lereu MP, et al. Additional diagnostic value of systolic dysfunction induced by dipyridamole stress cardiac magnetic resonance used in detecting coronary artery disease. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62(4):383–91.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Fintel DJ, Links JM, Brinker JA, Frank TL, Parker M, Becker LC. Improved diagnostic performance of exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography over planar imaging in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a receiver operating characteristic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13(3):600–12.PubMedCrossRef Fintel DJ, Links JM, Brinker JA, Frank TL, Parker M, Becker LC. Improved diagnostic performance of exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography over planar imaging in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a receiver operating characteristic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13(3):600–12.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, et al. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(2):261–91.PubMedCrossRef Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, Ell PJ, Flint EJ, Harbinson M, et al. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(2):261–91.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Abidov A, Bax JJ, Hayes SW, Hachamovitch R, Cohen I, Gerlach J, et al. Transient ischemic dilation ratio of the left ventricle is a significant predictor of future cardiac events in patients with otherwise normal myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(10):1818–25.PubMedCrossRef Abidov A, Bax JJ, Hayes SW, Hachamovitch R, Cohen I, Gerlach J, et al. Transient ischemic dilation ratio of the left ventricle is a significant predictor of future cardiac events in patients with otherwise normal myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(10):1818–25.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Valdiviezo C, Motivala AA, Hachamovitch R, Chamarthy M, Navarro PC, Ostfeld RJ, et al. The significance of transient ischemic dilation in the setting of otherwise normal SPECT radionuclide myocardial perfusion images. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18(2):220–9.PubMedCrossRef Valdiviezo C, Motivala AA, Hachamovitch R, Chamarthy M, Navarro PC, Ostfeld RJ, et al. The significance of transient ischemic dilation in the setting of otherwise normal SPECT radionuclide myocardial perfusion images. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18(2):220–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina–summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(1):159–68.PubMedCrossRef Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina–summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(1):159–68.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Lorell BH, Bateman TM, Messer JV, Berman DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1318–33.PubMedCrossRef Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Lorell BH, Bateman TM, Messer JV, Berman DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1318–33.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F, et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(11):1341–81.PubMedCrossRef Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F, et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(11):1341–81.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Marcassa C, Bax JJ, Bengel F, Hesse B, Petersen CL, Reyes E, et al. Clinical value, cost-effectiveness, and safety of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: a position statement. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(4):557–63.PubMedCrossRef Marcassa C, Bax JJ, Bengel F, Hesse B, Petersen CL, Reyes E, et al. Clinical value, cost-effectiveness, and safety of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: a position statement. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(4):557–63.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Brindis RG, Douglas PS, Hendel RC, Peterson ED, Wolk MJ, Allen JM, et al. ACCF/ASNC appropriateness criteria for single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology endorsed by the American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1587–605.PubMedCrossRef Brindis RG, Douglas PS, Hendel RC, Peterson ED, Wolk MJ, Allen JM, et al. ACCF/ASNC appropriateness criteria for single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology endorsed by the American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1587–605.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Skinner JS, Smeeth L, Kendall JM, Adams PC, Timmis A. NICE guidance. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis of recent onset chest pain or discomfort of suspected cardiac origin. Heart. 2010;96(12):974–8.PubMedCrossRef Skinner JS, Smeeth L, Kendall JM, Adams PC, Timmis A. NICE guidance. Chest pain of recent onset: assessment and diagnosis of recent onset chest pain or discomfort of suspected cardiac origin. Heart. 