Recent Advances in Pediatric Medulloblastoma

go back to reference Ostrom QT, Price M, Ryan K, Edelson J, Neff C, Cioffi G, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation childhood and adolescent primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018. Neuro-Oncol. 2022;24(Supplement 3):iii1–iii38. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac161.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ostrom QT, Price M, Ryan K, Edelson J, Neff C, Cioffi G, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation childhood and adolescent primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018. Neuro-Oncol. 2022;24(Supplement 3):iii1–iii38. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noac161.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference •• Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro-Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab106. Louis et al summarize the most recent changes to the WHO classification of central nervous tumors. For medulloblastomas, this emphasizes the importance of methylation and molecular findings in addition to histologyCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral •• Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro-Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–51. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noab106. Louis et al summarize the most recent changes to the WHO classification of central nervous tumors. For medulloblastomas, this emphasizes the importance of methylation and molecular findings in addition to histologyCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Wang J, Garancher A, Ramaswamy V, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Medulloblastoma: from molecular subgroups to molecular targeted therapies. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2018;41:207–32. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-070815-013838.CrossRefPubMed Wang J, Garancher A, Ramaswamy V, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Medulloblastoma: from molecular subgroups to molecular targeted therapies. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2018;41:207–32. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1146/​annurev-neuro-070815-013838.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zhang M, Wong SW, Wright JN, Wagner MW, Toescu S, et al. MRI radiogenomics of pediatric medulloblastoma: A multicenter study. Radiol. 2022;304:406–16. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.212137.CrossRef Zhang M, Wong SW, Wright JN, Wagner MW, Toescu S, et al. MRI radiogenomics of pediatric medulloblastoma: A multicenter study. Radiol. 2022;304:406–16. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1148/​radiol.​212137.CrossRef

go back to reference Begemann M, Waszak SM, Robinson GW, Jäger N, Sharma T, et al. Germline GPR161 mutations predispose to pediatric medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(1):43–50. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00577.CrossRefPubMed Begemann M, Waszak SM, Robinson GW, Jäger N, Sharma T, et al. Germline GPR161 mutations predispose to pediatric medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(1):43–50. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​19.​00577.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference •• Hendrikse LD, Haldipur P, Saulnier O, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Erickson AW, Ong W, Gordon V, Coudière-Morrison L, Mercier AL, Shokouhian M, Suárez RA, Ly M, Borlase S, Scott DS, Vladoiu MC, Farooq H, Sirbu O, Nakashima T, Nambu S, Funakoshi Y, Bahcheli A, Diaz-Mejia JJ, Golser J, Bach K, Phuong-Bao T, Skowron P, Wang EY, Kumar SA, Balin P, Visvanathan A, Lee JJY, Ayoub R, Chen X, Chen X, Mungall KL, Luu B, Bérubé P, Wang YC, Pfister SM, Kim SK, Delattre O, Bourdeaut F, Doz F, Masliah-Planchon J, Grajkowska WA, Loukides J, Dirks P, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, French PJ, Kros JM, Zitterbart K, Bailey SD, Eberhart CG, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Olson JM, Garami M, Hauser P, Phillips JJ, Ra YS, de Torres C, Mora J, Li KKW, Ng HK, Poon WS, Pollack IF, López-Aguilar E, Gillespie GY, Van Meter TE, Shofuda T, Vibhakar R, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Rubin JB, Kumabe T, Jung S, Lach B, Iolascon A, Ferrucci V, de Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Robinson S, Stearns DS, Van Meir EG, Porrati P, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Carlotti CG, Faria CC, Roussel MF, Boop F, Chan JA, Aldinger KA, Razavi F, Silvestri E, McLendon RE, Thompson EM, Ansari M, Garre ML, Chico F, Eguía P, Pérezpeña M, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Wu X, Daniels C, Rich JN, Jones SJM, Moore RA, Marra MA, Huang X, Reimand J, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Pugh TJ, Garzia L, Kleinman CL, Stein LD, Jabado N, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Golden JA, Ellison DW, Doble B, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Suzuki H, Millen KJ, Taylor MD. Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature. 2022;609(7929):1021–1028. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05215-w. •• Hendrikse LD, Haldipur P, Saulnier O, Millman J, Sjoboen AH, Erickson AW, Ong W, Gordon V, Coudière-Morrison L, Mercier AL, Shokouhian M, Suárez RA, Ly M, Borlase S, Scott DS, Vladoiu MC, Farooq H, Sirbu O, Nakashima T, Nambu S, Funakoshi Y, Bahcheli A, Diaz-Mejia JJ, Golser J, Bach K, Phuong-Bao T, Skowron P, Wang EY, Kumar SA, Balin P, Visvanathan A, Lee JJY, Ayoub R, Chen X, Chen X, Mungall KL, Luu B, Bérubé P, Wang YC, Pfister SM, Kim SK, Delattre O, Bourdeaut F, Doz F, Masliah-Planchon J, Grajkowska WA, Loukides J, Dirks P, Fèvre-Montange M, Jouvet A, French PJ, Kros JM, Zitterbart K, Bailey SD, Eberhart CG, Rao AAN, Giannini C, Olson JM, Garami M, Hauser P, Phillips JJ, Ra YS, de Torres C, Mora J, Li KKW, Ng HK, Poon WS, Pollack IF, López-Aguilar E, Gillespie GY, Van Meter TE, Shofuda T, Vibhakar R, Thompson RC, Cooper MK, Rubin JB, Kumabe T, Jung S, Lach B, Iolascon A, Ferrucci V, de Antonellis P, Zollo M, Cinalli G, Robinson S, Stearns DS, Van Meir EG, Porrati P, Finocchiaro G, Massimino M, Carlotti CG, Faria CC, Roussel MF, Boop F, Chan JA, Aldinger KA, Razavi F, Silvestri E, McLendon RE, Thompson EM, Ansari M, Garre ML, Chico F, Eguía P, Pérezpeña M, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Wu X, Daniels C, Rich JN, Jones SJM, Moore RA, Marra MA, Huang X, Reimand J, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA, Pugh TJ, Garzia L, Kleinman CL, Stein LD, Jabado N, Malkin D, Ayrault O, Golden JA, Ellison DW, Doble B, Ramaswamy V, Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Suzuki H, Millen KJ, Taylor MD. Failure of human rhombic lip differentiation underlies medulloblastoma formation. Nature. 2022;609(7929):1021–1028. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41586-022-05215-w.

go back to reference Spennato P, Nicosia G, Quaglietta L, Donofrio V, Mirone G, et al. Posterior fossa tumors in infants and neonates. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31(10):1751–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2783-6.CrossRefPubMed Spennato P, Nicosia G, Quaglietta L, Donofrio V, Mirone G, et al. Posterior fossa tumors in infants and neonates. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31(10):1751–72. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00381-015-2783-6.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Panigrahy A, Blüml S. Neuroimaging of pediatric brain tumors: from basic to advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). J Child Neurol. 2009;24:1343–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073809342129.CrossRefPubMed Panigrahy A, Blüml S. Neuroimaging of pediatric brain tumors: from basic to advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). J Child Neurol. 2009;24:1343–65. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​0883073809342129​.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Warren KE, Vezina G, Pouissant T, Warmuth-Metz M, Chamberlain MC, et al. Response assessment in medulloblastoma and leptomeningeal seeding tumors: recommendations from the Response Assessment in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology committee. Neuro-Oncology. 2018;20(1):13–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox087.CrossRefPubMed Warren KE, Vezina G, Pouissant T, Warmuth-Metz M, Chamberlain MC, et al. Response assessment in medulloblastoma and leptomeningeal seeding tumors: recommendations from the Response Assessment in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology committee. Neuro-Oncology. 2018;20(1):13–23. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​nox087.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference D'Arco F, Khan F, Mankad K, Ganau M, Caro-Dominguez P, Bisdas S. Differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumours in children: new insights. Pediatr Radiol. 2018;48(13):1955–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4224-7.CrossRefPubMed D'Arco F, Khan F, Mankad K, Ganau M, Caro-Dominguez P, Bisdas S. Differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumours in children: new insights. Pediatr Radiol. 2018;48(13):1955–63. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00247-018-4224-7.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Gonçalves FG, Tierradentro-Garcia LO, Kim JDU, Zandifar A, Ghosh A, et al. The role of apparent diffusion coefficient histogram metrics for differentiating pediatric medulloblastoma histological variants and molecular groups. Pediatr Radiol. 