Top

Published in:

01-02-2021 | Stroke | Review

Potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular diseases in COVID-19 patients

Authors: Manxue Lou, Dezhi Yuan, Shengtao Liao, Linyan Tong, Jinfang Li

Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Issue 1/2021

Abstract

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2019, it is gaining worldwide attention at the moment. Apart from respiratory manifestations, neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, especially the occurrence of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), has been intensively investigated. In this review, the effects of COVID-19 infection on CVD were summarized as follows: (I) angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may be involved in the attack on vascular endothelial cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), leading to endothelial damage and increased subintimal inflammation, which are followed by hemorrhage or thrombosis; (II) SARS-CoV-2 could alter the expression/activity of ACE2, consequently resulting in the disruption of renin-angiotensin system which is associated with the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis; (III) upregulation of neutrophil extracellular traps has been detected in COVID-19 patients, which is closely associated with immunothrombosis; (IV) the inflammatory cascade induced by SARS-CoV-2 often leads to hypercoagulability and promotes the formation and progress of atherosclerosis; (V) antiphospholipid antibodies are also detected in plasma of some severe cases, which aggravate the thrombosis through the formation of immune complexes; (VI) hyperglycemia in COVID-19 patients may trigger CVD by increasing oxidative stress and blood viscosity; (VII) the COVID-19 outbreak is a global emergency and causes psychological stress, which could be a potential risk factor of CVD as coagulation, and fibrinolysis may be affected. In this review, we aimed to further our understanding of CVD-associated COVID-19 infection, which could improve the therapeutic outcomes of patients. Personalized treatments should be offered to COVID-19 patients at greater risk for stroke in future clinical practice.

Agar C, van Os GMA, Mörgelin M, Sprenger RR, Marquart JA, Urbanus RT, Derksen RHWM, Meijers JCM, de Groot PG (2010) Beta2-glycoprotein I can exist in 2 conformations: implications for our understanding of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 116(8):1336–1343. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-12-260976CrossRefPubMed

Al-Hameed FM (2017) Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in a patient with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus. Saudi Med J 38(2):196–200. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.2.16255CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Al Saiegh F, Ghosh R, Leibold A, Avery MB, Schmidt RF, Theofanis T, Mouchtouris N, Philipp L, Peiper SC, Wang Z-X, Rincon F, Tjoumakaris SI, Jabbour P, Rosenwasser RH, Gooch MR (2020) Status of SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with COVID-19 and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323522CrossRefPubMed

Asherson RA, Cervera R (2003) Antiphospholipid antibodies and infections. Ann Rheum Dis 62(5):388–393. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.62.5.388CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Avula A, Nalleballe K, Narula N, Sapozhnikov S, Dandu V, Toom S, Glaser A, Elsayegh D (2020) COVID-19 presenting as stroke. Brain Behav Immun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.077CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H (2020) Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms. ACS Chem Neurosci 11(7):995–998. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122CrossRefPubMed

Beyrouti R, Adams ME, Benjamin L, Cohen H, Farmer SF, Goh YY, Humphries F, Jäger HR, Losseff NA, Perry RJ, Shah S, Simister RJ, Turner D, Chandratheva A, Werring DJ (2020) Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323586CrossRefPubMed

Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, Nigoghossian CD, Ageno W, Madjid M, Guo Y, Tang LV, Hu Y, Giri J, Cushman M, Quéré I, Dimakakos EP, Gibson CM, Lippi G, Favaloro EJ, Fareed J, Caprini JA, Tafur AJ, Burton JR, Francese DP, Wang EY, Falanga A, McLintock C, Hunt BJ, Spyropoulos AC, Barnes GD, Eikelboom JW, Weinberg I, Schulman S, Carrier M, Piazza G, Beckman JA, Steg PG, Stone GW, Rosenkranz S, Goldhaber SZ, Parikh SA, Monreal M, Krumholz HM, Konstantinides SV, Weitz JI, Lip GYH (2020) COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Blank M, Krause I, Fridkin M, Keller N, Kopolovic J, Goldberg I, Tobar A, Shoenfeld Y (2002) Bacterial induction of autoantibodies to beta2-glycoprotein-I accounts for the infectious etiology of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Investig 109(6):797–804. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI12337CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bo H-X, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Wu X and Xiang Y-T (2020) Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720000999

Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV (2017) Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res 120(3):472–495. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Borghi MO, Beltagy A, Garrafa E, Curreli D, Cecchini G, Bodio C, Grossi C, Blengino S, Tincani A, Franceschini F, Andreoli L, Lazzaroni MG, Piantoni S, Masneri S, Crisafulli F, Brugnoni D, Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Parati G, Torresani E, Mahler M, Heilbron F, Pregnolato F, Pengo M, Tedesco F, Pozzi N and Meroni PL (2020) Prevalence, specificity, and clinical association of anti-phospholipid antibodies in COVID-19 patients: are the antibodies really guilty? medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.20134114

