Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Geriatrics
Published in: BMC Geriatrics 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | COVID-19 | Review

System models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors: Katarzyna Klasa, Stephanie Galaitsi, Andrew Wister, Igor Linkov

Published in: BMC Geriatrics | Issue 1/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

The care needs for aging adults are increasing burdens on health systems around the world. Efforts minimizing risk to improve quality of life and aging have proven moderately successful, but acute shocks and chronic stressors to an individual’s systemic physical and cognitive functions may accelerate their inevitable degradations. A framework for resilience to the challenges associated with aging is required to complement on-going risk reduction policies, programs and interventions. Studies measuring resilience among the elderly at the individual level have not produced a standard methodology. Moreover, resilience measurements need to incorporate external structural and system-level factors that determine the resources that adults can access while recovering from aging-related adversities. We use the National Academies of Science conceptualization of resilience for natural disasters to frame resilience for aging adults. This enables development of a generalized theory of resilience for different individual and structural contexts and populations, including a specific application to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Literature
1.
Pefoyo AJK, Bronskill SE, Gruneir A, Calzavara A, Thavorn K, Petrosyan Y, et al. The increasing burden and complexity of multimorbidity. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:415.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen A, et al. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10:430–9.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Wister AV, Speechley M. Inherent tensions between population aging and health care systems: what might the Canadian health care system look like in twenty years? J Popul Ageing. 2015;8:227–43.CrossRef
4.
Takizawa C, Thompson PL, van Walsem A, Faure C, Maier WC. Epidemiological and economic burden of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic literature review of data across Europe and the United States of America. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43:1271–84.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Lehnert T, Heider D, Leicht H, Heinrich S, Corrieri S, Luppa M, et al. Health care utilization and costs of elderly persons with multiple chronic conditions. Med Care Res Rev. 2011;68:387–420.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Vermeulen J, Neyens JCL, van Rossum E, Spreeuwenberg MD, de Witte LP. Predicting ADL disability in community-dwelling elderly people using physical frailty indicators: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11:33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
Wister AV. Baby boomer health dynamics: how are we aging? Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2005.
8.
Goldman DP, Cutler D, Rowe JW, Michaud P-C, Sullivan J, Peneva D, et al. Substantial health and economic returns from delayed aging may warrant a new focus for medical research. Health Aff. 2013;32:1698–705.CrossRef
9.
Fabbri E, Zoli M, Gonzalez-Freire M, Salive ME, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. Aging and multimorbidity: new tasks, priorities, and frontiers for integrated gerontological and clinical research. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:640–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Cosco TD, Wister A, Brayne C, Howse K, Hayslip B Jr. Psychosocial aspects of successful ageing and resilience: critique, integration and implications / Aspectos psicológicos del envejecimiento exitoso y la resiliencia: crítica, integración e implicaciones. Estud Psicol. 2018;39:248–66.CrossRef
11.
Pruchno R, Carr D. Successful aging 2.0: resilience and beyond. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2017;72:201–3.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Council NR. Disaster resilience: A national imperative. 2012.
13.
Linkov I, Bridges T, Creutzig F, Decker J, Fox-Lent C, Kröger W, et al. Changing the resilience paradigm. Nat Clim Chang. 2014;4:407.CrossRef
14.
Bostick TP, Connelly EB, Lambert JH, Linkov I. Resilience science, policy and investment for civil infrastructure. Reliab Eng Syst Saf. 2018;175:19–23.CrossRef
15.
Linkov I, Trump BD. The science and practice of resilience. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019.
16.
Klasa K, Galaitsi S, Trump BD, Linkov I. Science and practice of resilience: disaster systems applications to aging resilience. In: Wister A, Cosco T, editors. Resilience and Aging: Emerging Science and Future Possibilities. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020.
17.
Masten AS. Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19:921–30.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Wister A, Coatta K, Schuurman N, Lear S, Rosin M, MacKey D. A Lifecourse model of resilience applied to aging with multimorbidity. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016;82:290–313.PubMedCrossRef
19.
20.
Windle G. What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2011;21:152–69.CrossRef
21.
22.
