Prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Immunotherapy targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) pathway has shown promising results in several malignancies. However, the prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression remains unknown in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). This study aimed to evaluate PD-L1 expression and its association with clinicopathological characteristics and oncological outcomes in UTUC patients. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMCs), and E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression on tumor cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 162 patients with UTUC. Associations of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and TIMCs with clinicopathological characteristics and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were evaluated. Out of 162 patients, 20 (12.3%) and 35 (21.6%) had positive PD-L1 expression on tumor cells and TIMCs, respectively. Decreased E-cadherin expression was associated with PD-L1 positivity on tumor cells (P = 0.048) and PD-L1 negativity on TIMCs (P = 0.033). PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was higher in patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4–5 than in those with no CKD or CKD stage 1–3 (P = 0.011). PD-L1 was differentially expressed in tumor cells and TIMCs in UTUC. Multivariate analyses revealed that PD-L1 expression on tumor cells independently predicted shorter CSS (P = 0.012), whereas PD-L1 expression on TIMCs independently predicted longer CSS (P = 0.034).