Cappellari M, Zini A, Sangalli D, Cavallini A, Reggiani M, Sepe FN, Rifino N, Giussani G, Guidetti D, Zedde M, Marcheselli S, Longoni M, Beretta S, Sidoti V, Papurello DM, Giossi A, Nencini P, Plocco M, Balestrino M, Rota E, Toni D (2020) Thrombolysis and bridging therapy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and Covid-19. Eur J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14511CrossRefPubMed

Carneiro T, Dashkoff J, Leung LY, Nobleza COHS, Marulanda-Londono E, Hathidara M, Koch S, Sur N, Boske A, Voetsch B, Aboul Nour H, Miller DJ, Daneshmand A, Shulman J, Curiale G, Greer DM, Romero JR, Anand P, Cervantes-Arslanian AM (2020) Intravenous tPA for acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. the official journal of National Stroke Association 29(11):105201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105201CrossRef

Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC-Y, Poon RW-S, Tsoi H-W, Lo SK-F, Chan K-H, Poon VK-M, Chan W-M, Ip JD, Cai J-P, Cheng VC-C, Chen H, Hui CK-M, Yuen K-Y (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet (London, England) 395(10223):514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9CrossRef

Chatzizisis YS, Coskun AU, Jonas M, Edelman ER, Feldman CL, Stone PH (2007) Role of endothelial shear stress in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling: molecular, cellular, and vascular behavior. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(25):2379–2393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.059CrossRefPubMed

Chen J, Zhao Y, Chen S, Wang J, Xiao X, Ma X, Penchikala M, Xia H, Lazartigues E, Zhao B, Chen Y (2014) Neuronal over-expression of ACE2 protects brain from ischemia-induced damage. Neuropharmacology 79:550–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen L, Zhao Y, Lai D, Zhang P, Yang Y, Li Y, Fei K, Jiang G, Fan J (2018) Neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage pyroptosis in sepsis. Cell death & disease 9(6):597. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-018-0538-5CrossRef

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia Ja YuT, Zhang X, Zhang L (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet (London, England) 395(10223):507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7CrossRef

Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, McDonald B, Goodarzi Z, Kelly MM, Patel KD, Chakrabarti S, McAvoy E, Sinclair GD, Keys EM, Allen-Vercoe E, Devinney R, Doig CJ, Green FHY, Kubes P (2007) Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med 13(4):463–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1565CrossRefPubMed

Co COC, Yu JRT, Laxamana LC, David-Ona DIA (2020) Intravenous thrombolysis for stroke in a COVID-19 positive filipino patient, a case report Journal of clinical neuroscience. : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 77:234–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.006CrossRef

Dahl-Jørgensen K, Larsen JR, Hanssen KF (2005) Atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes: early disease, early treatment? Diabetologia 48(8):1445–1453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1832-1CrossRefPubMed

de Groot PG, Urbanus RT (2012) The significance of autoantibodies against β2-glycoprotein I. Blood 120(2):266–274. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-03-378646CrossRefPubMed

de Havenon A, Yaghi S, Mistry EA, Delic A, Hohmann S, Shippey E, Stulberg E, Tirschwell D, Frontera JA, Petersen NH, Anadani M (2020) Endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients with COVID-19: prevalence, demographics, and outcomes. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 12(11):1045–1048. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016777CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Devreese KMJ, Linskens EA, Benoit D and Peperstraete H (2020) Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19: a relevant observation? J Thromb Haemost : JTH. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14994

Di Marco E, Jha JC, Sharma A, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Jandeleit-Dahm KA and de Haan JB (2015) Are reactive oxygen species still the basis for diabetic complications? Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 129(2), 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20150093

Ding Y, Wang H, Shen H, Li Z, Geng J, Han H, Cai J, Li X, Kang W, Weng D, Lu Y, Wu D, He L, Yao K (2003) The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China. J Pathol 200(3):282–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.1440CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Engelmann B, Massberg S (2013) Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 13(1):34–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3345CrossRefPubMed

Escalard S, Maïer B, Redjem H, Delvoye F, Hébert S, Smajda S, Ciccio G, Desilles J-P, Mazighi M, Blanc R, Piotin M (2020) Treatment of acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion with COVID-19: experience from Paris. Stroke 51(8):2540–2543. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030574CrossRefPubMed

Etulain J, Martinod K, Wong SL, Cifuni SM, Schattner M, Wagner DD (2015) P-selectin promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation in mice. Blood 126(2):242–246. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-01-624023CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA, Diz DI, Gallagher PE (2005) Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation 111(20):2605–2610. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.510461CrossRefPubMed

Fung TS, Liu DX (2019) Human coronavirus: host-pathogen interaction. Annu Rev Microbiol 73:529–557. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759CrossRefPubMed

Gaertner F, Ahmad Z, Rosenberger G, Fan S, Nicolai L, Busch B, Yavuz G, Luckner M, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Hennel R, Benechet A, Lorenz M, Chandraratne S, Schubert I, Helmer S, Striednig B, Stark K, Janko M, Böttcher RT, Verschoor A, Leon C, Gachet C, Gudermann T, Mederos Y Schnitzler M, Pincus Z, Iannacone M, Haas R, Wanner G, Lauber K, Sixt M and Massberg S (2017) Migrating platelets are mechano-scavengers that collect and bundle bacteria. Cell 171(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.001

Goldberg MF, Goldberg MF, Cerejo R, Tayal AH (2020) Cerebrovascular disease in COVID-19. American journal of neuroradiology, AJNR. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6588CrossRef

Groß S, Jahn C, Cushman S, Bär C, Thum T (2020) SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2-dependent implications on the cardiovascular system: from basic science to clinical implications. J Mol Cell Cardiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.031CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382(18):1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032CrossRefPubMed

Hao Q, Dong X, Chen X, Yan F, Wang X, Shi H, Dong B (2018) Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 inhibits angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Hum Gene Ther. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2016.144CrossRefPubMed

Hess DC, Eldahshan W, Rutkowski E (2020) COVID-19-related stroke. Transl Stroke Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-020-00818-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ho YC, Ahuja KDK, Körner H and Adams MJ (2016) βGP1, Anti-βGP1 antibodies and platelets: key players in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) 5(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/antib5020012

Hottz ED, Bozza FA, Bozza PT (2018) Platelets in immune response to virus and immunopathology of viral infections. Front Med 5:121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00121CrossRef

Hoyer C, Ebert A, Huttner HB, Puetz V, Kallmünzer B, Barlinn K, Haverkamp C, Harloff A, Brich J, Platten M, Szabo K (2020) Acute stroke in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter study. Stroke 51(7):2224–2227. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030395CrossRefPubMed

Hsu P-J, Chen C-H, Yeh S-J, Tsai L-K, Tang S-C, Jeng J-S (2016) High plasma D-Dimer indicates unfavorable outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis. Cerebrovasc Dis (Basel, Switzerland) 42(1–2):117–121. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445037CrossRef

Hu S-s, Yang Y-j, Zhu M-l, Chen Z, Zou Z-p, He J-g, Y-f Wu, Han D-m (2004) Effects of underlying cerebrocardiovascular diseases on the incidence of critical conditions and multiple organs dysfunction syndrome in severe acute respiratory syndrome cases. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 84(15):1257–1259. https://doi.org/10.3760/j:issn:0376-2491.2004.15.007CrossRefPubMed

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England) 395(10223):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5CrossRef

Huang Y, Jing J, Zhao X-Q, Wang C-X, Wang Y-L, Liu G-F, Wang C-J, Liu L-P, Yang X-M, Jiao Y, Jiao Y, Wang L-S, Wang Y-J, Gu W-K (2012) High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is a strong risk factor for death after acute ischemic stroke among Chinese. CNS Neurosci Ther 18(3):261–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00296.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ishiyama Y, Gallagher PE, Averill DB, Tallant EA, Brosnihan KB and Ferrario CM (2004) Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 after myocardial infarction by blockade of angiotensin II receptors. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 43(5), 970–976. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000124667.34652.1a

Isidori AM, Pofi R, Hasenmajer V, Lenzi A, Pivonello R (2020) Use of glucocorticoids in patients with adrenal insufficiency and COVID-19 infection. Diabetes & endocrinology, The lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30149-2CrossRef

Issam N, Allan F, A LJ-M, Abdelkrim T, Amalia T and Maâmar S (2019) Stress as an immunomodulator: liver X receptors maybe the answer. Inflammopharmacology 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0546-1

Janardhan V, Janardhan V, Kalousek V (2020) COVID-19 as a blood clotting disorder masquerading as a respiratory illness: a cerebrovascular perspective and therapeutic implications for stroke thrombectomy Journal of neuroimaging. : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 30(5):555–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12770CrossRef

Jia Q, Zheng H, Zhao X, Wang C, Liu G, Wang Y, Liu L, Li H, Zhong L, Wang Y (2012) Abnormal glucose regulation in patients with acute stroke across China: prevalence and baseline patient characteristics. Stroke 43(3):650–657. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.633784CrossRefPubMed

