Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Neurological Research and Practice 1/2020

01-12-2020 | Myasthenia Gravis | Guidelines

“Neurological manifestations of COVID-19” - guideline of the German society of neurology

Authors: Peter Berlit, Julian Bösel, Georg Gahn, Stefan Isenmann, Sven G. Meuth, Christian H. Nolte, Marc Pawlitzki, Felix Rosenow, Benedikt Schoser, Götz Thomalla, Thomas Hummel

Published in: Neurological Research and Practice | Issue 1/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Infection with the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to a previously unknown clinical picture, which is known as COVID-19 (COrona VIrus Disease-2019) and was first described in the Hubei region of China. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has implications for all areas of medicine. It directly and indirectly affects the care of neurological diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with an increased incidence of neurological manifestations such as encephalopathy and encephalomyelitis, ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, anosmia and neuromuscular diseases.
In October 2020, the German Society of Neurology (DGN, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie) published the first guideline on the neurological manifestations of the new infection. This S1 guideline provides guidance for the care of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection regarding neurological manifestations, patients with neurological disease with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection, and for the protection of healthcare workers.
This is an abbreviated version of the guideline issued by the German Neurological society and published in the Guideline repository of the AWMF (Working Group of Scientific Medical Societies; Arbeitsgemeinschaft wissenschaftlicher Medizinischer Fachgesellschaften).
Literature
1.
go back to reference Chaumont, H., Etienne, P., Roze, E., Couratier, C., Roger, P. M., & Lannuzel, A. (2020). Acute meningoencephalitis in a patient with COVID-19. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 176(6), 519–521.CrossRef Chaumont, H., Etienne, P., Roze, E., Couratier, C., Roger, P. M., & Lannuzel, A. (2020). Acute meningoencephalitis in a patient with COVID-19. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 176(6), 519–521.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Duong, L., Xu, P., & Liu, A. (2020). Meningoencephalitis without respiratory failure in a young female patient with COVID-19 infection in downtown Los Angeles, early April 2020. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 33.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Duong, L., Xu, P., & Liu, A. (2020). Meningoencephalitis without respiratory failure in a young female patient with COVID-19 infection in downtown Los Angeles, early April 2020. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 33.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
go back to reference Dogan, L., Kaya, D., Sarikaya, T., Zengin, R., Dincer, A., Akinci, I. O., et al. (2020). Plasmapheresis treatment in COVID-19-related autoimmune meningoencephalitis: Case series. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 155–158.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dogan, L., Kaya, D., Sarikaya, T., Zengin, R., Dincer, A., Akinci, I. O., et al. (2020). Plasmapheresis treatment in COVID-19-related autoimmune meningoencephalitis: Case series. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 155–158.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Li, Y. C., Bai, W. Z., & Hashikawa, T. (2020). The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 552–555.CrossRefPubMed Li, Y. C., Bai, W. Z., & Hashikawa, T. (2020). The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 552–555.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Alberti, P., Beretta, S., Piatti, M., Karantzoulis, A., Piatti, M. L., Santoro, P., Viganò, M., Giovannelli, G., Pirro, F., Montisano, D. A., Appollonio, I., & Ferrarese, C. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome related to COVID-19 infection. Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 7(4), e741. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000741. Alberti, P., Beretta, S., Piatti, M., Karantzoulis, A., Piatti, M. L., Santoro, P., Viganò, M., Giovannelli, G., Pirro, F., Montisano, D. A., Appollonio, I., & Ferrarese, C. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome related to COVID-19 infection. Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 7(4), e741. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1212/​NXI.​0000000000000741​.
8.