2022;52(13):2595–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-022-05411-w.CrossRefPubMed Gonçalves FG, Tierradentro-Garcia LO, Kim JDU, Zandifar A, Ghosh A, et al. The role of apparent diffusion coefficient histogram metrics for differentiating pediatric medulloblastoma histological variants and molecular groups. Pediatr Radiol. 2022;52(13):2595–609. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00247-022-05411-w.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, Albright AL, Rorke LB, et al. Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children’s Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:832–45. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.3.832.CrossRefPubMed Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, Finlay JL, Albright AL, Rorke LB, et al. Metastasis stage, adjuvant treatment, and residual tumor are prognostic factors for medulloblastoma in children: conclusions from the Children’s Cancer Group 921 randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:832–45. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​1999.​17.​3.​832.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Thompson EM, Bramall A, Herndon JE 2nd, Taylor MD, Ramaswamy V. The clinical importance of medulloblastoma extent of resection: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2018;139(3):523–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-018-2906-5.CrossRefPubMed Thompson EM, Bramall A, Herndon JE 2nd, Taylor MD, Ramaswamy V. The clinical importance of medulloblastoma extent of resection: a systematic review. J Neurooncol. 2018;139(3):523–39. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-018-2906-5.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference •• Michalski JM, Janss AJ, Vezina LG, Smith KS, Billups CA, et al. Children’s Oncology Group phase III trial of reduced-dose and reduced-volume radiotherapy with chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(24):2685–97. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02730. Michalski et al analyzed the results of the Children’s Oncology Group ACNS0331 trial. 464 patients with SR medulloblastoma were randomly assigned to receive posterior fossa or involved field radiation after CSI. They found that involved field was not inferior to posterior fossa. Children aged 3-7 years were also randomly assigned to receive standard dose CSI (23.4 Gy) or low dose (18 Gy). They found that low dose was inferior to standard dose. The data supplement also showed that excess residual/disseminated disease was associated with significantly worse survival outcomesCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral •• Michalski JM, Janss AJ, Vezina LG, Smith KS, Billups CA, et al. Children’s Oncology Group phase III trial of reduced-dose and reduced-volume radiotherapy with chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(24):2685–97. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1200/​JCO.​20.​02730. Michalski et al analyzed the results of the Children’s Oncology Group ACNS0331 trial. 464 patients with SR medulloblastoma were randomly assigned to receive posterior fossa or involved field radiation after CSI. They found that involved field was not inferior to posterior fossa. Children aged 3-7 years were also randomly assigned to receive standard dose CSI (23.4 Gy) or low dose (18 Gy). They found that low dose was inferior to standard dose. The data supplement also showed that excess residual/disseminated disease was associated with significantly worse survival outcomesCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Bouffet E, Bailey S, Clifford SC, et al. Risk stratification of childhood medulloblastoma in the molecular era: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):821–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1569-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Bouffet E, Bailey S, Clifford SC, et al. Risk stratification of childhood medulloblastoma in the molecular era: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):821–31. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-016-1569-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Lanier JC, Abrams AN. Posterior fossa syndrome: review of the behavioral and emotional aspects in pediatric cancer patients. Cancer. 2017;123(4):551–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30238.CrossRefPubMed Lanier JC, Abrams AN. Posterior fossa syndrome: review of the behavioral and emotional aspects in pediatric cancer patients. Cancer. 2017;123(4):551–9. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​cncr.​30238.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Thacker N, Bouffet E. Posterior fossa syndrome-time to unmute the silence on cerebellar mutism. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(9):1427–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab147.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Thacker N, Bouffet E. Posterior fossa syndrome-time to unmute the silence on cerebellar mutism. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(9):1427–8. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noab147.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Khan RB, Patay Z, Klimo P, Huang J, Kumar R, et al. Clinical features, neurologic recovery, and risk factors of postoperative posterior fossa syndrome and delayed recovery: a prospective study. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(9):1586–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab030.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Khan RB, Patay Z, Klimo P, Huang J, Kumar R, et al. Clinical features, neurologic recovery, and risk factors of postoperative posterior fossa syndrome and delayed recovery: a prospective study. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(9):1586–96. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noab030.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Wickenhauser ME, Khan RB, Raches D, Ashford JM, Robinson GW, et al. Characterizing posterior fossa syndrome: a survey of experts. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;104:19–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.11.007.CrossRefPubMed Wickenhauser ME, Khan RB, Raches D, Ashford JM, Robinson GW, et al. Characterizing posterior fossa syndrome: a survey of experts. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;104:19–22. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​pediatrneurol.​2019.​11.​007.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference • Goschzik T, Mynarek M, Doerner E, Schenk A, Spier I, Warmuth-Metz M, Bison B, Obrecht D, Struve N, Kortmann RD, Schmid M, Aretz S, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T. Genetic alterations of TP53 and OTX2 indicate increased risk of relapse in WNT medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;144(6):1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02505-5. • Goschzik T, Mynarek M, Doerner E, Schenk A, Spier I, Warmuth-Metz M, Bison B, Obrecht D, Struve N, Kortmann RD, Schmid M, Aretz S, Rutkowski S, Pietsch T. Genetic alterations of TP53 and OTX2 indicate increased risk of relapse in WNT medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;144(6):1143–1156. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-022-02505-5.

go back to reference Cavalli FMG, Remke M, Rampasek L, Peacock J, Shih DJH, et al. Intertumoral heterogeneity within medulloblastoma subgroups. Cancer Cell. 2017;31(6):737–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.05.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cavalli FMG, Remke M, Rampasek L, Peacock J, Shih DJH, et al. Intertumoral heterogeneity within medulloblastoma subgroups. Cancer Cell. 2017;31(6):737–54. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ccell.​2017.​05.​005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Sharma T, Schwalbe EC, Williamson D, Sill M, Hovestadt V, et al. Second-generation molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of Group 3 and Group 4 subtypes. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;138(2):309–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02020-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sharma T, Schwalbe EC, Williamson D, Sill M, Hovestadt V, et al. Second-generation molecular subgrouping of medulloblastoma: an international meta-analysis of Group 3 and Group 4 subtypes. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;138(2):309–26. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00401-019-02020-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference •• Northcott PA, Buchhalter I, Morrissy AS, Hovestadt V, Weischenfeldt J, Ehrenberger T, Gröbner S, Segura-Wang M, Zichner T, Rudneva VA, Warnatz HJ, Sidiropoulos N, Phillips AH, Schumacher S, Kleinheinz K, Waszak SM, Erkek S, Jones DTW, Worst BC, Kool M, Zapatka M, Jäger N, Chavez L, Hutter B, Bieg M, Paramasivam N, Heinold M, Gu Z, Ishaque N, Jäger-Schmidt C, Imbusch CD, Jugold A, Hübschmann D, Risch T, Amstislavskiy V, Gonzalez FGR, Weber UD, Wolf S, Robinson GW, Zhou X, Wu G, Finkelstein D, Liu Y, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Ramaswamy V, Wu X, Koster J, Ryzhova M, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Herold-Mende C, Schuhmann M, Ebinger M, Liau LM, Mora J, McLendon RE, Jabado N, Kumabe T, Chuah E, Ma Y, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Mungall KL, Thiessen N, Tse K, Wong T, Jones SJM, Witt O, Milde T, Von Deimling A, Capper D, Korshunov A, Yaspo ML, Kriwacki R, Gajjar A, Zhang J, Beroukhim R, Fraenkel E, Korbel JO, Brors B, Schlesner M, Eils R, Marra MA, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Lichter P. The whole-genome landscape of medulloblastoma subtypes. Nature. 2017;547(7663):311–317. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22973. •• Northcott PA, Buchhalter I, Morrissy AS, Hovestadt V, Weischenfeldt J, Ehrenberger T, Gröbner S, Segura-Wang M, Zichner T, Rudneva VA, Warnatz HJ, Sidiropoulos N, Phillips AH, Schumacher S, Kleinheinz K, Waszak SM, Erkek S, Jones DTW, Worst BC, Kool M, Zapatka M, Jäger N, Chavez L, Hutter B, Bieg M, Paramasivam N, Heinold M, Gu Z, Ishaque N, Jäger-Schmidt C, Imbusch CD, Jugold A, Hübschmann D, Risch T, Amstislavskiy V, Gonzalez FGR, Weber UD, Wolf S, Robinson GW, Zhou X, Wu G, Finkelstein D, Liu Y, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Ramaswamy V, Wu X, Koster J, Ryzhova M, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Herold-Mende C, Schuhmann M, Ebinger M, Liau LM, Mora J, McLendon RE, Jabado N, Kumabe T, Chuah E, Ma Y, Moore RA, Mungall AJ, Mungall KL, Thiessen N, Tse K, Wong T, Jones SJM, Witt O, Milde T, Von Deimling A, Capper D, Korshunov A, Yaspo ML, Kriwacki R, Gajjar A, Zhang J, Beroukhim R, Fraenkel E, Korbel JO, Brors B, Schlesner M, Eils R, Marra MA, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Lichter P. The whole-genome landscape of medulloblastoma subtypes. Nature. 2017;547(7663):311–317. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nature22973.

go back to reference Dufour C, Foulon S, Geoffray A, Masliah-Planchon J, Figarella-Branger D, et al. Prognostic relevance of clinical and molecular risk factors in children with high-risk medulloblastoma treated in the phase II trial PNET HR+5. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(7):1163–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa301.CrossRefPubMed Dufour C, Foulon S, Geoffray A, Masliah-Planchon J, Figarella-Branger D, et al. Prognostic relevance of clinical and molecular risk factors in children with high-risk medulloblastoma treated in the phase II trial PNET HR+5. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(7):1163–72. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noaa301.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Baliga S, Gallotto S, Bajaj B, Lewy J, Weyman E, et al. Decade-long disease, secondary malignancy, and brainstem injury outcomes in pediatric and young adult medulloblastoma patients treated with proton radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(6):1010–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab257.CrossRefPubMed Baliga S, Gallotto S, Bajaj B, Lewy J, Weyman E, et al. Decade-long disease, secondary malignancy, and brainstem injury outcomes in pediatric and young adult medulloblastoma patients treated with proton radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(6):1010–9. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noab257.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Aldrich KD, Horne VE, Bielamowicz K, Sonabend RY, Scheurer ME, et al. Comparison of hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and adrenal insufficiency following proton and photon radiotherapy in children with medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2021;155(1):93–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-021-03847-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aldrich KD, Horne VE, Bielamowicz K, Sonabend RY, Scheurer ME, et al. Comparison of hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and adrenal insufficiency following proton and photon radiotherapy in children with medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2021;155(1):93–100. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-021-03847-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Leary SES, Packer RJ, Li Y, Billups CA, Smith KS, et al. Efficacy of carboplatin and isotretinoin in children with high-risk medulloblastoma: a randomized clinical trial from the Children’s Oncology Group. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(9):1313–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Leary SES, Packer RJ, Li Y, Billups CA, Smith KS, et al. Efficacy of carboplatin and isotretinoin in children with high-risk medulloblastoma: a randomized clinical trial from the Children’s Oncology Group. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(9):1313–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Guerrini-Rousseau L, Abbas R, Huybrechts S, Kieffer-Renaux V, Puget S, et al. Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in metastatic medulloblastoma: a comparative study in 92 children. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(11):1686–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa083.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Guerrini-Rousseau L, Abbas R, Huybrechts S, Kieffer-Renaux V, Puget S, et al. Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in metastatic medulloblastoma: a comparative study in 92 children. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(11):1686–95. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noaa083.