Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 1/2010

01-02-2010

Molecular MRI of Atherosclerosis

Authors: Victoria E. L. Young, Tjun Y. Tang, Umar Sadat, Jonathan H. Gillard

Published in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

High-resolution MRI is an effective imaging tool for the assessment of atherosclerotic plaques. Although it has been used successfully for the morphological characterization of the atherosclerotic tissue, our ongoing quest to understand the pathobiology of atherogenesis has led to its use in imaging various biological factors involved in plaque initiation, progression, disruption, and regression. Imaging at the molecular and cellular level can play a pivotal role in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis at a preclinical stage and can also enable us to monitor the efficacy of novel anti-atherogenic treatments at the molecular level. This review discusses various methods of molecular MRI for atherosclerosis.
Literature
1.
2.
go back to reference Libby P: The molecular mechanisms of the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2008, 263:517–527.CrossRefPubMed Libby P: The molecular mechanisms of the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2008, 263:517–527.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Loftus IM, Naylor AR, Bell PR, Thompson MM: Matrix metalloproteinases and atherosclerotic plaque instability. Br J Surg 2002, 89:680–694.CrossRefPubMed Loftus IM, Naylor AR, Bell PR, Thompson MM: Matrix metalloproteinases and atherosclerotic plaque instability. Br J Surg 2002, 89:680–694.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Ruehm SG, Corot C, Vogt P, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Circulation 2001, 103:415–422.PubMed Ruehm SG, Corot C, Vogt P, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Circulation 2001, 103:415–422.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Yancy AD, Olzinski AR, Hu TC, et al.: Differential uptake of ferumoxtran-10 and ferumoxytol, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents in rabbit: critical determinants of atherosclerotic plaque labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 21:432–442.CrossRefPubMed Yancy AD, Olzinski AR, Hu TC, et al.: Differential uptake of ferumoxtran-10 and ferumoxytol, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents in rabbit: critical determinants of atherosclerotic plaque labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 21:432–442.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Herborn CU, Vogt FM, Lauenstein TC, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental atherosclerotic plaque: comparison of two ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006, 24:388–393.CrossRefPubMed Herborn CU, Vogt FM, Lauenstein TC, et al.: Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental atherosclerotic plaque: comparison of two ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006, 24:388–393.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Hyafil F, Laissy JP, Mazighi M, et al.: Ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MRI of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta: relationship between signal loss and macrophage infiltration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:176–181.CrossRefPubMed Hyafil F, Laissy JP, Mazighi M, et al.: Ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MRI of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta: relationship between signal loss and macrophage infiltration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:176–181.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Trivedi RA, Mallawarachi CU, King-Im JM, et al.: Identifying inflamed carotid plaques using in vivo USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to label plaque macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:1601–1606.CrossRefPubMed Trivedi RA, Mallawarachi CU, King-Im JM, et al.: Identifying inflamed carotid plaques using in vivo USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to label plaque macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:1601–1606.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Kooi ME, Cappendijk VC, Cleutjens KB, et al.: Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003, 107:2453–2458.CrossRefPubMed Kooi ME, Cappendijk VC, Cleutjens KB, et al.: Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003, 107:2453–2458.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Trivedi RA, U-King-IM JM, Graves MJ, et al.: In vivo detection of macrophages in human carotid atheroma: temporal dependence of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide-enhanced MRI. Stroke 2004, 35:1631–1635.CrossRefPubMed Trivedi RA, U-King-IM JM, Graves MJ, et al.: In vivo detection of macrophages in human carotid atheroma: temporal dependence of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide-enhanced MRI. Stroke 2004, 35:1631–1635.