An inevitable consequence of progression of cirrhosis is the accompanied change in the body composition [ 1 ]. With advanced liver disease, there is a loss of muscles mass (sarcopenia) and subcutaneous fat. Both sarcopenia and loss of fat mass are …

SSCD is the presence of an opening in the bony labyrinth of the SSC, which is normally covered by a bony wall. This opening can lead to conductive hearing loss, pressure-triggered vertigo, and imbalance due to the third window effect. Many …

Osteoporosis-related fractures are a major public health problem among postmenopausal women [ 1 ]. An estimated one in five women over the age of 50 in the USA have osteoporosis and are at an increased risk of fracture [ 2 ]. Fracture-associated …

The fractal analysis (FA) method is a mathematical method used for analyzing complex objects. The concept of fractal was first introduced by Mandelbrot in 1982. It was derived from the Latin word ‘fractus’, meaning broken [ 1 ]. In fractal …

Menopause-related bone loss is a universal biologic phenomenon among women. In postmenopausal women, bone loss is thought to occur in two stages: rapid loss during the first 5 years and gradual loss after 10 years following menopause [ 1 ]. It has …

Osteoporosis impacts 50% of women and 20% of men over age 50 years, and multiple antiresorptive and osteoanabolic therapies are available for treatment of patients at risk for fracture [ 1 ]. Once patients are on therapy, health care providers and …

The trabecular bone structure of the vertebral body is known to play an important role in bearing the load of the body in the spine [ 1 ]. Changes in bone microarchitecture during life are related to physiological remodeling processes in response …

Childhood and adolescence are periods characterized by the high growth of the skeleton when about 90% of bone mass is acquired [ 1 ]. Bone density indices in adults are considered deficient when their standard deviation values are below or equal to …

Data evaluating changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in Down syndrome (DS) individuals remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to better understand associations between BMD and DS. A systematic …

Expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in dramatically decreased mortality and improved life expectancy of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) in the last two decades [ 1 , 2 ]. As PWH live longer, non-acquired …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease characterized by joint structural changes, and is most common in the knees [ 1 , 2 ]. It is the leading cause of joint pain and physical disability, which causes a large socioeconomic …

Most prospective studies of bone mineral density (BMD) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have been of relatively short duration, with a maximum of 6 years. To describe long-term changes in BMD in women with SLE and identify risk …

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone and its deficiency is a global public health problem. For many years, Vitamin D has been known for its important role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body and bone mineralization. There are two …

Osteoporosis is a disease of poor bone density and structure, leading to weakened bones and increased fracture risk. It impacts approximately 10 million Americans and results in 19 billion dollars of healthcare spending annually [ 1 ]. Clinically …