Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Hepatology Reports 4/2017

01-12-2017 | Fatty Liver Disease (S Harrison and J George, Section Editors)

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Non-obese Patients

Authors: Christopher J. Schmoyer, Mohammad S. Siddiqui

Published in: Current Hepatology Reports | Issue 4/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has quickly become the most common cause of liver disease. Interestingly, a cohort of patients has been identified with NAFLD who are of a normal body mass index. This review focuses on the current understanding of NAFLD among non-obese individuals.

Recent Findings

Advances in understanding the risk factors for non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its link to visceral adiposity have increased our knowledge of this disease. Also, preliminary data notes an association with alterations in the gut microbiota and the effect of dietary habits on fatty liver disease in the non-obese population.

Summary

Non-obese NAFLD is a pervasive and likely underdiagnosed entity that seems to have similar risk factors and characteristics to fatty liver disease in the obese population. Still, non-obese NAFLD remains poorly understood.
Literature
8.
go back to reference Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(7):1592–609. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.001.PubMedCrossRef Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(7):1592–609. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1053/​j.​gastro.​2012.​04.​001.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313–21.PubMedCrossRef Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313–21.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313–21.PubMedCrossRef Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1313–21.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Ssanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):113–21.PubMedCrossRef Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Ssanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):113–21.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, Thorelius L, Holmgvist M, Bodemar G, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):865–73.PubMedCrossRef Ekstedt M, Franzen LE, Mathiesen UL, Thorelius L, Holmgvist M, Bodemar G, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):865–73.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Vos B, Moreno C, Nagy N, Fery F, Cnop M, Vereerstraeten P, et al. Lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Lean-NAFLD): a major cause of cryptogenic liver disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2011;74(3):389–94.PubMed Vos B, Moreno C, Nagy N, Fery F, Cnop M, Vereerstraeten P, et al. Lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Lean-NAFLD): a major cause of cryptogenic liver disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2011;74(3):389–94.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Lenzi M, Manini R. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology. 2003;37(4):917–23.PubMedCrossRef Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Lenzi M, Manini R. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology. 2003;37(4):917–23.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KE, Kim DJ, Kim SK, Ahn CW, et al. Metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19):2169–75.PubMedCrossRef Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KE, Kim DJ, Kim SK, Ahn CW, et al. Metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese, nondiabetic adults. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(19):2169–75.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Chen CH, Huang MH, Yang JC, Nien CK, Yang CC, Yeh YH, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population of Taiwan: metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(8):745–52.PubMedCrossRef Chen CH, Huang MH, Yang JC, Nien CK, Yang CC, Yeh YH, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an adult population of Taiwan: metabolic significance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(8):745–52.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Park HN, Kim JE, Min YW, Kim KM, et al. Ultrasonographically detected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an independent predictor for identifying patients with insulin resistance in non-obese, non-diabetic middle-aged Asian adults. Am J Gastrenterol. 2012;107(4):561–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.400.CrossRef Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Park HN, Kim JE, Min YW, Kim KM, et al. Ultrasonographically detected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an independent predictor for identifying patients with insulin resistance in non-obese, non-diabetic middle-aged Asian adults. Am J Gastrenterol. 2012;107(4):561–7. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ajg.​2011.​400.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kumar R, Rastogi A, Sharma MK, Bhatia V, Garg H, Bihari C, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and metabolic profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Indian patients with normal body mass index: do they differ from obese or overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(4):655–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.113758.CrossRef Kumar R, Rastogi A, Sharma MK, Bhatia V, Garg H, Bihari C, et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and metabolic profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Indian patients with normal body mass index: do they differ from obese or overweight non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(4):655–71. https://​doi.​org/​10.​4103/​2230-8210.​113758.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Bhat G, Baba CS, Pandey A, Kumari N, Choudhuri G. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in nonobese Indian patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Trop Gastroenterol. 2013;34(1):18–24.PubMedCrossRef Bhat G, Baba CS, Pandey A, Kumari N, Choudhuri G. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in nonobese Indian patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Trop Gastroenterol. 2013;34(1):18–24.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Margariti E, Deutsch M, Manolakopoulos S, Papatheodoridis GV. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may develop in individuals with normal body mass index. Ann Gastroenterol. 2012;25(1):45–51.PubMedPubMedCentral Margariti E, Deutsch M, Manolakopoulos S, Papatheodoridis GV. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may develop in individuals with normal body mass index. Ann Gastroenterol. 2012;25(1):45–51.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995;854:1–452. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO expert Committee. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1995;854:1–452.