Hayslip B Jr. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, volume 32, 2012: emerging perspectives on resilience in adulthood and later life. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2012.
23.
Bauman S, Adams JH, Waldo M. Resilience in the oldest-old. Couns Hum Dev. 2001;34:1.
24.
Masten AS, Reed M-GJ. Resilience in development. Handb Posit Psychol. 2002;74:88.
25.
Rutter M. Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthop. 1987;57:316–31.CrossRef
26.
Staudinger UM, Marsiske M, Baltes PB. Resilience and reserve capacity in later adulthood: potentials and limits of development across the life span. Dev Psychopathol. 1995;2:801–47.
27.
Cosco TD, Kaushal A, Richards M, Kuh D, Stafford M. Resilience measurement in later life: a systematic review and psychometric analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14:16.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Allen RS, Haley PP, Harris GM, Fowler SN, Pruthi R. Resilience: definitions, ambiguities, and applications. In: Resilience in Aging. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 1–13.
29.
Wister A, Lear S, Schuurman N, MacKey D, Mitchell B, Cosco T, et al. Development and validation of a multi-domain multimorbidity resilience index for an older population: results from the baseline Canadian longitudinal study on aging. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18:170.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
30.
Kruk ME, Ling EJ, Bitton A, Cammett M, Cavanaugh K, Chopra M, et al. Building resilient health systems: a proposal for a resilience index. BMJ. 2017;357:j2323.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Southwick SM, Bonanno GA, Masten AS, Panter-Brick C, Yehuda R. Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2014;5:25338.CrossRef
32.
Windle G, Markland DA, Woods RT. Examination of a theoretical model of psychological resilience in older age. Aging Ment Health. 2008;12:285–92.PubMedCrossRef
33.
34.
Feder A, Torres SF, Southwick SM, Charney DS. The biology of human resilience: opportunities for enhancing resilience across the lifespan. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86:443–53.PubMedCrossRef
35.
McEwen BS. Interacting mediators of allostasis and allostatic load: towards an understanding of resilience in aging. Metabolism. 2003;52:10–6.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Varadhan R. Some methodological challenges in studying resilience. In: research centers collaborative network, editor. Austin: National Institute on Aging; 2019.
37.
38.
Varadhan R, Seplaki CL, Xue QL, Bandeen-Roche K, Fried LP. Stimulus-response paradigm for characterizing the loss of resilience in homeostatic regulation associated with frailty. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008;129:666–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Varadhan R, Walston JD, Bandeen-Roche K. Can physical resilience and frailty in older adults be linked by the study of dynamical systems? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66:1455.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
Hadley EC, Kuchel GA, Newman AB. Report: NIA workshop on measures of physiologic resiliencies in human aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72:980–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
42.
43.
Cosco TD, Prina AM, Perales J, Stephan BCM, Brayne C. Lay perspectives of successful ageing: a systematic review and meta-ethnography. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002710.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Diehl M, Hay EL. Risk and resilience factors in coping with daily stress in adulthood: the role of age, self-concept incoherence, and personal control. Dev Psychol. 2010;46:1132.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
46.
Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Vemuri P. Resistance vs resilience to Alzheimer disease: clarifying terminology for preclinical studies. Neurology. 2018;90:695–703.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Miller BF, Seals DR, Hamilton KL. A viewpoint on considering physiological principles to study stress resistance and resilience with aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;38:1–5.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Schorr A, Carter C, Ladiges W. The potential use of physical resilience to predict healthy aging. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis. 2018;8:1403844.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Cohen M, Baziliansky S, Beny A. The association of resilience and age in individuals with colorectal cancer: an exploratory cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Oncol. 2014;5:33–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Greve W, Staudinger UM. Resilience in later adulthood and old age: Resources and potentials for successful aging. In Cicchetti D & Cohen DJ (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (p. 796–840). Hoboken: Wiley. 2006.
51.
Smith ML, Bergeron CD, McCord CE, Hochhalter AK, Ory MG. Successful aging and resilience: applications for public health, health care, and policy. In: Resilience in Aging. In: Springer; 2018. p. 17–33.CrossRef
52.
Smith ML, Bergeron CD, McCord CE, Hochhalter AK, Ory MG, Foster L, et al. Active and successful aging: a European policy perspective. In: The Gerontologist. US: Oxford University Press; 2018. p. 17–33.
53.
World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
54.