2010;96(12):974–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference •• Jaarsma C, Leiner T, Bekkers SC, Crijns HJ, Wildberger JE, Nagel E, et al. Diagnostic performance of noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography imaging for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(19):1719–28. Large meta-analysis investigating and comparing the diagnostic performance of the three most commonly used non-invasive myocardial perfusion imaging modalities (SPECT, CMR, and PET) by pooling the results of 166 articles.PubMedCrossRef •• Jaarsma C, Leiner T, Bekkers SC, Crijns HJ, Wildberger JE, Nagel E, et al. Diagnostic performance of noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography imaging for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(19):1719–28. Large meta-analysis investigating and comparing the diagnostic performance of the three most commonly used non-invasive myocardial perfusion imaging modalities (SPECT, CMR, and PET) by pooling the results of 166 articles.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Ghadri JR, Pazhenkottil AP, Nkoulou RN, Goetti R, Buechel RR, Husmann L, et al. Very high coronary calcium score unmasks obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with normal SPECT MPI. Heart. 2011;97(12):998–1003.PubMedCrossRef Ghadri JR, Pazhenkottil AP, Nkoulou RN, Goetti R, Buechel RR, Husmann L, et al. Very high coronary calcium score unmasks obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with normal SPECT MPI. Heart. 2011;97(12):998–1003.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Thilo C, Schoepf UJ, Gordon L, Chiaramida S, Serguson J, Costello P. Integrated assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion using a retractable SPECT camera combined with 64-slice CT: initial experience. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(4):845–56.PubMedCrossRef Thilo C, Schoepf UJ, Gordon L, Chiaramida S, Serguson J, Costello P. Integrated assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion using a retractable SPECT camera combined with 64-slice CT: initial experience. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(4):845–56.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Schepis T, Gaemperli O, Koepfli P, Namdar M, Valenta I, Scheffel H, et al. Added value of coronary artery calcium score as an adjunct to gated SPECT for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in an intermediate-risk population. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(9):1424–30.PubMedCrossRef Schepis T, Gaemperli O, Koepfli P, Namdar M, Valenta I, Scheffel H, et al. Added value of coronary artery calcium score as an adjunct to gated SPECT for the evaluation of coronary artery disease in an intermediate-risk population. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(9):1424–30.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Rispler S, Keidar Z, Ghersin E, Roguin A, Soil A, Dragu R, et al. Integrated single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography coronary angiography for the assessment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(10):1059–67.PubMedCrossRef Rispler S, Keidar Z, Ghersin E, Roguin A, Soil A, Dragu R, et al. Integrated single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography coronary angiography for the assessment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(10):1059–67.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Blankstein R, Di Carli MF. Integration of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(4):226–36.PubMedCrossRef Blankstein R, Di Carli MF. Integration of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(4):226–36.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Slomka PJ, Patton JA, Berman DS, Germano G. Advances in technical aspects of myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16(2):255–76.PubMedCrossRef Slomka PJ, Patton JA, Berman DS, Germano G. Advances in technical aspects of myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16(2):255–76.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Sharir T, Slomka PJ, Hayes SW, DiCarli MF, Ziffer JA, Martin WH, et al. Multicenter trial of high-speed versus conventional single-photon emission computed tomography imaging: quantitative results of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(18):1965–74.PubMedCrossRef Sharir T, Slomka PJ, Hayes SW, DiCarli MF, Ziffer JA, Martin WH, et al. Multicenter trial of high-speed versus conventional single-photon emission computed tomography imaging: quantitative results of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(18):1965–74.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Anagnostopoulos C, Neill J, Reyes E, Prvulovich E. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: technical innovations and evolving clinical applications. Heart. 2011;98(5):353–9.PubMedCrossRef Anagnostopoulos C, Neill J, Reyes E, Prvulovich E. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: technical innovations and evolving clinical applications. Heart. 2011;98(5):353–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Shaw LJ, Iskandrian AE. Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11(2):171–85.PubMedCrossRef Shaw LJ, Iskandrian AE. Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2004;11(2):171–85.