9.
go back to reference Camdessanche, J. P., Morel, J., Pozzetto, B., Paul, S., Tholance, Y., & Botelho-Nevers, E. (2020). COVID-19 may induce Guillain-Barre syndrome. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 176(6), 516–518.CrossRef Camdessanche, J. P., Morel, J., Pozzetto, B., Paul, S., Tholance, Y., & Botelho-Nevers, E. (2020). COVID-19 may induce Guillain-Barre syndrome. Revue Neurologique (Paris), 176(6), 516–518.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference El Otmani, H., El Moutawakil, B., Rafai, M. A., El Benna, N., El Kettani, C., Soussi, M., et al. (2020). Covid-19 and Guillain-Barre syndrome: More than a coincidence! Revue Neurologique (Paris), 176(6), 518–519.CrossRef El Otmani, H., El Moutawakil, B., Rafai, M. A., El Benna, N., El Kettani, C., Soussi, M., et al. (2020). Covid-19 and Guillain-Barre syndrome: More than a coincidence! Revue Neurologique (Paris), 176(6), 518–519.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Gutierrez-Ortiz, C., Mendez, A., Rodrigo-Rey, S., San Pedro-Murillo, E., Bermejo-Guerrero, L., Gordo-Manas, R., et al. (2020). Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology., 95(5), e601–e605.CrossRefPubMed Gutierrez-Ortiz, C., Mendez, A., Rodrigo-Rey, S., San Pedro-Murillo, E., Bermejo-Guerrero, L., Gordo-Manas, R., et al. (2020). Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology., 95(5), e601–e605.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Padroni, M., Mastrangelo, V., Asioli, G. M., Pavolucci, L., Abu-Rumeileh, S., Piscaglia, M. G., et al. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome following COVID-19: New infection, old complication? Journal of Neurology, 267(7), 1877–1879.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Padroni, M., Mastrangelo, V., Asioli, G. M., Pavolucci, L., Abu-Rumeileh, S., Piscaglia, M. G., et al. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome following COVID-19: New infection, old complication? Journal of Neurology, 267(7), 1877–1879.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Pfefferkorn, T., Dabitz, R., von Wernitz-Keibel, T., Aufenanger, J., Nowak-Machen, M., & Janssen, H. (2020). Acute polyradiculoneuritis with locked-in syndrome in a patient with Covid-19. Journal of Neurology, 267(7), 1883–1884.CrossRefPubMed Pfefferkorn, T., Dabitz, R., von Wernitz-Keibel, T., Aufenanger, J., Nowak-Machen, M., & Janssen, H. (2020). Acute polyradiculoneuritis with locked-in syndrome in a patient with Covid-19. Journal of Neurology, 267(7), 1883–1884.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Scheidl, E., Canseco, D. D., Hadji-Naumov, A., & Bereznai, B. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A case report and review of recent literature. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, 25(2), 204–207.CrossRefPubMed Scheidl, E., Canseco, D. D., Hadji-Naumov, A., & Bereznai, B. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A case report and review of recent literature. Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, 25(2), 204–207.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Sedaghat, Z., & Karimi, N. (2020). Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 76, 233–235.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sedaghat, Z., & Karimi, N. (2020). Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 76, 233–235.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference Su, X. W., Palka, S. V., Rao, R. R., Chen, F. S., Brackney, C. R., & Cambi, F. (2020). SARS-CoV-2-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome with dysautonomia. Muscle & Nerve, 62(2), E48–E49.CrossRef Su, X. W., Palka, S. V., Rao, R. R., Chen, F. S., Brackney, C. R., & Cambi, F. (2020). SARS-CoV-2-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome with dysautonomia. Muscle & Nerve, 62(2), E48–E49.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Toscano, G., Palmerini, F., Ravaglia, S., Ruiz, L., Invernizzi, P., Cuzzoni, M. G., et al. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(26), 2574–2576.CrossRefPubMed Toscano, G., Palmerini, F., Ravaglia, S., Ruiz, L., Invernizzi, P., Cuzzoni, M. G., et al. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(26), 2574–2576.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., & Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurology, 19(5), 383–384.CrossRefPubMed Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., & Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurology, 19(5), 383–384.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Reichard, R. R., Kashani, K. B., Boire, N. A., Constantopoulos, E., Guo, Y., & Lucchinetti, C. F. (2020). Neuropathology of COVID-19: A spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathologica, 140(1), 1–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Reichard, R. R., Kashani, K. B., Boire, N. A., Constantopoulos, E., Guo, Y., & Lucchinetti, C. F. (2020). Neuropathology of COVID-19: A spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathologica, 140(1), 1–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
24.