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Howarth SP, Tang TY, Trivedi R, et al.: Utility of USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to identify inflammation and the fibrous cap: a comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Eur J Radiol 2009, 70:555–560.CrossRefPubMed Howarth SP, Tang TY, Trivedi R, et al.: Utility of USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to identify inflammation and the fibrous cap: a comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Eur J Radiol 2009, 70:555–560.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Tang TY, Howarth SP, Miller SR, et al.: Comparison of the inflammatory burden of truly asymptomatic carotid atheroma with atherosclerotic plaques contralateral to symptomatic carotid stenosis: an ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide enhanced magnetic resonance study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007, 78:1337–1343.CrossRefPubMed Tang TY, Howarth SP, Miller SR, et al.: Comparison of the inflammatory burden of truly asymptomatic carotid atheroma with atherosclerotic plaques contralateral to symptomatic carotid stenosis: an ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide enhanced magnetic resonance study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007, 78:1337–1343.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Tang TY, Patterson AJ, Miller SR, et al.: Temporal dependence of in vivo USPIO-enhanced MRI signal changes in human carotid atheromatous plaques. Neuroradiology 2009, 51:457–465.CrossRefPubMed Tang TY, Patterson AJ, Miller SR, et al.: Temporal dependence of in vivo USPIO-enhanced MRI signal changes in human carotid atheromatous plaques. Neuroradiology 2009, 51:457–465.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Tang T, Howarth SP, Miller SR, et al.: Assessment of inflammatory burden contralateral to the symptomatic carotid stenosis using high-resolution ultrasmall, superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MRI. Stroke 2006, 37:2266–2270.CrossRefPubMed Tang T, Howarth SP, Miller SR, et al.: Assessment of inflammatory burden contralateral to the symptomatic carotid stenosis using high-resolution ultrasmall, superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MRI. Stroke 2006, 37:2266–2270.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Crowe L: Ex vivo MR imaging of atherosclerotic rabbit aorta labelled with USPIO: enhancement of iron loaded regions in UTE imaging. Proc Int Soc Mag Reson Med 2005, 13:115. Crowe L: Ex vivo MR imaging of atherosclerotic rabbit aorta labelled with USPIO: enhancement of iron loaded regions in UTE imaging. Proc Int Soc Mag Reson Med 2005, 13:115.
16.
go back to reference • Tang TY, Howarth SP, Miller SR, et al.: The ATHEROMA (Atorvastatin Therapy: Effects on Reduction of Macrophage Activity) Study. Evaluation using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in carotid disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:2039–2050. This article demonstrates the impact these techniques can have on disease assessment and monitoring within a short timescale.CrossRefPubMed • Tang TY, Howarth SP, Miller SR, et al.: The ATHEROMA (Atorvastatin Therapy: Effects on Reduction of Macrophage Activity) Study. Evaluation using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in carotid disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 53:2039–2050. This article demonstrates the impact these techniques can have on disease assessment and monitoring within a short timescale.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Mani V, Briley-Saebo KC, Itskovich VV, et al.: Gradient echo acquisition for superparamagnetic particles with positive contrast (GRASP): sequence characterization in membrane and glass superparamagnetic iron oxide phantoms at 1.5T and 3T. Magn Reson Med 2006, 55:126–135.CrossRefPubMed Mani V, Briley-Saebo KC, Itskovich VV, et al.: Gradient echo acquisition for superparamagnetic particles with positive contrast (GRASP): sequence characterization in membrane and glass superparamagnetic iron oxide phantoms at 1.5T and 3T. Magn Reson Med 2006, 55:126–135.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Saleh A, Schroeter M, Jonkmanns C, et al.: In vivo MRI of brain inflammation in human ischaemic stroke. Brain 2004, 127:1670–1677.CrossRefPubMed Saleh A, Schroeter M, Jonkmanns C, et al.: In vivo MRI of brain inflammation in human ischaemic stroke. Brain 2004, 127:1670–1677.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Frias JC, Williams KJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA: Recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles: a specific contrast agent for MRI of atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:16316–16317.CrossRefPubMed Frias JC, Williams KJ, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA: Recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles: a specific contrast agent for MRI of atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:16316–16317.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Cormode DP, Chandrasekar R, Delshad A, et al.: Comparison of synthetic high density lipoprotein (HDL) contrast agents for MR imaging of atherosclerosis. Bioconjug Chem 2009, 20:937–943.CrossRefPubMed Cormode DP, Chandrasekar R, Delshad A, et al.: Comparison of synthetic high density lipoprotein (HDL) contrast agents for MR imaging of atherosclerosis. Bioconjug Chem 2009, 20:937–943.