World Health Organization. WHO clinical consortium on healthy ageing: topic focus: frailty and intrinsic capacity: report of consortium meeting, 1--2 December 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland. 2017.
55.
World Health Organization. Active ageing: A policy framework. 2002.
56.
Walker A, Foster L. Active ageing: rhetoric, theory and practice. In: The making of ageing policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2013.
57.
Foster L, Walker A. Active and successful aging: a European policy perspective. Gerontologist. 2015;55:83–90.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Adger WN. Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Prog Hum Geogr. 2000;24:347–64.CrossRef
59.
Norris FH, Stevens SP, Pfefferbaum B, Wyche KF, Pfefferbaum RL. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am J Community Psychol. 2008;41:127–50.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Cohen O, Geva D, Lahad M, Bolotin A, Leykin D, Goldberg A, Aharonson-Daniel A, Abe T. Community Resilience throughout the Lifespan – The Potential Contribution of Healthy Elders. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(2):e0148125.
61.
Goodman RM, Speers MA, McLeroy K, Fawcett S, Kegler M, Parker E, et al. Identifying and defining the dimensions of community capacity to provide a basis for measurement. Health Educ Behav. 1998;25:258–78.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Cosco TD, Kaushal A, Hardy R, Richards M, Kuh D, Stafford M. Operationalising resilience in longitudinal studies: a systematic review of methodological approaches. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71:98–104.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Peters S, Cosco TD, Mackey DC, Sarohia GS, Leong J, Wister A. Measurement instruments for quantifying physical resilience in aging: a scoping review protocol. Syst Rev. 2019;8:34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Tomás JM, Sancho P, Melendez JC, Mayordomo T. Resilience and coping as predictors of general well-being in the elderly: a structural equation modeling approach. Aging Ment Health. 2012;16:317–26.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Cárdenas A, López L. Analysis matrix of resilience in the face of disability, old age and poverty. Int J Disabil Dev Educ. 2010;57:175–89.CrossRef
66.
Rutter H, Savona N, Glonti K, Bibby J, Cummins S, Finegood DT, et al. The need for a complex systems model of evidence for public health. Lancet. 2017;390:2602–4.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Linkov I, Palma-Oliveira JM. Resilience and risk: methods and application in environment, cyber and social domains. Dordrecht: Springer; 2017.
68.
Fox-Lent C, Bates ME, Linkov I. A matrix approach to community resilience assessment: an illustrative case at rockaway peninsula. Environ Syst Decis. 2015;35:209–18.CrossRef
69.
Linkov I, Eisenberg DA, Bates ME, Chang D, Convertino M, Allen JH, et al. Measurable resilience for actionable policy. 2013.CrossRef
70.
Zemba V, Wells EM, Wood MD, Trump BD, Boyle B, Blue S, et al. Defining, measuring, and enhancing resilience for small groups. Saf Sci. 2019;120:603–16.CrossRef
71.
72.
Linkov I, Kott A. Fundamental concepts of cyber resilience: introduction and overview. In: Cyber resilience of systems and networks. Cham: Springer; 2019. p. 1–25.
73.
Kott A, Linkov I. Cyber resilience of systems and networks. Cham: Springer; 2019.
74.
Cohen AA. Complex systems dynamics in aging: new evidence, continuing questions. Biogerontology. 2016;17:205–20.PubMedCrossRef
75.
76.
Leischow SJ, Best A, Trochim WM, Clark PI, Gallagher RS, Marcus SE, et al. Systems thinking to improve the public’s health. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:S196–203.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Cvitkovich Y, Wister A. Bringing in the life course: a modification to Lawton’s ecological model of aging. Hallym Int J Aging. 2002;4:15–30.CrossRef
78.
Igarashi H, Aldwin C. An ecological model of resilience in late life. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;32:115–30.CrossRef
79.
McMunn A, Breeze E, Goodman A, Nazroo J, Oldfield Z. Social determinants of health in older age. Soc Determ Health. 2006;2:267–98.
80.
Northwood M, Ploeg J, Markle-Reid M, Sherifali D. Integrative review of the social determinants of health in older adults with multimorbidity. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74:45–60.PubMedCrossRef
81.
82.
Mete C. Predictors of elderly mortality: health status, socioeconomic characteristics and social determinants of health. Health Econ. 2005;14:135–48.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Dunn JR, Dyck I. Social determinants of health in Canada’s immigrant population: results from the National Population Health Survey. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:1573–93.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Wang H, Chen K, Zhou B, Wang JF. Study on social determinants and health-related quality of life among the’empty nest’(lonely) elderly Chinese people. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2010;31:400–4.PubMed
85.