32.
go back to reference WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):157–63.CrossRef WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):157–63.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Newel-Morris L. Visceral adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study among Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):465–71.PubMedCrossRef Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Newel-Morris L. Visceral adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study among Japanese Americans. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):465–71.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Despres JP, Lemieux S, Lemarche B, Prud’homme D, Moorjani S, Brun LD, et al. The insulin resistance-dyslipidemic syndrome: contribution of visceral obesity and therapeutic implications. Int J Obes Relat Metabl Disord. 1995;19(Suppl 1):S76–86. Despres JP, Lemieux S, Lemarche B, Prud’homme D, Moorjani S, Brun LD, et al. The insulin resistance-dyslipidemic syndrome: contribution of visceral obesity and therapeutic implications. Int J Obes Relat Metabl Disord. 1995;19(Suppl 1):S76–86.
41.
go back to reference • Fracanzani AL, Petta S, Lombardi R, Pisano G, Russello M, Consonni D, et al. Liver and cardiovascular damage in patients with lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and association with visceral obesity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.045. Visceral adiposity rather than BMI correlates with NAFLD and features of MetS. • Fracanzani AL, Petta S, Lombardi R, Pisano G, Russello M, Consonni D, et al. Liver and cardiovascular damage in patients with lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and association with visceral obesity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017; https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​cgh.​2017.​04.​045. Visceral adiposity rather than BMI correlates with NAFLD and features of MetS.
48.
go back to reference •• Feldman A, Eder SK, Felder TK, Kedenko L, Paulweber B, Stadlmayr A, et al. Clinical and metabolic characterization of lean Caucasian subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):102–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.318. Carrier rates of gene mutations between obese and non-obese NAFLD. PubMedCrossRef •• Feldman A, Eder SK, Felder TK, Kedenko L, Paulweber B, Stadlmayr A, et al. Clinical and metabolic characterization of lean Caucasian subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):102–10. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ajg.​2016.​318. Carrier rates of gene mutations between obese and non-obese NAFLD. PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Iglesias A, Arranz M, Alvarez JJ, Perales J, Villar J, Herrera E, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein in liver disease and cholestasis, and its relation with fatty acid composition of lipoprotein lipids. Clin Chim Acta. 1996;248(2):157–74.PubMedCrossRef Iglesias A, Arranz M, Alvarez JJ, Perales J, Villar J, Herrera E, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein in liver disease and cholestasis, and its relation with fatty acid composition of lipoprotein lipids. Clin Chim Acta. 1996;248(2):157–74.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Lin S, Dai R, Lin R. A meta-analytic evaluation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) C-629A polymorphism in association with coronary heart disease risk and lipid changes. Oncotarget. 2017;8(2):2153–63. 10.18632/oncotarget.12898.PubMed Lin S, Dai R, Lin R. A meta-analytic evaluation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) C-629A polymorphism in association with coronary heart disease risk and lipid changes. Oncotarget. 2017;8(2):2153–63. 10.​18632/​oncotarget.​12898.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Noga AA, Zhao Y, Vance DE. An unexpected requirement for phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(44):42358–65.PubMedCrossRef Noga AA, Zhao Y, Vance DE. An unexpected requirement for phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(44):42358–65.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Song J, da Costa KA, Fischer LM, Kohlmeier M, Kwock L, Wang S, et al. Polymorphism of the PEMT gene and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FASEB J. 2005;19(10):1266–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Song J, da Costa KA, Fischer LM, Kohlmeier M, Kwock L, Wang S, et al. Polymorphism of the PEMT gene and susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FASEB J. 2005;19(10):1266–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Kanwar P, Nelson JE, Yates K, Kleiner DE, Unalp-Arida A, Kowdley KV. Association between metabolic syndrome and liver histology among NAFLD patients without diabetes. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2016;3(1):e000114.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kanwar P, Nelson JE, Yates K, Kleiner DE, Unalp-Arida A, Kowdley KV. Association between metabolic syndrome and liver histology among NAFLD patients without diabetes. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2016;3(1):e000114.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
go back to reference •• Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis: risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease suggest a shared altered metabolic and cardiovascular profile between lean and obese subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(2):85–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14112. Meta-analysis summarizing risk factors for NAFLD among both obese and non-obese populations. PubMedCrossRef •• Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis: risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease suggest a shared altered metabolic and cardiovascular profile between lean and obese subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(2):85–95. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​apt.​14112. Meta-analysis summarizing risk factors for NAFLD among both obese and non-obese populations. PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Danaei G, Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. Lancet. 2006;368(9548):1651–9.PubMedCrossRef Danaei G, Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. Lancet. 