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Chen W, Vucic E, Leupold E, et al.: Incorporation of an apoE-derived lipopeptide in high-density lipoprotein MRI contrast agents for enhanced imaging of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2008, 3:233–242.CrossRefPubMed Chen W, Vucic E, Leupold E, et al.: Incorporation of an apoE-derived lipopeptide in high-density lipoprotein MRI contrast agents for enhanced imaging of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2008, 3:233–242.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Li H, Gray BD, Corbin I, et al.: MR and fluorescent imaging of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Acad Radiol 2004, 11:1251–1259.CrossRefPubMed Li H, Gray BD, Corbin I, et al.: MR and fluorescent imaging of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Acad Radiol 2004, 11:1251–1259.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Nahrendorf M, Jaffer FA, Kelly KA, et al.: Noninvasive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 imaging identifies inflammatory activation of cells in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2006, 114:1504–1511.CrossRefPubMed Nahrendorf M, Jaffer FA, Kelly KA, et al.: Noninvasive vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 imaging identifies inflammatory activation of cells in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2006, 114:1504–1511.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Tsourkas A, Shinde-Patil VR, Kelly KA, et al.: In vivo imaging of activated endothelium using an anti-VCAM-1 magneto-optical probe. Bioconjug Chem 2005, 16:576–581.CrossRefPubMed Tsourkas A, Shinde-Patil VR, Kelly KA, et al.: In vivo imaging of activated endothelium using an anti-VCAM-1 magneto-optical probe. Bioconjug Chem 2005, 16:576–581.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Radermacher KA, Beghein N, Boutry S, et al.: In vivo detection of inflammation using pegylated iron oxide particles targeted at E-selectin: a multimodal approach using MR imaging and EPR spectroscopy. Invest Radiol 2009, 44:398–404.CrossRefPubMed Radermacher KA, Beghein N, Boutry S, et al.: In vivo detection of inflammation using pegylated iron oxide particles targeted at E-selectin: a multimodal approach using MR imaging and EPR spectroscopy. Invest Radiol 2009, 44:398–404.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Boutry S, Laurent S, Elst LV, Muller RN: Specific E-selectin targeting with a superparamagnetic MRI contrast agent. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2006, 1:15–22.CrossRefPubMed Boutry S, Laurent S, Elst LV, Muller RN: Specific E-selectin targeting with a superparamagnetic MRI contrast agent. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2006, 1:15–22.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Gustafsson B, Youens S, Louie AY: Development of contrast agents targeted to macrophage scavenger receptors for MRI of vascular inflammation. Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17:538–547.CrossRefPubMed Gustafsson B, Youens S, Louie AY: Development of contrast agents targeted to macrophage scavenger receptors for MRI of vascular inflammation. Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17:538–547.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Mulder WJ, Strijkers GJ, Briley-Saboe KC, et al.: Molecular imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using bimodal PEG-micelles. Magn Reson Med 2007, 58:1164–1170.CrossRefPubMed Mulder WJ, Strijkers GJ, Briley-Saboe KC, et al.: Molecular imaging of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using bimodal PEG-micelles. Magn Reson Med 2007, 58:1164–1170.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Lipinski MJ, Frias JC, Amirbekian V, et al.: Macrophage-specific lipid-based nanoparticles improve cardiac magnetic resonance detection and characterization of human atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009, 2:637–647.CrossRefPubMed Lipinski MJ, Frias JC, Amirbekian V, et al.: Macrophage-specific lipid-based nanoparticles improve cardiac magnetic resonance detection and characterization of human atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009, 2:637–647.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Lipinski MJ, Amirbekian V, Frias JC, et al.: MRI to detect atherosclerosis with gadolinium-containing immunomicelles targeting the macrophage scavenger receptor. Magn Reson Med 2006, 56:601–610.CrossRefPubMed Lipinski MJ, Amirbekian V, Frias JC, et al.: MRI to detect atherosclerosis with gadolinium-containing immunomicelles targeting the macrophage scavenger receptor. Magn Reson Med 2006, 56:601–610.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Amirbekian V, Lipinski MJ, Briley-Saebo KC, et al.: Detecting and assessing macrophages in vivo to evaluate atherosclerosis noninvasively using molecular MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:961–966.CrossRefPubMed Amirbekian V, Lipinski MJ, Briley-Saebo KC, et al.: Detecting and assessing macrophages in vivo to evaluate atherosclerosis noninvasively using molecular MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:961–966.