Prus SG, Gee E. Gender differences in the influence of economic, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors on later-life health. Can J Public Health. 2003;94:306–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Nagata JM, Hernández-Ramos I, Kurup AS, Albrecht D, Vivas-Torrealba C, Franco-Paredes C. Social determinants of health and seasonal influenza vaccination in adults ≥ 65 years: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative data. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:388.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Jagger C, Gillies C, Moscone F, Cambois E, Van Oyen H, Nusselder W, et al. Inequalities in healthy life years in the 25 countries of the European Union in 2005: a cross-national meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2008;372:2124–31.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Wister AV, Coatta KL, Schuurman N, Lear SA, Rosin M, MacKey D. A lifecourse model of multimorbidity resilience: theoretical and research developments. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016;82:290–313.PubMedCrossRef
89.
90.
Fuller-Iglesias H, Sellars B, Antonucci TC. Resilience in old age: social relations as a protective factor. Res Hum Dev. 2008;5:181–93.CrossRef
91.
Nygren B, Aléx L, Jonsén E, Gustafson Y, Norberg A, Lundman B. Resilience, sense of coherence, purpose in life and self-transcendence in relation to perceived physical and mental health among the oldest old. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9:354–62.PubMedCrossRef
92.
93.
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10:227–37.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Massaro E, Ganin A, Perra N, Linkov I, Vespignani A. Resilience management during large-scale epidemic outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1–9.CrossRef
95.
Bakkensen LA, Fox-Lent C, Read LK, Linkov I. Validating resilience and vulnerability indices in the context of natural disasters. Risk Anal. 2017;37:982–1004.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Rand K, Kurth M, Fleming CH, Linkov I. A resilience matrix approach for measuring and mitigating disaster-induced population displacement. Int J Disast Risk Reduct. 2020;42:101310.CrossRef
97.
Collier ZA, Lambert JH, Linkov I. Concurrent threats and disasters: modeling and managing risk and resilience; 2020.
98.
Park J, Seager TP, Rao PSC, Convertino M, Linkov I. Integrating risk and resilience approaches to catastrophe management in engineering systems. Risk Anal. 2013;33:356–67.PubMedCrossRef
99.
McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15:351–77.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Dishman E. Inventing wellness systems for aging in place. Computer. 2004;37:34–41.CrossRef
101.
Wiles JL, Leibing A, Guberman N, Reeve J, Allen RES. The meaning of “aging in place” to older people. Gerontologist. 2012;52:357–66.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Acosta JD, Shih RA, Chen EK, Xenakis L, Carbone EG, Burgette LF, et al. Building older adults’ resilience by bridging public health and aging-in-place efforts: toolkit. 2018.CrossRef
103.
Oswald F, Jopp D, Rott C, Wahl H-W. Is aging in place a resource for or risk to life satisfaction? Gerontologist. 2011;51:238–50.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Shih RA, Acosta JD, Chen EK, Carbone EG, Xenakis L, Adamson DM, et al. Improving disaster resilience among older adults: insights from public health departments and aging-in-place efforts. Rand Health Quart. 2018;8(1):3.
105.
Peek STM, Wouters EJM, Van Hoof J, Luijkx KG, Boeije HR, Vrijhoef HJM. Factors influencing acceptance of technology for aging in place: a systematic review. Int J Med Inform. 2014;83:235–48.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Mynatt ED, Essa I, Rogers W. Increasing the opportunities for aging in place. In: Proceedings on the 2000 conference on Universal Usability; 2000. p. 65–71.CrossRef
107.
Menec VH, Means R, Keating N, Parkhurst G, Eales J. Conceptualizing age-friendly communities. Can J Aging/La Rev Can du Vieil. 2011;30:479–93.
108.
109.
Novek S, Menec VH. Older adults’ perceptions of age-friendly communities in Canada: a photovoice study. Ageing Soc. 2014;34:1052–72.CrossRef
110.
Fitzgerald KG, Caro FG. An overview of age-friendly cities and communities around the world. J Aging Soc Policy. 2014;26:1–18.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Krawchenko T, Keefe J, Manuel P, Rapaport E. Coastal climate change, vulnerability and age friendly communities: linking planning for climate change to the age friendly communities agenda. J Rural Stud. 2016;44:55–62.CrossRef
112.
113.
Lehning AJ. Local and regional governments and age-friendly communities: a case study of the San Francisco Bay Area. J Aging Soc Policy. 2014;26:102–16.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Jeste DV, Blazer DG II, Buckwalter KC, Cassidy K-LK, Fishman L, Gwyther LP, et al. Age-friendly communities initiative: public health approach to promoting successful aging. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24:1158–70.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Phillipson C. Developing age-friendly communities: new approaches to growing old in urban environments. In: Handbook of sociology of aging. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 279–93.
116.
Roege PE, Collier ZA, Mancillas J, McDonagh JA, Linkov I. Metrics for energy resilience. Energy Policy. 2014;72:249–56.CrossRef
117.
Alberts DS, Garstka JJ, Hayes RE, Signori DA. Understanding information age warfare; 2001.CrossRef
118.
Trump BD, Poinsatte-Jones K, Elran M, Allen C, Srdjevic B, Merad M, et al. Social resilience and critical infrastructure systems. In: Resilience and risk. Dordrecht: Springer; 2017. p. 289–99.
119.
