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Open Access 01-12-2022 | Malaria | Research

Non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in three epidemiological malaria facets in Cameroon

Authors: Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Joseph Hawadak, Francine Dorgelesse Kouemo Motse, Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko, Lugarde Kamgain Mawabo, Veena Pande, Vineeta Singh

Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases | Issue 1/2022

Abstract

Background

There are growing reports on the prevalence of non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in sub-Saharan African countries but little information is available from Cameroon.

Methods

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in four towns (Douala, Maroua, Mayo-Oulo, and Pette) from three malaria epidemiological strata (Forest, Sahelian, and Soudanian) of Cameroon. Malaria parasites were detected by Giemsa light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Non-falciparum isolates were characterized and their 18S gene sequences were BLASTed for confirmatory diagnosis.

Results

PCR assay detected malaria parasites in 82.4% (98/119) patients, among them 12.2% (12/98) were asymptomatic cases. Three Plasmodium species viz. P. falciparum, P. ovale curtisi and P. vivax, and two co-infection types (P. falciparum + P. vivax and P. falciparum + P. ovale curtisi) were found. The remaining infections were mono–infections with either P. falciparum or P. ovale curtisi. All non–falciparum infections were symptomatic and microscopic. The overall proportion of submicroscopic infections was 11.8% (14/119). Most asymptomatic and submicroscopic infection cases were self-medicated with antimalarial drugs and/or medicinal plants. On analysis, P. ovale curtisi sequences were found to be phylogenetically closer to sequences from India while P. vivax isolates appeared closer to those from Nigeria, India, and Cameroon. No G6PD-d case was found among non-falciparum infections.

Conclusions

This study confirms our previous work on circulation of P. vivax and P. ovale curtisi and the absence of P. knowlesi in Cameroon. More studies are needed to address non-falciparum malaria along with submicroscopic infections for effective malaria management and control in Cameroon.

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Title: Non-falciparum species and submicroscopic infections in three epidemiological malaria facets in Cameroon
Authors: Loick Pradel Kojom Foko
Joseph Hawadak
Francine Dorgelesse Kouemo Motse
Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
Lugarde Kamgain Mawabo
Veena Pande
Vineeta Singh
Publication date: 01-12-2022
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Malaria
Plasmodia
Plasmodium Knowlesi
Plasmodium Malariae
Plasmodium Ovale
Plasmodium Vivax
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Published in: BMC Infectious Diseases / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2334
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07901-6

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