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Ronald JA, Chen JW, Chen Y, et al.: Enzyme-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging targeting myeloperoxidase identifies active inflammation in experimental rabbit atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 2009, 120:592–599.CrossRefPubMed Ronald JA, Chen JW, Chen Y, et al.: Enzyme-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging targeting myeloperoxidase identifies active inflammation in experimental rabbit atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 2009, 120:592–599.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Amirbekian V, Aguinaldo JG, Amirbekian S, et al.: Atherosclerosis and matrix metalloproteinases: experimental molecular MR imaging in vivo. Radiology 2009, 251:429–438.CrossRefPubMed Amirbekian V, Aguinaldo JG, Amirbekian S, et al.: Atherosclerosis and matrix metalloproteinases: experimental molecular MR imaging in vivo. Radiology 2009, 251:429–438.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Burtea C, Laurent S, Lancelot E, et al.: Peptidic targeting of phosphatidylserine for the MRI detection of apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques. Mol Pharm 2009, 6:1903–1919.CrossRefPubMed Burtea C, Laurent S, Lancelot E, et al.: Peptidic targeting of phosphatidylserine for the MRI detection of apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques. Mol Pharm 2009, 6:1903–1919.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Smith BR, Heverhagen J, Knopp M, et al.: Localization to atherosclerotic plaque and biodistribution of biochemically derivatized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) contrast particles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Biomed Microdevices 2007, 9:719–727.CrossRefPubMed Smith BR, Heverhagen J, Knopp M, et al.: Localization to atherosclerotic plaque and biodistribution of biochemically derivatized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) contrast particles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Biomed Microdevices 2007, 9:719–727.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference van Tilborg GA, Mulder WJ, Chin PT, et al.: Annexin A5-conjugated quantum dots with a paramagnetic lipidic coating for the multimodal detection of apoptotic cells. Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17:865–868.CrossRefPubMed van Tilborg GA, Mulder WJ, Chin PT, et al.: Annexin A5-conjugated quantum dots with a paramagnetic lipidic coating for the multimodal detection of apoptotic cells. Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17:865–868.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference von Zur Muhlen C, von Elverfeldt D, Bassler N, et al.: Superparamagnetic iron oxide binding and uptake as imaged by magnetic resonance is mediated by the integrin receptor Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18): implications on imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 2007, 193:102–111. von Zur Muhlen C, von Elverfeldt D, Bassler N, et al.: Superparamagnetic iron oxide binding and uptake as imaged by magnetic resonance is mediated by the integrin receptor Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18): implications on imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 2007, 193:102–111.
38.
go back to reference Cyrus T, Abendschein DR, Caruthers SD, et al.: MR three-dimensional molecular imaging of intramural biomarkers with targeted nanoparticles. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006, 8:535–541.CrossRefPubMed Cyrus T, Abendschein DR, Caruthers SD, et al.: MR three-dimensional molecular imaging of intramural biomarkers with targeted nanoparticles. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006, 8:535–541.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Anderson SA, Rader RK, Westlin WF, et al.: Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement of neovasculature with alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2000, 44:433–439.CrossRefPubMed Anderson SA, Rader RK, Westlin WF, et al.: Magnetic resonance contrast enhancement of neovasculature with alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2000, 44:433–439.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Langheinrich AC, Kampschulte M, Buch T, Bohle RM: Vasa vasorum and atherosclerosis-quid novi? Thromb Haemost 2007, 97:873–879.PubMed Langheinrich AC, Kampschulte M, Buch T, Bohle RM: Vasa vasorum and atherosclerosis-quid novi? Thromb Haemost 2007, 97:873–879.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Mulder WJ, Castermans K, van Beijnum JR, et al.: Molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis using alphavbeta3-integrin targeted multimodal quantum dots. Angiogenesis 2009, 12:17–24.CrossRefPubMed Mulder WJ, Castermans K, van Beijnum JR, et al.: Molecular imaging of tumor angiogenesis using alphavbeta3-integrin targeted multimodal quantum dots. Angiogenesis 2009, 12:17–24.