Ungar M. The social ecology of resilience: addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. Am J Orthop. 2011;81:1.CrossRef
120.
Liu Y, Gayle AA, Wilder-Smith A, Rocklöv J. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. J Travel Med. 2020;27:taaa021.PubMedCrossRef
121.
122.
del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19–new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323:1339–40.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Staff CS, Archives CC, iCritical Care AA, Blog CC, Connect S, App S, et al. United States Resource Availability for COVID-19; 2020.
124.
Adalja AA, Toner E, Inglesby TV. Priorities for the US health community responding to COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323:1343–4.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Organization WH. Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19): interim guidance, 27 February 2020. 2020.
126.
Hopman J, Allegranzi B, Mehtar S. Managing COVID-19 in low-and middle-income countries. JAMA. 2020;323:1549–50.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Lipsitch M, Swerdlow DL, Finelli L. Defining the epidemiology of Covid-19—studies needed. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1194–6.PubMedCrossRef
128.
129.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323:1239–42.CrossRefPubMed
130.
131.
132.
133.
Shahid Z, Kalayanamitra R, McClafferty B, Kepko D, Ramgobin D, Patel R, et al. COVID-19 and older adults: what we know. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68:926–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
134.
Wister A, Speechley M. COVID-19: pandemic risk, resilience and possibilities for aging research. Can J Aging/La Rev Can du Vieil. 2020;39:344–7.
135.
136.
Lloyd-Sherlock P, Ebrahim S, Geffen L, McKee M. Bearing the brunt of covid-19: older people in low and middle income countries; 2020.
137.
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102433.
138.
Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41:145–51.
139.
Béland D, Marier P. COVID-19 and long-term care policy for older people in canada. J Aging Soc Policy. 2020;32(4–5):358–64.
140.
Laxton CE, Nace DA, Nazir A, for Post-Acute A--TS, Medicine L-TC. Solving the COVID-19 crisis in post-acute and long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21:885–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
Lai C-C, Wang J-H, Ko W-C, Yen M-Y, Lu M-C, Lee C-M, et al. COVID-19 in long-term care facilities: an upcoming threat that cannot be ignored. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53:444.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
142.
McMichael TM, Currie DW, Clark S, Pogosjans S, Kay M, Schwartz NG, et al. Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a long-term care facility in King County, Washington. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2005–11.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Stall NM, Jones A, Brown KA, Rochon PA, Costa AP. For-profit long-term care homes and the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks and resident deaths. CMAJ. 2020;192:E946–55.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
144.
Trump BD, Linkov I. Risk and resilience in the time of the COVID-19 crisis; 2020.CrossRef
145.
Gardner W, States D, Bagley N. The coronavirus and the risks to the elderly in long-term care. J Aging Soc Policy. 2020;32(4–5):310–15.
146.
Shippee T, Akosionu O, Ng W, Woodhouse M, Duan Y, Thao MS, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: exacerbating racial/ethnic disparities in long-term services and supports. J Aging Soc Policy. 2020;32:323–33.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Andrew M, Searle SD, McElhaney JE, McNeil SA, Clarke B, Rockwood K, et al. COVID-19, frailty and long-term care: implications for policy and practice. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14:428–32.PubMedCrossRef
148.
149.
Trump BD, Bridges TS, Cegan JC, Cibulsky SM, Greer SL, Jarman H, et al. An analytical perspective on pandemic recovery. Health Securirty. 2020;18(3):250–56.
Metadata
Title
System models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors
Katarzyna Klasa
Stephanie Galaitsi
Andrew Wister
Igor Linkov
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Keyword
COVID-19
Published in
BMC Geriatrics / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2318
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01965-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

BMC Geriatrics 1/2021 Go to the issue

Research article

Association between frailty and ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research article

Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling Chinese populations aged over 55 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Research article

Compromised intestinal integrity in older adults during daily activities: a pilot study

Research

Contribution of a multicomponent intervention on functional capacity and independence on activities of daily living in individuals with neurocognitive disorder

Research

Life under lockdown and social restrictions - the experiences of people living with dementia and their carers during the COVID-19 pandemic in England

Research

Correlation between cardiopulmonary metabolic energy cost and lower-limb muscle activity during inclined treadmill gait in older adults

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24 to hear Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits