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Malaria Journal
Published in: Malaria Journal 1/2023

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Plasmodium Vivax | Research

Nationwide spatiotemporal drug resistance genetic profiling from over three decades in Indian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates

Authors: Loick P. Kojom Foko, Geetika Narang, Jahnvi Jakhan, Suman Tamang, Amit Moun, Vineeta Singh

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2023

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Abstract

Background

Drug resistance is a serious impediment to efficient control and elimination of malaria in endemic areas.

Methods

This study aimed at analysing the genetic profile of molecular drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites from India over a ~ 30-year period (1993–2019). Blood samples of P. falciparum and/or P. vivax-infected patients were collected from 14 regions across India. Plasmodial genome was extracted and used for PCR amplification and sequencing of drug resistance genes in P. falciparum (crt, dhps, dhfr, mdr1, k13) and P. vivax (crt-o, dhps, dhfr, mdr1, k12) field isolates.

Results

The double mutant pfcrt SVMNT was highly predominant across the country over three decades, with restricted presence of triple mutant CVIET from Maharashtra in 2012. High rates of pfdhfr-pfdhps quadruple mutants were observed with marginal presence of “fully resistant” quintuple mutant ACIRNI-ISGEAA. Also, resistant pfdhfr and pfdhps haplotype has significantly increased in Delhi between 1994 and 2010. For pfmdr1, only 86Y and 184F mutations were present while no pfk13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were observed. Regarding P. vivax isolates, the pvcrt-o K10 “AAG” insertion was absent in all samples collected from Delhi in 2017. Pvdhps double mutant SGNAV was found only in Goa samples of year 2008 for the first time. The pvmdr1 908L, 958M and 1076L mutations were highly prevalent in Delhi and Haryana between 2015 and 2019 at complete fixation. One nonsynonymous novel pvk12 polymorphism was identified (K264R) in Goa.

Conclusions

These findings support continuous surveillance and characterization of P. falciparum and P. vivax populations as proxy for effectiveness of anti-malarial drugs in India, especially for independent emergence of artemisinin drug resistance as recently seen in Africa.
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Metadata
Title
Nationwide spatiotemporal drug resistance genetic profiling from over three decades in Indian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates
Authors
Loick P. Kojom Foko
Geetika Narang
Jahnvi Jakhan
Suman Tamang
Amit Moun
Vineeta Singh
Publication date
01-12-2023
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-023-04651-x

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