Top

Current Obesity Reports

Published in:

01-12-2020 | Obesity | Childhood Obesity (A Kelly and C Fox, Section Editor)

The Co-occurrence of Pediatric Obesity and ADHD: an Understanding of Shared Pathophysiology and Implications for Collaborative Management

Authors: Valerie M. O’Hara, Jennifer L. Curran, Nancy T. Browne

Published in: Current Obesity Reports | Issue 4/2020

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To describe what is known about the association between obesity and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children along with the co-occurring conditions of sleep dysfunction, loss of control/binge eating disorder (LOC-ED/BED), and anxiety.

Recent Findings

Obesity and ADHD share common brain pathways (hypothalamic, executive, and reward centers) with pathophysiology in these areas manifesting in partial or complete expression of these diseases. Sleep dysfunction, LOC-ED/BED, and anxiety share similar pathways and are associated with this disease dyad.

Summary

The association of obesity and ADHD with sleep dysfunction, LOC-ED/BED, and anxiety is discussed. An algorithm outlining decision pathways for patients with obesity and with and without ADHD is presented. Future research exploring the complex pathophysiology of both obesity and ADHD as well as co-occurring conditions is needed to develop clinical guidelines and ultimately assist in providing the best evidence-based care.

Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D. ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5:175–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30167-0.CrossRefPubMed

Apovian CM. Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care. 2016;22(7 Suppl):s176–85.PubMed

Kim J, Lee GH, Sung SM, Jung DS, Pak K. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in narcolepsy: a systematic review. Sleep Med. 2020;65:84–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.022.CrossRefPubMed

Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):251–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017.CrossRefPubMed

Ranum BM, Wichstrøm L, Pallesen S, Falch-Madsen J, Halse M, Steinsbekk S. Association between objectively measured sleep duration and symptoms of psychiatric disorders in middle childhood. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1918281. Published 2019 Dec 2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18281.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sciberras E, Efron D, Patel P, Mulraney M, Lee KJ, Mihalopoulos C, et al. Does the treatment of anxiety in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using cognitive behavioral therapy improve child and family outcomes? Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):359. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2276-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sharma V, Coleman S, Nixon J, Sharples L, Hamilton-Shield J, Rutter H, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the population prevalence of comorbidities in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years. Obes Rev. 2019;20(10):1341–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12904.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Obesity. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1 Updated 2020. Accessed Jun 30, 2020.

Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data. 2000;314:1–27.

10.

Gulati AK, Kaplan DW, Daniels SR. Clinical tracking of severely obese children: a new growth chart. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):1136–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Kelly AS, Barlow SE, Rao G, Inge TH, Hayman LL, Steinberger J, et al. Severe obesity in children and adolescents: identification, associated health risks, and treatment approaches: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(15):1689–712. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3.CrossRefPubMed

12.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: Author.

13.

Visser SN, Zablotsky B, Holbrook JR, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH. Diagnostic experiences of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2015;81:1–7.

14.

Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Jensen PS, et al. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(5):484–500. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23d0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(3):345–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):e994–1001. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3482.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Wolraich ML, McKeown RE, Visser SN, Bard D, Cuffe S, Neas B, et al. The prevalence of ADHD: its diagnosis and treatment in four school districts across two states. J Atten Disord. 2014;18(7):563–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712453169.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Rowland AS, Skipper BJ, Umbach DM, Rabiner DL, Campbell RA, Naftel AJ, et al. The prevalence of ADHD in a population-based sample. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(9):741–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713513799.CrossRefPubMed

19.

•• Cortese S. The association between ADHD and obesity: intriguing, progressively more investigated, but still puzzling. Brain Sci. 2019;9(10):256. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9100256Most recent review of literature describing the association between obesity and ADHD.CrossRefPubMedCentral

20.

Cortese S, Moreira-Maia CR, St Fleur D, Morcillo-Peñalver C, Rohde LA, Faraone SV. Association between ADHD and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(1):34–43. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020266.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Nigg JT, Johnstone JM, Musser ED, Long HG, Willoughby MT, Shannon J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and being overweight/obesity: New data and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;43:67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.005.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Khalife N, Kantomaa M, Glover V, Tammelin T, Laitinen J, Ebeling H, et al. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are risk factors for obesity and physical inactivity in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(4):425–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.01.009.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Aguirre Castaneda RL, Kumar S, Voigt RG, Leibson CL, Barbaresi WJ, Weaver AL, et al. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, sex, and obesity: a longitudinal population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;3:61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.09.017.CrossRef

24.

Bowling AB, Tiemeier HW, Jaddoe VWV, Barker ED, Jansen PW. ADHD symptoms and body composition changes in childhood: a longitudinal study evaluating directionality of associations. Pediatr Obes. 2018:567–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12288.

25.