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Kang X, Shaw LJ, Hayes SW, Hachamovitch R, Abidov A, Cohen I, et al. Impact of body mass index on cardiac mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease undergoing myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(7):1418–26.PubMedCrossRef Kang X, Shaw LJ, Hayes SW, Hachamovitch R, Abidov A, Cohen I, et al. Impact of body mass index on cardiac mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease undergoing myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(7):1418–26.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Shaw LJ, Mieres JH, Hendel RH, Boden WE, Gulati M, Veledar E, et al. Comparative effectiveness of exercise electrocardiography with or without myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease: results from the What Is the Optimal Method for Ischemia Evaluation in Women (WOMEN) trial. Circulation. 2011;124(11):1239–49.PubMedCrossRef Shaw LJ, Mieres JH, Hendel RH, Boden WE, Gulati M, Veledar E, et al. Comparative effectiveness of exercise electrocardiography with or without myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease: results from the What Is the Optimal Method for Ischemia Evaluation in Women (WOMEN) trial. Circulation. 2011;124(11):1239–49.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Chang SM, Nabi F, Xu J, Raza U, Mahmarian JJ. Normal stress-only versus standard stress/rest myocardial perfusion imaging: similar patient mortality with reduced radiation exposure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;55(3):221–30.PubMedCrossRef Chang SM, Nabi F, Xu J, Raza U, Mahmarian JJ. Normal stress-only versus standard stress/rest myocardial perfusion imaging: similar patient mortality with reduced radiation exposure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;55(3):221–30.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Duvall WL, Wijetunga MN, Klein TM, Razzouk L, Godbold J, Croft LB, et al. The prognosis of a normal stress-only Tc-99m myocardial perfusion imaging study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17(3):370–7.PubMedCrossRef Duvall WL, Wijetunga MN, Klein TM, Razzouk L, Godbold J, Croft LB, et al. The prognosis of a normal stress-only Tc-99m myocardial perfusion imaging study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17(3):370–7.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, Mancini GB, Hayes SW, Hartigan PM, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy. Circulation. 2008;117(10):1283–91.PubMedCrossRef Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, Mancini GB, Hayes SW, Hartigan PM, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy. Circulation. 2008;117(10):1283–91.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference • Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ, Stone GW, Thomson LE, Friedman JD, et al. Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(8):1012–24. Large, observational study demonstrating the value of stress ischemia imaging in identifying patients that are likely to benefit from early revascularization versus medical therapy alone.PubMedCrossRef • Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ, Stone GW, Thomson LE, Friedman JD, et al. Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(8):1012–24. Large, observational study demonstrating the value of stress ischemia imaging in identifying patients that are likely to benefit from early revascularization versus medical therapy alone.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Einstein AJ, Moser KW, Thompson RC, Cerqueira MD, Henzlova MJ. Radiation dose to patients from cardiac diagnostic imaging. Circulation. 2007;116(11):1290–305.PubMedCrossRef Einstein AJ, Moser KW, Thompson RC, Cerqueira MD, Henzlova MJ. Radiation dose to patients from cardiac diagnostic imaging. Circulation. 2007;116(11):1290–305.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Pazhenkottil AP, Herzog BA, Husmann L, Buechel RR, Burger IA, Valenta I, et al. Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery disease with CT coronary angiography and SPECT: a novel dose-saving fast-track algorithm. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;37(3):522–7.PubMedCrossRef Pazhenkottil AP, Herzog BA, Husmann L, Buechel RR, Burger IA, Valenta I, et al. Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery disease with CT coronary angiography and SPECT: a novel dose-saving fast-track algorithm. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;37(3):522–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference • Ghosh N, Rimoldi OE, Beanlands RS, Camici PG. Assessment of myocardial ischaemia and viability: role of positron emission tomography. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(24):2984–95. Interesting, comprehensive review on the basic principles of PET imaging, as well as its main applications in the assessment of myocardial blood flow and viability.PubMedCrossRef • Ghosh N, Rimoldi OE, Beanlands RS, Camici PG. Assessment of myocardial ischaemia and viability: role of positron emission tomography. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(24):2984–95. Interesting, comprehensive review on the basic principles of PET imaging, as well as its main applications in the assessment of myocardial blood flow and viability.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Dhar R, Ananthasubramaniam K. Rubidium-82 cardiac positron emission tomography imaging: an overview for the general cardiologist. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19(5):255–63.PubMedCrossRef Dhar R, Ananthasubramaniam K. Rubidium-82 cardiac positron emission tomography imaging: an overview for the general cardiologist. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19(5):255–63.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Rischpler C, Park MJ, Fung GS, Javadi M, Tsui BM, Higuchi T. Advances in PET myocardial perfusion imaging: F-18 labeled tracers. Ann Nucl Med. 2011;26(1):1–6.PubMedCrossRef Rischpler C, Park MJ, Fung GS, Javadi M, Tsui BM, Higuchi T. Advances in PET myocardial perfusion imaging: F-18 labeled tracers. Ann Nucl Med. 2011;26(1):1–6.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Berman DS, Germano G, Slomka PJ. Improvement in PET myocardial perfusion image quality and quantification with flurpiridaz F 18. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19 Suppl 1:S38–45.PubMedCrossRef Berman DS, Germano G, Slomka PJ. Improvement in PET myocardial perfusion image quality and quantification with flurpiridaz F 18. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19 Suppl 1:S38–45.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Saraste A, Kajander S, Han C, Nesterov SV, Knuuti J. PET: is myocardial flow quantification a clinical reality? J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19(5):1044–59.PubMedCrossRef Saraste A, Kajander S, Han C, Nesterov SV, Knuuti J. PET: is myocardial flow quantification a clinical reality? J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19(5):1044–59.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Kajander S, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste M, Pietila M, Ukkonen H, Saraste A, et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2010;122(6):603–13.PubMedCrossRef Kajander S, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste M, Pietila M, Ukkonen H, Saraste A, et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2010;122(6):603–13.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, Nandalur SR, Reddy P, Carlos RC. Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2008;15(4):444–51.PubMedCrossRef Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, Nandalur SR, Reddy P, Carlos RC. Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2008;15(4):444–51.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Stewart RE, Schwaiger M, Molina E, Popma J, Gacioch GM, Kalus M, et al. Comparison of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67(16):1303–10.PubMedCrossRef Stewart RE, Schwaiger M, Molina E, Popma J, Gacioch GM, Kalus M, et al. Comparison of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT imaging for detection of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67(16):1303–10.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Bateman TM, Heller GV, McGhie AI, Friedman JD, Case JA, Bryngelson JR, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rest/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006;13(1):24–33.PubMedCrossRef Bateman TM, Heller GV, McGhie AI, Friedman JD, Case JA, Bryngelson JR, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rest/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006;13(1):24–33.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Marwick TH, Shan K, Patel S, Go RT, Lauer MS. Incremental value of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography for prognostic assessment of known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(7):865–70.PubMedCrossRef Marwick TH, Shan K, Patel S, Go RT, Lauer MS. Incremental value of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography for prognostic assessment of known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(7):865–70.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Yoshinaga K, Chow BJ, Williams K, Chen L, DeKemp RA, Garrard L, et al. What is the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(5):1029–39.PubMedCrossRef Yoshinaga K, Chow BJ, Williams K, Chen L, DeKemp RA, Garrard L, et al. What is the prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging using rubidium-82 positron emission tomography? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(5):1029–39.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Dorbala S, Hachamovitch R, Curillova Z, Thomas D, Vangala D, Kwong RY, et al. Incremental prognostic value of gated Rb-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging over clinical variables and rest LVEF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(7):846–54.PubMedCrossRef Dorbala S, Hachamovitch R, Curillova Z, Thomas D, Vangala D, Kwong RY, et al. Incremental prognostic value of gated Rb-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging over clinical variables and rest LVEF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(7):846–54.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Cullen MW, Pellikka PA. Recent advances in stress echocardiography. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011;26(5):379–84.PubMedCrossRef Cullen MW, Pellikka PA. Recent advances in stress echocardiography. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011;26(5):379–84.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Gorcsan 3rd J, Tanaka H. Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial strain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(14):1401–13.PubMedCrossRef Gorcsan 3rd J, Tanaka H. Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial strain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(14):1401–13.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MG. Stress echocardiography, stress single-photon-emission computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. Am Heart J. 2007;154(3):415–23.PubMedCrossRef Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MG. Stress echocardiography, stress single-photon-emission computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. Am Heart J. 2007;154(3):415–23.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Voigt JU, Exner B, Schmiedehausen K, Huchzermeyer C, Reulbach U, Nixdorff U, et al. Strain-rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography provides objective evidence of inducible ischemia. Circulation. 2003;107(16):2120–6.PubMedCrossRef Voigt JU, Exner B, Schmiedehausen K, Huchzermeyer C, Reulbach U, Nixdorff U, et al. Strain-rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography provides objective evidence of inducible ischemia. Circulation. 2003;107(16):2120–6.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Takagi T, Takagi A, Yoshikawa J. Detection of coronary artery disease using delayed strain imaging at 5 min after the termination of exercise stress: head to head comparison with conventional treadmill stress echocardiography. J Cardiol. 2010;55(1):41–8.PubMedCrossRef Takagi T, Takagi A, Yoshikawa J. Detection of coronary artery disease using delayed strain imaging at 5 min after the termination of exercise stress: head to head comparison with conventional treadmill stress echocardiography. J Cardiol. 2010;55(1):41–8.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Gaibazzi N, Rigo F, Reverberi C. Detection of coronary artery disease by combined assessment of wall motion, myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve: a multiparametric contrast stress-echocardiography study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(12):1242–50.PubMedCrossRef Gaibazzi N, Rigo F, Reverberi C. Detection of coronary artery disease by combined assessment of wall motion, myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve: a multiparametric contrast stress-echocardiography study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(12):1242–50.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference •• de Jong MC, Genders TS, van Geuns RJ, Moelker A, Hunink MG. Diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(9):1881–95. Recent meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion by CMR, echocardiography, and SPECT in the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease. •• de Jong MC, Genders TS, van Geuns RJ, Moelker A, Hunink MG. Diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(9):1881–95. Recent meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion by CMR, echocardiography, and SPECT in the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease.
62.
go back to reference de Jong MC, Genders TS, Hunink MG. Reply to letter to the editor re: diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(2):349–50.PubMedCrossRef de Jong MC, Genders TS, Hunink MG. Reply to letter to the editor re: diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(2):349–50.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Metz LD, Beattie M, Hom R, Redberg RF, Grady D, Fleischmann KE. The prognostic value of normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging and exercise echocardiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(2):227–37.PubMedCrossRef Metz LD, Beattie M, Hom R, Redberg RF, Grady D, Fleischmann KE. The prognostic value of normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging and exercise echocardiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(2):227–37.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Makani H, Bangalore S, Halpern D, Makwana HG, Chaudhry FA. Cardiac outcomes with submaximal normal stress echocardiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(15):1393–401.PubMedCrossRef Makani H, Bangalore S, Halpern D, Makwana HG, Chaudhry FA. Cardiac outcomes with submaximal normal stress echocardiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(15):1393–401.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Anderson JR, Xie F, McGrain AC, Porter TR. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography. Circulation. 2005;112(10):1444–50.PubMedCrossRef Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Anderson JR, Xie F, McGrain AC, Porter TR. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography. Circulation. 2005;112(10):1444–50.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Miszalski-Jamka T, Kuntz-Hehner S, Schmidt H, Peter D, Miszalski-Jamka K, Hammerstingl C, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography enhances long-term prognostic value of supine bicycle stress two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(11):1220–7.PubMedCrossRef Miszalski-Jamka T, Kuntz-Hehner S, Schmidt H, Peter D, Miszalski-Jamka K, Hammerstingl C, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography enhances long-term prognostic value of supine bicycle stress two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(11):1220–7.