2006;368(9548):1651–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Assy N, Nasser G, Kamayse I, Nseir W, Beniashvili Z, Djibre A, et al. Soft drink consumption linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008;22(10):811–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Assy N, Nasser G, Kamayse I, Nseir W, Beniashvili Z, Djibre A, et al. Soft drink consumption linked with fatty liver in the absence of traditional risk factors. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008;22(10):811–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Schauer R. Achievements and challenges of sialic acid research. Glycoconj J. 2000;17(7–9):485–99.PubMedCrossRef Schauer R. Achievements and challenges of sialic acid research. Glycoconj J. 2000;17(7–9):485–99.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Browning LM, Jebb SA, Mishra GD, Cooke JH, O’Connell MA, Crook MA, et al. Elevated sialic acid, but not CRP, predicts features of the metabolic syndrome independently of BMI in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(8):1004–10.PubMedCrossRef Browning LM, Jebb SA, Mishra GD, Cooke JH, O’Connell MA, Crook MA, et al. Elevated sialic acid, but not CRP, predicts features of the metabolic syndrome independently of BMI in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(8):1004–10.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Rajappa M, Ikkruthi S, Nandeesha H, Satheesh S, Sundar I, Ananthanarayanan PH, et al. Relationship of raised serum total and protein bound sialic acid levels with hyperinsulinemia and indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in non-diabetic normotensive obese subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2013;7(1):17–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2013.02.030.PubMedCrossRef Rajappa M, Ikkruthi S, Nandeesha H, Satheesh S, Sundar I, Ananthanarayanan PH, et al. Relationship of raised serum total and protein bound sialic acid levels with hyperinsulinemia and indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in non-diabetic normotensive obese subjects. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2013;7(1):17–9. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​dsx.​2013.​02.​030.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Tomino Y, Yagame M, Nomoto Y, Sakai H, Ito K, Nagaoka K, et al. Measurement of sialic acid and acute phase reactant proteins in sera of patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Diabet Complicat. 1988;2(4):175–8.CrossRef Tomino Y, Yagame M, Nomoto Y, Sakai H, Ito K, Nagaoka K, et al. Measurement of sialic acid and acute phase reactant proteins in sera of patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Diabet Complicat. 1988;2(4):175–8.CrossRef
82.
go back to reference • Lu Z, Ma H, Xu C, Shao Z, Can C, Li Y. Serum sialic acid is significantly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a nonobese Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Biomed Res Int. 2016:5921589. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5921589. Correlation of elevated sialic acid with non-obese NAFLD. • Lu Z, Ma H, Xu C, Shao Z, Can C, Li Y. Serum sialic acid is significantly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a nonobese Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Biomed Res Int. 2016:5921589. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1155/​2016/​5921589. Correlation of elevated sialic acid with non-obese NAFLD.
83.
93.
go back to reference Backhed F, Ding H, Want T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(44):15718–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Backhed F, Ding H, Want T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(44):15718–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1022–3.PubMedCrossRef Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444(7122):1022–3.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Mokhtari Z, Gibson DL, Hekmatdoost A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the gut microbiome, and diet. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(2):240–52.PubMedCrossRef Mokhtari Z, Gibson DL, Hekmatdoost A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the gut microbiome, and diet. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(2):240–52.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Wong VW, Won GL, Chim AM, Chu WC, Yeung DK, Li KC, et al. Treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with probiotics. A proof-of-concept study. Ann Hepatol. 2013;12(2):256–62.PubMed Wong VW, Won GL, Chim AM, Chu WC, Yeung DK, Li KC, et al. Treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with probiotics. A proof-of-concept study. Ann Hepatol. 2013;12(2):256–62.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Aller R, De Luis DA, Izaola O, Conde R, Gonzalez Sagrado M, Primo D, et al. Effect of a probiotic on liver aminotransferases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15(9):1090–5.PubMed Aller R, De Luis DA, Izaola O, Conde R, Gonzalez Sagrado M, Primo D, et al. Effect of a probiotic on liver aminotransferases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2011;15(9):1090–5.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H, Cholongitas E, Doumas M, Ganotakis ES, et al. The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An expert panel statement. Metabolism. 2017;71:17–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.02.014.PubMedCrossRef Athyros VG, Alexandrides TK, Bilianou H, Cholongitas E, Doumas M, Ganotakis ES, et al. The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An expert panel statement. Metabolism. 2017;71:17–32. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​metabol.​2017.​02.​014.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Metadata
Title
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Non-obese Patients
Authors
Christopher J. Schmoyer
Mohammad S. Siddiqui
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Hepatology Reports / Issue 4/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2195-9595
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11901-017-0377-3

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Current Hepatology Reports 4/2017 Go to the issue

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (F Bessone and R Andrade, Section Editors)

Hepatotoxicity of New Antitumor Agents

Fatty Liver Disease (S Harrison and J George, Section Editors)

Natural History of NAFLD/NASH

Fatty Liver Disease (S Harrison and J George, Section Editors)

Managing HCC in NAFLD

Portal Hypertension (E Tsochatzis and J Abraldes, Section Editors)

The Management of Bleeding from Anorectal Varices

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.