go back to reference Borriello, G., & Ianniello, A. (2020). COVID-19 occurring during Natalizumab treatment: A case report in a patient with extended interval dosing approach. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 41, 102165.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Borriello, G., & Ianniello, A. (2020). COVID-19 occurring during Natalizumab treatment: A case report in a patient with extended interval dosing approach. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 41, 102165.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Foerch, C., Friedauer, L., Bauer, B., Wolf, T., & Adam, E. H. (2020). Severe COVID-19 infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 42, 102180.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Foerch, C., Friedauer, L., Bauer, B., Wolf, T., & Adam, E. H. (2020). Severe COVID-19 infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 42, 102180.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Ghajarzadeh, M., Mirmosayyeb, O., Barzegar, M., Nehzat, N., Vaheb, S., Shaygannejad, V., et al. (2020). Favorable outcome after COVID-19 infection in a multiple sclerosis patient initiated on ocrelizumab during the pandemic. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 43, 102222.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ghajarzadeh, M., Mirmosayyeb, O., Barzegar, M., Nehzat, N., Vaheb, S., Shaygannejad, V., et al. (2020). Favorable outcome after COVID-19 infection in a multiple sclerosis patient initiated on ocrelizumab during the pandemic. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 43, 102222.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Maghzi, A. H., Houtchens, M. K., Preziosa, P., Ionete, C., Beretich, B. D., Stankiewicz, J. M., Tauhid, S., Cabot, A., Berriosmorales, I., Schwartz, T., Sloane, J. A., Freedman, M. S., Filippi, M., Weiner, H. L., & Bakshi, R. (2020). COVID-19 in teriflunomide-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 267(10), 2790–2796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09944-8. Maghzi, A. H., Houtchens, M. K., Preziosa, P., Ionete, C., Beretich, B. D., Stankiewicz, J. M., Tauhid, S., Cabot, A., Berriosmorales, I., Schwartz, T., Sloane, J. A., Freedman, M. S., Filippi, M., Weiner, H. L., & Bakshi, R. (2020). COVID-19 in teriflunomide-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, 267(10), 2790–2796. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00415-020-09944-8.
28.
go back to reference Suwanwongse, K., & Shabarek, N. (2020). Benign course of COVID-19 in a multiple sclerosis patient treated with Ocrelizumab. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 42, 102201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Suwanwongse, K., & Shabarek, N. (2020). Benign course of COVID-19 in a multiple sclerosis patient treated with Ocrelizumab. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 42, 102201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Sormani, M. P. (2020). Italian study group on C-iims. An Italian programme for COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology, 19(6), 481–482.CrossRefPubMed Sormani, M. P. (2020). Italian study group on C-iims. An Italian programme for COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology, 19(6), 481–482.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Ciampi, E., Uribe-San-Martin, R., & Carcamo, C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: The experience of a multiple sclerosis Centre in Chile. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 42, 102204.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ciampi, E., Uribe-San-Martin, R., & Carcamo, C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: The experience of a multiple sclerosis Centre in Chile. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 42, 102204.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Fan, M., Qiu, W., Bu, B., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Huang, D., Lau, A. Y., Guo, J., Zhang, M. N., Zhang, X., Yang, C. S., Chen, J., Zheng, P., Liu, Q., Zhang, C., & Shi, F. D. (2020). Risk of COVID-19 infection in MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 7(5), e787. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000787. Fan, M., Qiu, W., Bu, B., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Huang, D., Lau, A. Y., Guo, J., Zhang, M. N., Zhang, X., Yang, C. S., Chen, J., Zheng, P., Liu, Q., Zhang, C., & Shi, F. D. (2020). Risk of COVID-19 infection in MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 7(5), e787. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1212/​NXI.​0000000000000787​.