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference • Fine NM, Pellikka PA. Stress echocardiography for the detection and assessment of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18(3):501–15. Excellent review on the role of stress echocardiography in de diagnosis and prognostic assessment of patients with coronary artery disease.PubMedCrossRef • Fine NM, Pellikka PA. Stress echocardiography for the detection and assessment of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18(3):501–15. Excellent review on the role of stress echocardiography in de diagnosis and prognostic assessment of patients with coronary artery disease.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, Poon M, Carr JC, Gerstad NA, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(7):1475–97.PubMedCrossRef Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, Poon M, Carr JC, Gerstad NA, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(7):1475–97.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, et al. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(23):2614–62.PubMedCrossRef Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, et al. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(23):2614–62.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Karamitsos TD, Arnold JR, Pegg TJ, Cheng AS, van Gaal WJ, Francis JM, et al. Tolerance and safety of adenosine stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;25(3):277–83.PubMedCrossRef Karamitsos TD, Arnold JR, Pegg TJ, Cheng AS, van Gaal WJ, Francis JM, et al. Tolerance and safety of adenosine stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;25(3):277–83.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Karamitsos TD, Ntusi NA, Francis JM, Holloway CJ, Myerson SG, Neubauer S. Feasibility and safety of high-dose adenosine perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:66.PubMedCrossRef Karamitsos TD, Ntusi NA, Francis JM, Holloway CJ, Myerson SG, Neubauer S. Feasibility and safety of high-dose adenosine perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:66.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Foster EL, Arnold JW, Jekic M, Bender JA, Balasubramanian V, Thavendiranathan P, et al. MR-compatible treadmill for exercise stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2012;67(3):880–9.PubMedCrossRef Foster EL, Arnold JW, Jekic M, Bender JA, Balasubramanian V, Thavendiranathan P, et al. MR-compatible treadmill for exercise stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2012;67(3):880–9.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Jerosch-Herold M, Muehling O, Wilke N. MRI of myocardial perfusion. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2006;27(1):2–10.PubMedCrossRef Jerosch-Herold M, Muehling O, Wilke N. MRI of myocardial perfusion. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2006;27(1):2–10.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Morton G, Chiribiri A, Ishida M, Hussain ST, Schuster A, Indermuehle A, et al. Quantification of absolute myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease: comparison between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(16):1546–55.PubMedCrossRef Morton G, Chiribiri A, Ishida M, Hussain ST, Schuster A, Indermuehle A, et al. Quantification of absolute myocardial perfusion in patients with coronary artery disease: comparison between cardiovascular magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(16):1546–55.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Arnold JR, Karamitsos TD, Bhamra-Ariza P, Francis JM, Searle N, Robson MD, et al. Myocardial oxygenation in coronary artery disease: insights from blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1954–64.PubMedCrossRef Arnold JR, Karamitsos TD, Bhamra-Ariza P, Francis JM, Searle N, Robson MD, et al. Myocardial oxygenation in coronary artery disease: insights from blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(22):1954–64.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, Bocksch W, Klein C, Vogel U, Frantz E, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation. 1999;99(6):763–70.PubMedCrossRef Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, Bocksch W, Klein C, Vogel U, Frantz E, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation. 1999;99(6):763–70.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Schwitter J, Wacker CM, Wilke N, Al-Saadi N, Sauer E, Huettle K, et al. MR-IMPACT II: Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary artery disease Trial: perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance vs. single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparative multicentre, multivendor trial. Eur Heart J. 2012. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs022. Schwitter J, Wacker CM, Wilke N, Al-Saadi N, Sauer E, Huettle K, et al. MR-IMPACT II: Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary artery disease Trial: perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance vs. single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparative multicentre, multivendor trial. Eur Heart J. 2012. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehs022.
78.