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Mazewski C, Kang G, Kellie S, Gossett J, Leary S, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) according to molecular sub-type in young children with medulloblastoma (Mb): a report from Children’s Oncology Group phase III trial ACNS0334. Neuro-Oncology. 2020;22(supplement 3):iii396. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.510.CrossRefPubMedCentral Mazewski C, Kang G, Kellie S, Gossett J, Leary S, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) according to molecular sub-type in young children with medulloblastoma (Mb): a report from Children’s Oncology Group phase III trial ACNS0334. Neuro-Oncology. 2020;22(supplement 3):iii396. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​noaa222.​510.CrossRefPubMedCentral

go back to reference Juraschka K, Taylor MD. Medulloblastoma in the age of molecular subgroups: a review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(4):353–63. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.5.PEDS18381.CrossRefPubMed Juraschka K, Taylor MD. Medulloblastoma in the age of molecular subgroups: a review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(4):353–63. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3171/​2019.​5.​PEDS18381.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children’s Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15(1):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nos267.CrossRefPubMed Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children’s Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15(1):97–103. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​neuonc/​nos267.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Escudero L, Llort A, Arias A, Diaz-Navarro A, Martínez-Ricarte F, et al. Circulating tumour DNA from the cerebrospinal fluid allows the characterisation and monitoring of medulloblastoma. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19175-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Escudero L, Llort A, Arias A, Diaz-Navarro A, Martínez-Ricarte F, et al. Circulating tumour DNA from the cerebrospinal fluid allows the characterisation and monitoring of medulloblastoma. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5376. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​s41467-020-19175-0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Li J, Zhao S, Lee M, Yin Y, Li J, et al. Reliable tumor detection by whole-genome methylation sequencing of cell-free DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric medulloblastoma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(42):eabb5427. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb5427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Li J, Zhao S, Lee M, Yin Y, Li J, et al. Reliable tumor detection by whole-genome methylation sequencing of cell-free DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric medulloblastoma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(42):eabb5427. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1126/​sciadv.​abb5427.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Fay-McClymont TB, Ploetz DM, Mabbott D, Walsh K, Smith A, et al. Long-term neuropsychological follow-up of young children with medulloblastoma treated with sequential high-dose chemotherapy and irradiation sparing approach. J Neurooncol. 2017;133(1):119–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-017-2409-9.CrossRefPubMed Fay-McClymont TB, Ploetz DM, Mabbott D, Walsh K, Smith A, et al. Long-term neuropsychological follow-up of young children with medulloblastoma treated with sequential high-dose chemotherapy and irradiation sparing approach. J Neurooncol. 2017;133(1):119–28. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11060-017-2409-9.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Oshiro Y, Mizumoto M, Pan H, Kaste SC, Gajjar A, Merchant TE. Spinal changes after craniospinal irradiation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020;67(12):e28728. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.28728.CrossRefPubMed Oshiro Y, Mizumoto M, Pan H, Kaste SC, Gajjar A, Merchant TE. Spinal changes after craniospinal irradiation in pediatric patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020;67(12):e28728. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​pbc.​28728.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Shen L, Sun CM, Li XT, Liu CJ, Zhou YX. Growth hormone therapy and risk of recurrence/progression in intracranial tumors: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(10):1859–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2269-z.CrossRefPubMed Shen L, Sun CM, Li XT, Liu CJ, Zhou YX. Growth hormone therapy and risk of recurrence/progression in intracranial tumors: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(10):1859–67. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10072-015-2269-z.CrossRefPubMed