Seymour KE, Reinblatt SP, Benson L, Carnell S. Overlapping neurobehavioral circuits in ADHD, obesity, and binge eating: evidence from neuroimaging research. CNS Spectr. 2015;20(4):401–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852915000383.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Martins-Silva T, Vaz JDS, Hutz MH, Salatino-Oliveira A, Genro JP, Hartwig FP, et al. Assessing causality in the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Obes. 2019;43(12):2500–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-019-0346-8.CrossRef

27.

Cortese S, Angriman M, Comencini E, Vincenzi B, Maffeis C. Association between inflammatory cytokines and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with obesity: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2019;278:7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.030.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Nousen EK, Franco JG, Sullivan EL. Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for the comorbidity between metabolic syndrome and mental health disorders. Neuroendocrinology. 2013;98(4):254–66. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355632.CrossRefPubMed

29.

•• Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Blaming the brain for obesity: integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):1728–38. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.050New conceptual framework of human energy regulation addressing how hedonic controls interact with homeostatic controls to regulate body weight in a flexible and adaptive manner that takes environmental conditions into account.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, et al. Obesity pathogenesis: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2017;4:267–96. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2017-00111.CrossRef

31.

Roh E, Kim MS. Brain regulation of energy metabolism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016;31(4):519–24. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.519.CrossRef

32.

Verbeken S, Braet C, Goossens L, van der Oord S. Executive function training with game elements for obese children: a novel treatment to enhance self-regulatory abilities for weight-control. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51(6):290–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.006.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Davis C, Levitan RD, Muglia P, Bewell C, Kennedy JL. Decision-making deficits and overeating: a risk model for obesity. Obes Res. 2004;12(6):929–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.113.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:225–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.020.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Laurent JS, Watts R, Adise S, Allgaier N, Chaarani B, Garavan H, et al. Associations among body mass index, cortical thickness, and executive function in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;174(2):170–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4708.CrossRefPubMedCentral

36.

Heinitz S, Reinhardt M, Piaggi P, Weise CM, Diaz E, Stinson EJ, et al. Neuromodulation directed at the prefrontal cortex of subjects with obesity reduces snack food intake and hunger in a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(6):1347–57. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.158089.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Münzberg H, Qualls-Creekmore E, Yu S, Morrison CD, Berthoud HR. Hedonics act in unison with the homeostatic system to unconsciously control body weight. Front Nutr. 2016;3:6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2016.00006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Brooks SJ, Cedernaes J, Schiöth HB. Increased prefrontal and parahippocampal activation with reduced dorsolateral prefrontal and insular cortex activation to food images in obesity: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060393.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Bruce AS, Holsen LM, Chambers RJ, Martin LE, Brooks WM, Zarcone JR, et al. Obese children show hyperactivation to food pictures in brain networks linked to motivation, reward and cognitive control. Int J Obes. 2010;34(10):1494–500. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.84.CrossRef

40.

Stice E, Figlewicz DP, Gosnell BA, Levine AS, Pratt WE. The contribution of brain reward circuits to the obesity epidemic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(9 Pt A):2047–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.12.001.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Blum K, Thanos PK, Gold MS. Dopamine and glucose, obesity, and reward deficiency syndrome. Front Psychol. 2014;5:919. Published 2014 Sep 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00919.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Zhang Y, Liu J, Yao J, Ji G, Qian L, Wang J, et al. Obesity: pathophysiology and intervention. Nutrients. 2014;6(11):5153–83. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6115153.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Timper K, Brüning JC. Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: pathways to obesity. Dis Model Mech. 2017;10(6):679–89. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.026609.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Cortese S. The neurobiology and genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16(5):422–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009.CrossRefPubMed

45.

•• Koss KJ, Gunnar MR. Annual research review: early adversity, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and child psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(4):327–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12784Review of neurobiology of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and relationship between early adversity-HPA axis activity and HPA axis activity-psychopathology. Also, discusses the role of regulatory mechanisms and sensitive periods in development.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Koss KJ, Mliner SB, Donzella B, Gunnar MR. Early adversity, hypocortisolism, and behavior problems at school entry: a study of internationally adopted children. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;66:31–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.018.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Cherkasova MV, Hechtman L. Neuroimaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: beyond the frontostriatal circuitry. Can J Psychiatr. 2009;54(10):651–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905401002.CrossRef

48.

Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going? Neuron. 2010;67(5):728–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.040.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Shaw P, Lerch J, Greenstein D, Sharp W, Clasen L, Evans A, et al. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(5):540–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.540.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW, Peterson BS. Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2003;362(9397):1699–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14842-8.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Shaw P, Gilliam M, Liverpool M, Weddle C, Malek M, Sharp W, et al. Cortical development in typically developing children with symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity: support for a dimensional view of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(2):143–51. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10030385.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Plessen KJ, Bansal R, Zhu H, Whiteman R, Amat J, Quackenbush GA, et al. Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(7):795–807. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.795.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Ivanov I, Bansal R, Hao X, Zhu H, Kellendonk C, Miller L, et al. Morphological abnormalities of the thalamus in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(4):397–408. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030398.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Dickstein SG, Bannon K, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(10):1051–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01671.x.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Blumenthal J, Lerch JP, Greenstein D, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(49):19649–54. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707741104.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Mackie S, Shaw P, Lenroot R, Pierson R, Greenstein DK, Nugent TF 3rd, et al. Cerebellar development and clinical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(4):647–55. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.4.647.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Clerkin SM, Schulz KP, Berwid OG, Fan J, Newcorn JH, Tang CY, et al. Thalamo-cortical activation and connectivity during response preparation in adults with persistent and remitted ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(9):1011–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070880.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, Greenstein D, de Rossi P, Sharp W. Trajectories of cerebral cortical development in childhood and adolescence and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):599–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.04.007.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Francx W, Oldehinkel M, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Hartman CA, Hoekstra PJ, et al. The executive control network and symptomatic improvement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cortex. 2015;73:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.08.012.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Halperin JM, Trampush JW, Miller CJ, Marks DJ, Newcorn JH. Neuropsychological outcome in adolescents/young adults with childhood ADHD: profiles of persisters, remitters and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(9):958–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01926.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Rajendran K, Rindskopf D, O'Neill S, Marks DJ, Nomura Y, Halperin JM. Neuropsychological functioning and severity of ADHD in early childhood: a four-year cross-lagged study. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122(4):1179–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034237.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Del Campo N, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69(12):e145–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.036.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Prince J. Catecholamine dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(3 Suppl 2):S39–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318174f92a.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Patte KA, Davis CA, Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Carter-Major J, Kennedy JL. A behavioral genetic model of the mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and symptoms of ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2016;1087054715618793:1425–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715618793.CrossRef

65.

Lundahl A, Nelson TD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology and pediatric obesity: psychopathology or sleep deprivation? J Health Psychol. 2016 Jun;21(6):1055–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314544991.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Hakim F, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Obesity and altered sleep: a pathway to metabolic derangements in children? Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2015;22(2):77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2015.04.006.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

• Fang CT, Chen VC, Ma HT, Chao HH, Ho MC, Gossop M. Attentional bias, "cool" and "hot" executive functions in obese patients: roles of body mass index, binge eating, and eating style. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39(2):145–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001016Study examined "cool" (inhibitory control and mental flexibility) and "hot" (affective decision making) executive functions (EFs) in relation to body mass index, binge-eating tendency, and eating styles.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Lindberg L, Hagman E, Danielsson P, Marcus C, Persson M. Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with obesity: a nationwide study in Sweden. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-1498-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Chihara Y, Akamizu T, Azuma M, Murase K, Harada Y, Tanizawa K, et al. Among metabolic factors, significance of fasting and postprandial increases in acyl and desacyl ghrelin and the acyl/desacyl ratio in obstructive sleep apnea before and after treatment. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(8):895–905. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.4942.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Gileles-Hillel A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Biological plausibility linking sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(5):290–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.22.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Tankersley CG, O'Donnell C, Daood MJ, Watchko JF, Mitzner W, Schwartz A, et al. Leptin attenuates respiratory complications associated with the obese phenotype. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998;85(6):2261–9. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.6.2261.CrossRef

72.

Aygun AD, Gungor S, Ustundag B, Gurgoze MK, Sen Y. Proinflammatory cytokines and leptin are increased in serum of prepubertal obese children. Mediat Inflamm. 2005;2005(3):180–3. https://doi.org/10.1155/MI.2005.180.CrossRef

73.

Halbower AC, Mahone EM. Neuropsychological morbidity linked to childhood sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10(2):97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.10.002.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. Obesity-related sleepiness and fatigue: the role of the stress system and cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1083:329–44.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Turkoglu S, Cetin FH. The relationship between chronotype and obesity in children and adolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36:1138–47.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Matherne CE, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Altschul AM, Shank LM, Schvey NA, Brady SM, et al. A preliminary examination of loss of control eating disorder (LOC-ED) in middle childhood. Eat Behav. 2015;18:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.04.001.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD. Psychiatric comorbidity of childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2012;24(3):241–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2012.678818.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Furlong TM, Jayaweera HK, Balleine BW, Corbit LH. Binge-like consumption of a palatable food accelerates habitual control of behavior and is dependent on activation of the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci. 2014;14:5012–22. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3707-13.2014.CrossRef

79.

• Puhl RM, Himmelstein MS, Pearl RL. Weight stigma as a psychosocial contributor to obesity. Am Psychol. 2020;75(2):274–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000538Overview of recent evidence examining links between weight stigma and weight-related behaviors and health including health consequences and implications for treatment.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Dias-Ferreira E, Sousa JC, Melo I, Morgado P, Mesquita AR, Cerqueira JJ, et al. Chronic stress causes frontostriatal reorganization and affects decision-making. Science. 2009;325(5940):621–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171203.CrossRefPubMed

81.

•• Stern A, Agnew-Blais JC, Danese A, Fisher HL, Matthews T, Polanczyk GV, et al. Associations between ADHD and emotional problems from childhood to young adulthood: a longitudinal genetically sensitive study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13217Review of developmental associations between ADHD and childhood emotional problems; examined the genetic and environmental contributions.

82.

Overgaard KR, Aase H, Torgersen S, Zeiner P. Co-occurrence of ADHD and anxiety in preschool children. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(7):573–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712463063.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Jarrett MA, Wolff JC, Davis TE 3rd, Cowart MJ, Ollendick TH. Characteristics of children with ADHD and anxiety. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(7):636–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712452914.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Özcan Ö, Arslan M, Güngör S, Yüksel T, Selimoğlu MA. Plasma leptin, adiponectin, neuropeptide Y levels in drug naive children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2018;22(9):896–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715587095.CrossRefPubMed

85.

• Barker ED, Ing A, Biondo F, Jia T, Pingault JB, Du Rietz E, et al. Do ADHD-impulsivity and BMI have shared polygenic and neural correlates? Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0444-yExamined the neural and polygenic correlates between obesity and ADHD; found a common neural substrate that may account for shared genetic underpinnings of ADHD and obesity along with the manifestation of their (observable) phenotypic association.

86.

Hanc T, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Borkowska A, Wolanczyk T, Pytlinska N, Rybakowski F, et al. Overweight in boys with ADHD is related to candidate genes and not to deficits in cognitive functions. J Atten Disord. 2018;22:1158–72.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Albayrak Ö, Pütter C, Volckmar AL, Cichon S, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, et al. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium: ADHD Subgroup. Common obesity risk alleles in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2013;162B(4):295–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32144.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Chervin RD, Dillon JE, Bassetti C, Ganoczy DA, Pituch KJ. Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children. Sleep. 1997;20(12):1185–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.12.1185.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Guerdjikova AI, Blom TJ, Mori N, Matthews A, Cummings T, Casuto LL, et al. Lisdexamfetamine in pediatric binge eating disorder: a retrospective chart review. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2019;42(6):214–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000367.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Fleck DE, Eliassen JC, Guerdjikova AI, Mori N, Williams S, Blom TJ, et al. Effect of lisdexamfetamine on emotional network brain dysfunction in binge eating disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2019;286:53–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.003.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Guerdjikova AI, Mori N, Casuto LS, McElroy SL. Novel pharmacologic treatment in acute binge eating disorder - role of lisdexamfetamine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:833–41. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S80881.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Srivastava G, O'Hara V, Browne N. Use of lisdexamfetamine to treat obesity in an adolescent with severe obesity and binge eating. Children (Basel). 2019;6(2):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/children6020022.CrossRef

93.

Sheinbein DH, Stein RI, Hayes JF, Brown ML, Balantekin KN, Conlon RPK, et al. Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among children seeking treatment for obesity: A social-ecological approach. Pediatr Obes. 2019;14(8):e12518. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12518.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Eiraldi RB, Mautone JA, Power TJ. Strategies for implementing evidence-based psychosocial interventions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012;21(1):145-x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.012.CrossRef

95.

Wolraich ML, Hagan JF Jr, Allan C, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 2020 Mar;145(3):]. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20192528. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528.

Title: The Co-occurrence of Pediatric Obesity and ADHD: an Understanding of Shared Pathophysiology and Implications for Collaborative Management
Authors: Valerie M. O’Hara
Jennifer L. Curran
Nancy T. Browne
Publication date: 01-12-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Obesity
Obesity
Eating Disorder
Eating Disorder
Pediatric Obesity
Anxiety
Published in: Current Obesity Reports / Issue 4/2020
Electronic ISSN: 2162-4968
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00410-0

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

The Co-occurrence of Pediatric Obesity and ADHD: an Understanding of Shared Pathophysiology and Implications for Collaborative Management

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2020

Family Dynamics and Pediatric Weight Management: Putting the Family into Family-Based Treatment

Weight Stigma in Youth: Prevalence, Consequences, and Considerations for Clinical Practice

Measuring Food Culture: a Tool for Public Health Practice

Preventing Excess Gestational Weight Gain and Obesity in Pregnancy: the Potential of Targeting Psychological Mechanisms

Food Insecurity and Pediatric Obesity: a Double Whammy in the Era of COVID-19

Weight Management in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity: Challenges and Possible Solutions

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page