go back to reference Schwitter J, Wacker CM, Wilke N, Al-Saadi N, Sauer E, Huettle K, et al. Superior diagnostic performance of perfusion-cardiovascular magnetic resonance versus SPECT to detect coronary artery disease: The secondary endpoints of the multicenter multivendor MR-IMPACT II (Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary Artery Disease Trial). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):61.PubMedCrossRef Schwitter J, Wacker CM, Wilke N, Al-Saadi N, Sauer E, Huettle K, et al. Superior diagnostic performance of perfusion-cardiovascular magnetic resonance versus SPECT to detect coronary artery disease: The secondary endpoints of the multicenter multivendor MR-IMPACT II (Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary Artery Disease Trial). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):61.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, Brown JM, Nixon J, Everett CC, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):453–60.PubMedCrossRef Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, Brown JM, Nixon J, Everett CC, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):453–60.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Coelho-Filho OR, Seabra LF, Mongeon FP, Abdullah SM, Francis SA, Blankstein R, et al. Stress myocardial perfusion imaging by CMR provides strong prognostic value to cardiac events regardless of patient’s sex. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(8):850–61.PubMedCrossRef Coelho-Filho OR, Seabra LF, Mongeon FP, Abdullah SM, Francis SA, Blankstein R, et al. Stress myocardial perfusion imaging by CMR provides strong prognostic value to cardiac events regardless of patient’s sex. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(8):850–61.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Lubbers DD, Rijlaarsdam-Hermsen D, Kuijpers D, Kerkhof M, Sijens PE, van Dijkman PR, et al. Performance of adenosine “stress-only” perfusion MRI in patients without a history of myocardial infarction: a clinical outcome study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;28(1):109–15.PubMedCrossRef Lubbers DD, Rijlaarsdam-Hermsen D, Kuijpers D, Kerkhof M, Sijens PE, van Dijkman PR, et al. Performance of adenosine “stress-only” perfusion MRI in patients without a history of myocardial infarction: a clinical outcome study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;28(1):109–15.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Kelle S, Chiribiri A, Vierecke J, Egnell C, Hamdan A, Jahnke C, et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(2):161–72.PubMedCrossRef Kelle S, Chiribiri A, Vierecke J, Egnell C, Hamdan A, Jahnke C, et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(2):161–72.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Bodi V, Sanchis J, Lopez-Lereu MP, Nunez J, Mainar L, Monmeneu JV, et al. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of dipyridamole stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance on the basis of the ischaemic cascade. Heart. 2009;95(1):49–55.PubMedCrossRef Bodi V, Sanchis J, Lopez-Lereu MP, Nunez J, Mainar L, Monmeneu JV, et al. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of dipyridamole stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance on the basis of the ischaemic cascade. Heart. 2009;95(1):49–55.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Kalin R, Stanton MS. Current clinical issues for MRI scanning of pacemaker and defibrillator patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28(4):326–8.PubMedCrossRef Kalin R, Stanton MS. Current clinical issues for MRI scanning of pacemaker and defibrillator patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28(4):326–8.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Wilkoff BL, Bello D, Taborsky M, Vymazal J, Kanal E, Heuer H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with a pacemaker system designed for the magnetic resonance environment. Hear Rhythm. 2011;8(1):65–73.CrossRef Wilkoff BL, Bello D, Taborsky M, Vymazal J, Kanal E, Heuer H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with a pacemaker system designed for the magnetic resonance environment. Hear Rhythm. 2011;8(1):65–73.CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Manka R, Jahnke C, Kozerke S, Vitanis V, Crelier G, Gebker R, et al. Dynamic 3-dimensional stress cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion imaging: detection of coronary artery disease and volumetry of myocardial hypoenhancement before and after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(4):437–44.PubMedCrossRef Manka R, Jahnke C, Kozerke S, Vitanis V, Crelier G, Gebker R, et al. Dynamic 3-dimensional stress cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion imaging: detection of coronary artery disease and volumetry of myocardial hypoenhancement before and after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(4):437–44.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Manka R, Paetsch I, Kozerke S, Moccetti M, Hoffmann R, Schroeder J, et al. Whole-heart dynamic three-dimensional magnetic resonance perfusion imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease defined by fractional flow reserve: determination of volumetric myocardial ischaemic burden and coronary lesion location. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(16):2016–24.PubMedCrossRef Manka R, Paetsch I, Kozerke S, Moccetti M, Hoffmann R, Schroeder J, et al. Whole-heart dynamic three-dimensional magnetic resonance perfusion imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease defined by fractional flow reserve: determination of volumetric myocardial ischaemic burden and coronary lesion location. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(16):2016–24.