32.
go back to reference Pawlitzki, M., Zettl, U. K., Ruck, T., Rolfes, L., Hartung, H. P., & Meuth, S. G. (2020). Merits and culprits of immunotherapies for neurological diseases in times of COVID-19. EBioMedicine., 56, 102822.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pawlitzki, M., Zettl, U. K., Ruck, T., Rolfes, L., Hartung, H. P., & Meuth, S. G. (2020). Merits and culprits of immunotherapies for neurological diseases in times of COVID-19. EBioMedicine., 56, 102822.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
go back to reference Li, Y., Li, M., Wang, M., Zhou, Y., Chang, J., Xian, Y., Wang, D., Mao, L., Jin, H., & Hu, B. (2020). Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke and Vascular Neurology, 5(3), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000431. Li, Y., Li, M., Wang, M., Zhou, Y., Chang, J., Xian, Y., Wang, D., Mao, L., Jin, H., & Hu, B. (2020). Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke and Vascular Neurology, 5(3), 279–284. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​svn-2020-000431.
36.
go back to reference Zhang, Y., Xiao, M., Zhang, S., et al. (2020 Apr 23). Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(17), e38.CrossRefPubMed Zhang, Y., Xiao, M., Zhang, S., et al. (2020 Apr 23). Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(17), e38.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Aggarwal, G., Lippi, G., & Michael Henry, B. (2020). Cerebrovascular disease is associated with an increased disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A pooled analysis of published literature. International Journal of Stroke. https://doi.org/10.1177/174749302092166418. Aggarwal, G., Lippi, G., & Michael Henry, B. (2020). Cerebrovascular disease is associated with an increased disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A pooled analysis of published literature. International Journal of Stroke. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​1747493020921664​18.
41.
go back to reference Pop, R., Quenardelle, V., Hasiu, A., Mihoc, D., Sellal, F., & Dugay, M. H. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on acute stroke pathways – Insights from the Alsace region in France [published online ahead of print May 12, 2020]. European Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14316. Pop, R., Quenardelle, V., Hasiu, A., Mihoc, D., Sellal, F., & Dugay, M. H. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on acute stroke pathways – Insights from the Alsace region in France [published online ahead of print May 12, 2020]. European Journal of Neurology. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​ene.​14316.
45.
go back to reference Yang, B., Wang, T., Chen, J., et al. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process and outcome of thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery, 12(7), 664–668.CrossRefPubMed Yang, B., Wang, T., Chen, J., et al. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process and outcome of thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery, 12(7), 664–668.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Sharma, D., Rasmussen, M., Han, R., et al. (2020). Anesthetic Management of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke During COVID-19 Pandemic: Consensus Statement From Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology & Critical Care (SNACC): Endorsed by Society of Vascular & Interventional Neurology (SVIN), Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS), Neurocritical Care Society (NCS), European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) and American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) Cerebrovascular Section. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 32(3), 193–201.CrossRefPubMed Sharma, D., Rasmussen, M., Han, R., et al. (2020). Anesthetic Management of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke During COVID-19 Pandemic: Consensus Statement From Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology & Critical Care (SNACC): Endorsed by Society of Vascular & Interventional Neurology (SVIN), Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS), Neurocritical Care Society (NCS), European Society of Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy (ESMINT) and American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) Cerebrovascular Section. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 32(3), 193–201.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Qureshi, A. I., Abd-Allah, F., Al-Senani, F., Aytac, E., Borhani-Haghighi, A., Ciccone, A., Gomez, C. R., Gurkas, E., Hsu, C. Y., Jani, V., Jiao, L., Kobayashi, A., Lee, J., Liaqat, J., Mazighi, M., Parthasarathy, R., Steiner, T., Suri, M., Toyoda, K., Ribo, M., … Wang, Y. (2020). Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: Report of an international panel. International Journal of Stroke: Official Journal of the International Stroke Society, 15(5), 540–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020923234. Qureshi, A. I., Abd-Allah, F., Al-Senani, F., Aytac, E., Borhani-Haghighi, A., Ciccone, A., Gomez, C. R., Gurkas, E., Hsu, C. Y., Jani, V., Jiao, L., Kobayashi, A., Lee, J., Liaqat, J., Mazighi, M., Parthasarathy, R., Steiner, T., Suri, M., Toyoda, K., Ribo, M., … Wang, Y. (2020). Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: Report of an international panel. International Journal of Stroke: Official Journal of the International Stroke Society, 15(5), 540–554. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​1747493020923234​.
49.
go back to reference Leslie-Mazwi, T. M., Fargen, K. M., Levitt, M., et al. (2020). Preserving Access: A Review of Stroke Thrombectomy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 41, 1136–1141.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Leslie-Mazwi, T. M., Fargen, K. M., Levitt, M., et al. (2020). Preserving Access: A Review of Stroke Thrombectomy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 41, 1136–1141.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Beghi, E., Carpio, A., Forsgren, L., Hesdorffer, D. C., Malmgren, K., Sander, J. W., et al. (2010 Apr). Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia., 51(4), 671–675.CrossRefPubMed Beghi, E., Carpio, A., Forsgren, L., Hesdorffer, D. C., Malmgren, K., Sander, J. W., et al. (2010 Apr). Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia., 51(4), 671–675.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Karimi, N., Shafiri Razavi, A., & Rouhani, N. (2020). Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: A case report. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 22(3), e102828.CrossRef Karimi, N., Shafiri Razavi, A., & Rouhani, N. (2020). Frequent convulsive seizures in an adult patient with COVID-19: A case report. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 22(3), e102828.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Lai, S. L., Hsu, M. T., & Chen, S. S. (2005). The impact of SARS on epilepsy: The experience of drug withdrawal in epileptic patients. Seizure., 14(8), 557–561.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lai, S. L., Hsu, M. T., & Chen, S. S. (2005). The impact of SARS on epilepsy: The experience of drug withdrawal in epileptic patients. Seizure., 14(8), 557–561.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
go back to reference Hummel, T., Whitcroft, K. L., Andrews, P., Altundag, A., Cinghi, C., Costanzo, R. M., et al. (2017). Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology Supplement, 25, 1–30. Hummel, T., Whitcroft, K. L., Andrews, P., Altundag, A., Cinghi, C., Costanzo, R. M., et al. (2017). Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology Supplement, 25, 1–30.
61.
go back to reference Bednár, M. (1930). Anosmie und Influenza (Ein rhinologischer Beitrag zur Differentialdiagnose der Erkältungskrankheiten). Medizinische Klinik, 48, 1787–1789. Bednár, M. (1930). Anosmie und Influenza (Ein rhinologischer Beitrag zur Differentialdiagnose der Erkältungskrankheiten). Medizinische Klinik, 48, 1787–1789.
62.
go back to reference Konstantinidis, I., Haehner, A., Frasnelli, J., Reden, J., Quante, G., Damm, M., & Hummel, T. (2006). Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction exhibits a seasonal pattern. Rhinology, 44, 135–139.PubMed Konstantinidis, I., Haehner, A., Frasnelli, J., Reden, J., Quante, G., Damm, M., & Hummel, T. (2006). Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction exhibits a seasonal pattern. Rhinology, 44, 135–139.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Sugiura M, Aiba T, Mori J, Nakai Y. An epidemiological study of postviral olfactory disorder. Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum (Stockh.) 538:191–196,1998. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2020; 87:18–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031. Sugiura M, Aiba T, Mori J, Nakai Y. An epidemiological study of postviral olfactory disorder. Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum (Stockh.) 538:191–196,1998. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2020; 87:18–22. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​bbi.​2020.​03.​031.
67.
69.
go back to reference Haehner, A., Draf, J., Dräger, S., de With, K., & Hummel, T. (2020). Predictive value of sudden olfactory loss in the diagnosis of COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 11]. ORL: Journal for Otorhinolaryngology and Its Related Specialties, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509143. Haehner, A., Draf, J., Dräger, S., de With, K., & Hummel, T. (2020). Predictive value of sudden olfactory loss in the diagnosis of COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 11]. ORL: Journal for Otorhinolaryngology and Its Related Specialties, 1–6. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1159/​000509143.
71.
go back to reference Doty, R. L., Shaman, P., & Dann, M. (1984). Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiology & Behavior, 32, 489–502.CrossRef Doty, R. L., Shaman, P., & Dann, M. (1984). Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: A standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiology & Behavior, 32, 489–502.CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Dietz, A., Haxel, B., Müller, A., Welkoborsky, H. J., Drumm, S., Guntinas-Lichius, O., et al. (2020). Handlungsempfehlungen DGHNO-KHC und BVHNO für die HNO-Elektiv−/nicht notfallmäßige Behandlung zu Corona-Zeiten (29.04.2020). Laryngorhinootologie, 99(06), 365–369.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dietz, A., Haxel, B., Müller, A., Welkoborsky, H. J., Drumm, S., Guntinas-Lichius, O., et al. (2020). Handlungsempfehlungen DGHNO-KHC und BVHNO für die HNO-Elektiv−/nicht notfallmäßige Behandlung zu Corona-Zeiten (29.04.2020). Laryngorhinootologie, 99(06), 365–369.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
go back to reference Vaira, L. A., Salzano, G., Petrocelli, M., Deiana, G., Salzano, F. A., & De Riu, G. (2020). Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 1]. Head & Neck. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26228. Vaira, L. A., Salzano, G., Petrocelli, M., Deiana, G., Salzano, F. A., & De Riu, G. (2020). Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 1]. Head & Neck. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​hed.​26228.
74.
go back to reference Petrocelli, M., Ruggiero, F., Baietti, A. M., et al. (2020). Remote psychophysical evaluation of olfactory and gustatory functions in early-stage coronavirus disease 2019 patients: The Bologna experience of 300 cases [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 1]. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215120001358. Petrocelli, M., Ruggiero, F., Baietti, A. M., et al. (2020). Remote psychophysical evaluation of olfactory and gustatory functions in early-stage coronavirus disease 2019 patients: The Bologna experience of 300 cases [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 1]. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 1–12. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1017/​S002221512000135​8.
76.
go back to reference Reden, J., Mueller, A., Mueller, C., Konstantinidis, I., Frasnelli, J., Landis, B. N., & Hummel, T. (2006). Recovery of olfactory function following closed head injury or infections of the upper respiratory tract. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, 132, 265–269.CrossRef Reden, J., Mueller, A., Mueller, C., Konstantinidis, I., Frasnelli, J., Landis, B. N., & Hummel, T. (2006). Recovery of olfactory function following closed head injury or infections of the upper respiratory tract. Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, 132, 265–269.CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
go back to reference Guan, W., Zyi, N., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1708–1720.CrossRefPubMed Guan, W., Zyi, N., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1708–1720.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Xiang, J., et al. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395, 1055–1062. Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Xiang, J., et al. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395, 1055–1062.
86.
go back to reference Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., & Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurology, 19(5), 383–384.CrossRefPubMed Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., & Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurology, 19(5), 383–384.CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference van Gassel, R. J. J., Baggerman, M. R., & van de Poll, M. C. G. (2020). Metabolic aspects of muscle wasting during critical illness. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 23(2), 96–101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van Gassel, R. J. J., Baggerman, M. R., & van de Poll, M. C. G. (2020). Metabolic aspects of muscle wasting during critical illness. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 23(2), 96–101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
89.
go back to reference Pati, S., Goodfellow, J. A., Iyadurai, S., & Hilton-Jones, D. (2008). Approach to critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 84(993), 354–360.CrossRefPubMed Pati, S., Goodfellow, J. A., Iyadurai, S., & Hilton-Jones, D. (2008). Approach to critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 84(993), 354–360.CrossRefPubMed
91.
go back to reference Solé, G., Salort-Campana, E., Pereon, Y., Stojkovic, T., Wahbi, K., Cintas, P., et al. (2020). FILNEMUS COVID-19 study group. Guidance for the care of neuromuscular patients during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak from the French RERare Health Care for Neuromuscular Diseases Network. Revue Neurologique (Paris). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2020.04.004. Solé, G., Salort-Campana, E., Pereon, Y., Stojkovic, T., Wahbi, K., Cintas, P., et al. (2020). FILNEMUS COVID-19 study group. Guidance for the care of neuromuscular patients during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak from the French RERare Health Care for Neuromuscular Diseases Network. Revue Neurologique (Paris). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​neurol.​2020.​04.​004.
93.
go back to reference Kluge, S., Janssens, U., Welte, T., Weber-Carstens, S., Marx, G., & Karagiannidis, C. (2020). Recommendations for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, 115(3), 175–177.CrossRefPubMed Kluge, S., Janssens, U., Welte, T., Weber-Carstens, S., Marx, G., & Karagiannidis, C. (2020). Recommendations for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, 115(3), 175–177.CrossRefPubMed
95.
go back to reference Sutter, R., Tisljar, K., & Marsch, S. (2018). Acute neurologic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. Critical Care Medicine, 46(9), 1506–1513.CrossRefPubMed Sutter, R., Tisljar, K., & Marsch, S. (2018). Acute neurologic complications during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review. Critical Care Medicine, 46(9), 1506–1513.CrossRefPubMed
96.
go back to reference Rajajee, V., Riggs, B., & Seder, D. B. (2017). Emergency neurological life support: Airway, ventilation, and sedation. Neurocritical Care, 27(Suppl 1), 4–28.CrossRefPubMed Rajajee, V., Riggs, B., & Seder, D. B. (2017). Emergency neurological life support: Airway, ventilation, and sedation. Neurocritical Care, 27(Suppl 1), 4–28.CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Boone, M. D., Jinadasa, S. P., Mueller, A., Shaefi, S., Kasper, E. M., Hanafy, K. A., et al. (2017). The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral hemodynamics. Neurocritical Care, 26(2), 174–181.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Boone, M. D., Jinadasa, S. P., Mueller, A., Shaefi, S., Kasper, E. M., Hanafy, K. A., et al. (2017). The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral hemodynamics. Neurocritical Care, 26(2), 174–181.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
98.
go back to reference Chen, H., Menon, D. K., & Kavanagh, B. P. (2019). Impact of altered airway pressure on intracranial pressure, perfusion, and oxygenation: A narrative review. Critical Care Medicine, 47(2), 254–263.CrossRefPubMed Chen, H., Menon, D. K., & Kavanagh, B. P. (2019). Impact of altered airway pressure on intracranial pressure, perfusion, and oxygenation: A narrative review. Critical Care Medicine, 47(2), 254–263.CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Le Roux, P., Menon, D. K., Citerio, G., Vespa, P., Bader, M. K., Brophy, G., et al. (2014). The international multidisciplinary consensus conference on multimodality monitoring in Neurocritical care: Evidentiary tables: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical care society and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Neurocritical Care, 21(Suppl 2), S297–S361.CrossRefPubMed Le Roux, P., Menon, D. K., Citerio, G., Vespa, P., Bader, M. K., Brophy, G., et al. (2014). The international multidisciplinary consensus conference on multimodality monitoring in Neurocritical care: Evidentiary tables: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical care society and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Neurocritical Care, 21(Suppl 2), S297–S361.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
“Neurological manifestations of COVID-19” - guideline of the German society of neurology
Authors
Peter Berlit
Julian Bösel
Georg Gahn
Stefan Isenmann
Sven G. Meuth
Christian H. Nolte
Marc Pawlitzki
Felix Rosenow
Benedikt Schoser
Götz Thomalla
Thomas Hummel
Publication date
01-12-2020

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Neurological Research and Practice 1/2020 Go to the issue