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Botnar RM, Perez AS, Witte S, et al.: In vivo molecular imaging of acute and subacute thrombosis using a fibrin-binding magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Circulation 2004, 109:2023–2029.CrossRefPubMed Botnar RM, Perez AS, Witte S, et al.: In vivo molecular imaging of acute and subacute thrombosis using a fibrin-binding magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Circulation 2004, 109:2023–2029.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Botnar RM, Buecker A, Wiethoff AJ, et al.: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of coronary thrombosis using a fibrin-binding molecular magnetic resonance contrast agent. Circulation 2004, 110:1463–1466.CrossRefPubMed Botnar RM, Buecker A, Wiethoff AJ, et al.: In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of coronary thrombosis using a fibrin-binding molecular magnetic resonance contrast agent. Circulation 2004, 110:1463–1466.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Sirol M, Aguinaldo JG, Graham PB, et al.: Fibrin-targeted contrast agent for improvement of in vivo acute thrombus detection with magnetic resonance imaging. Atherosclerosis 2005, 182:79–85.CrossRefPubMed Sirol M, Aguinaldo JG, Graham PB, et al.: Fibrin-targeted contrast agent for improvement of in vivo acute thrombus detection with magnetic resonance imaging. Atherosclerosis 2005, 182:79–85.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Sirol M, Fuster V, Badimon JJ, et al.: Chronic thrombus detection with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and a fibrin-targeted contrast agent. Circulation 2005, 112:1594–1600.CrossRefPubMed Sirol M, Fuster V, Badimon JJ, et al.: Chronic thrombus detection with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and a fibrin-targeted contrast agent. Circulation 2005, 112:1594–1600.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Flacke S, Fischer S, Scott MJ, et al.: Novel MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrin: implications for detecting vulnerable plaques. Circulation 2001, 104:1280–1285.CrossRefPubMed Flacke S, Fischer S, Scott MJ, et al.: Novel MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of fibrin: implications for detecting vulnerable plaques. Circulation 2001, 104:1280–1285.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Morawski AM, Winter PM, Yu X, et al.: Quantitative “magnetic resonance immunohistochemistry” with ligand-targeted (19)F nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2004, 52:1255–1262.CrossRefPubMed Morawski AM, Winter PM, Yu X, et al.: Quantitative “magnetic resonance immunohistochemistry” with ligand-targeted (19)F nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2004, 52:1255–1262.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference • Spuentrup E, Botnar RM, Wiethoff AJ, et al.: MR imaging of thrombi using EP-2104R, a fibrin-specific contrast agent: initial results in patients. Eur Radiol 2008, 18:1995–2005. This article illustrates a molecular magnetic resonance technique that has been translated from in vitro/animal work to a human study. Most techniques, as illustrated by this article, are still in the early stages of investigation.CrossRefPubMed • Spuentrup E, Botnar RM, Wiethoff AJ, et al.: MR imaging of thrombi using EP-2104R, a fibrin-specific contrast agent: initial results in patients. Eur Radiol 2008, 18:1995–2005. This article illustrates a molecular magnetic resonance technique that has been translated from in vitro/animal work to a human study. Most techniques, as illustrated by this article, are still in the early stages of investigation.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Miserus RJ, Herias MV, Prinzen L, et al.: Molecular MRI of early thrombus formation using a bimodal alpha2-antiplasmin-based contrast agent. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009, 2:987–996.CrossRefPubMed Miserus RJ, Herias MV, Prinzen L, et al.: Molecular MRI of early thrombus formation using a bimodal alpha2-antiplasmin-based contrast agent. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009, 2:987–996.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Chaubet F, Bertholon I, Serfaty JM, et al.: A new macromolecular paramagnetic MR contrast agent binds to activated human platelets. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2007, 2:178–188.CrossRefPubMed Chaubet F, Bertholon I, Serfaty JM, et al.: A new macromolecular paramagnetic MR contrast agent binds to activated human platelets. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2007, 2:178–188.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Molecular MRI of Atherosclerosis
Authors
Victoria E. L. Young
Tjun Y. Tang
Umar Sadat
Jonathan H. Gillard
Publication date
01-02-2010
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports / Issue 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1941-9066
Electronic ISSN: 1941-9074
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12410-010-9006-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 1/2010 Go to the issue