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Jogiya R, Kozerke S, Morton G, De Silva K, Redwood S, Perera D, et al. Validation of dynamic 3-dimensional whole heart magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging against fractional flow reserve for the detection of significant coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(8):756–65.PubMedCrossRef Jogiya R, Kozerke S, Morton G, De Silva K, Redwood S, Perera D, et al. Validation of dynamic 3-dimensional whole heart magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging against fractional flow reserve for the detection of significant coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(8):756–65.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Reiter T, Ritter O, Prince MR, Nordbeck P, Wanner C, Nagel E, et al. Minimizing risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:31.PubMedCrossRef Reiter T, Ritter O, Prince MR, Nordbeck P, Wanner C, Nagel E, et al. Minimizing risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:31.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Feuchtner G, Goetti R, Plass A, Wieser M, Scheffel H, Wyss C, et al. Adenosine stress high-pitch 128-slice dual-source myocardial computed tomography perfusion for imaging of reversible myocardial ischemia: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(5):540–9.PubMedCrossRef Feuchtner G, Goetti R, Plass A, Wieser M, Scheffel H, Wyss C, et al. Adenosine stress high-pitch 128-slice dual-source myocardial computed tomography perfusion for imaging of reversible myocardial ischemia: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(5):540–9.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Feuchtner GM, Plank F, Pena C, Battle J, Min J, Leipsic J, et al. Evaluation of myocardial CT perfusion in patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department: comparison with SPECT-myocardial perfusion imaging. Heart. 2012;98(20):1510–7.PubMedCrossRef Feuchtner GM, Plank F, Pena C, Battle J, Min J, Leipsic J, et al. Evaluation of myocardial CT perfusion in patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department: comparison with SPECT-myocardial perfusion imaging. Heart. 2012;98(20):1510–7.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van’t Veer M, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(3):213–24.PubMedCrossRef Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van’t Veer M, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(3):213–24.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Koo BK, Erglis A, Doh JH, Daniels DV, Jegere S, Kim HS, et al. Diagnosis of ischemia-causing coronary stenoses by noninvasive fractional flow reserve computed from coronary computed tomographic angiograms. Results from the prospective multicenter DISCOVER-FLOW (Diagnosis of Ischemia-Causing Stenoses Obtained Via Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(19):1989–97.PubMedCrossRef Koo BK, Erglis A, Doh JH, Daniels DV, Jegere S, Kim HS, et al. Diagnosis of ischemia-causing coronary stenoses by noninvasive fractional flow reserve computed from coronary computed tomographic angiograms. Results from the prospective multicenter DISCOVER-FLOW (Diagnosis of Ischemia-Causing Stenoses Obtained Via Noninvasive Fractional Flow Reserve) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(19):1989–97.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Iskander S, Iskandrian AE. Risk assessment using single-photon emission computed tomographic technetium-99m sestamibi imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(1):57–62.PubMedCrossRef Iskander S, Iskandrian AE. Risk assessment using single-photon emission computed tomographic technetium-99m sestamibi imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(1):57–62.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8 Suppl):C13–8.PubMedCrossRef Virmani R, Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8 Suppl):C13–8.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Hulten EA, Carbonaro S, Petrillo SP, Mitchell JD, Villines TC. Prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(10):1237–47.PubMedCrossRef Hulten EA, Carbonaro S, Petrillo SP, Mitchell JD, Villines TC. Prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(10):1237–47.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Hussain ST, Paul M, Plein S, Shah AM, McCann G, Marber MS, et al. Design and rationale of the MR-INFORM study: stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to guide the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):65.PubMedCrossRef Hussain ST, Paul M, Plein S, Shah AM, McCann G, Marber MS, et al. Design and rationale of the MR-INFORM study: stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to guide the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):65.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A Critical Review of Different Imaging Methods for the Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia
Authors
Caroline Jaarsma
Eike Nagel
Simon Schalla
Publication date
01-04-2013
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports / Issue 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1941-9066
Electronic ISSN: 1941-9074
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12410-012-9185-x

Other articles of this Issue 2/2013

Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 2/2013 Go to the issue

Technological Advances in Cardiac Multi-modality Imaging (TH Schindler, Section Editor)

Cardiac PET/MRI

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (E Nagel, Section Editor)

Clinical Applications of Aortic 4D Flow Imaging

Technological Advances in Cardiac Multi-modality Imaging (TH Schindler, Section Editor)

Cardiac PET/MRI

Technological Advances in Cardiac Multi-modality Imaging (TH Schindler, Section Editor)

Cardiac Micro-PET-CT