Jiang Q, Gingles NA, Olivier MA, Miles LA, Parmer RJ (2011) The anti-fibrinolytic SERPIN, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), is targeted to and released from catecholamine storage vesicles. Blood 117(26):7155–7163. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-287672CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Johnston KC, Bruno A, Pauls Q, Hall CE, Barrett KM, Barsan W, Fansler A, Van de Bruinhorst K, Janis S, Durkalski-Mauldin VL (2019) Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 322(4):326–335. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.9346CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Koton S, Tanne D, Bornstein NM, Green MS (2004) Triggering risk factors for ischemic stroke: a case-crossover study. Neurology 63(11):2006–2010. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000145842.25520.a2CrossRefPubMed

Kozak HH, Uca AU, Altaş M (2016) Is acute stress and plasminogen activator inhibitor polymorphism associated with acute ischemic stroke? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 143:159–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.11.015CrossRefPubMed

Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, Shan S, Zhou H, Fan S, Zhang Q, Shi X, Wang Q, Zhang L, Wang X (2020) Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Li C and Pan S (2003) Analysis and causation discussion of 185 severe acute respiratory syndrome dead cases. Zhongguo wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue = Chinese critical care medicine = Zhongguo weizhongbing jijiuyixue 15(10), 582–584. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14552675

Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M (2003) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 426(6965):450–454. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02145CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Li Z, Delaney MK, O’Brien KA, Du X (2010) Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(12):2341–2349. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207522CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liberman AL, Nagel MA, Hurley MC, Caprio FZ, Bernstein RA, Gilden D (2014) Rapid development of 9 cerebral aneurysms in varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy. Neurology 82(23):2139–2141. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000503CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Wang F, Yuan J, Wang Z, Li J, Li J, Feng C, Zhang Z, Wang L, Peng L, Chen L, Qin Y, Zhao D, Tan S, Yin L, Xu J, Zhou C, Jiang C, Liu L (2020) Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci 63(3):364–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet (London, England) 395(10224):565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8CrossRef

Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O (2020) Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: a review. JAMA cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286CrossRefPubMed

Madjid M, Vela D, Khalili-Tabrizi H, Casscells SW and Litovsky S (2007) Systemic infections cause exaggerated local inflammation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries: clues to the triggering effect of acute infections on acute coronary syndromes. Tex Heart Inst J 34(1), 11–18. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420787

Malisch JL, Bennett DJ, Davidson BA, Wenker EE, Suzich RN, Johnson EE (2018) Stress-Induced hyperglycemia in white-throated and white-crowned sparrows: a new technique for rapid glucose measurement in the field. Physiol Biochem Zool 91(4):943–949. https://doi.org/10.1086/698536CrossRefPubMed

Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan. JAMA neurology, China. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127CrossRef

Marini MA, Fiorentino TV, Andreozzi F, Mannino GC, Perticone M, Sciacqua A, Perticone F, Sesti G (2017) Elevated 1-h post-challenge plasma glucose levels in subjects with normal glucose tolerance or impaired glucose tolerance are associated with whole blood viscosity. Acta Diabetol 54(8):775–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-017-1004-zCrossRefPubMed

Mauracher LM, Posch F, Martinod K, Grilz E, Däullary T, Hell L, Brostjan C, Zielinski C, Ay C, Wagner DD, Pabinger I, Thaler J (2018) Citrullinated histone H3, a biomarker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation, predicts the risk of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost 16(3):508–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13951CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McConachie D, McConachie N, White P, Crossley R and Izzath W (2020) Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic: changes to UK practice and lessons learned. Clin Radiol 75(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.001

McDonald B, Davis RP, Kim S-J, Tse M, Esmon CT, Kolaczkowska E, Jenne CN (2017) Platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps collaborate to promote intravascular coagulation during sepsis in mice. Blood 129(10):1357–1367. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-09-741298CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet (London, England) 395(10229):1033–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0CrossRef

Mendoza-Pinto C, García-Carrasco M, Cervera R (2018) Role of infectious diseases in the antiphospholipid syndrome (including its catastrophic variant). Curr Rheumatol Rep 20(10):62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-018-0773-xCrossRefPubMed

Middleton EA, He X-Y, Denorme F, Campbell RA, Ng D, Salvatore SP, Mostyka M, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, Borczuk AC, Loda M, Cody MJ, Manne BK, Portier I, Harris ES, Petrey AC, Beswick EJ, Caulin AF, Iovino A, Abegglen LM, Weyrich AS, Rondina MT, Egeblad M, Schiffman JD, Yost CC (2020) Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood 136(10):1169–1179. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007008CrossRefPubMed

Mourguet M, Chauveau D, Faguer S, Ruidavets JB, Béjot Y, Ribes D, Huart A, Alric L, Balardy L, Astudillo L, Adoue D, Sailler L, Pugnet G (2019) Increased ischemic stroke, acute coronary artery disease and mortality in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis. J Autoimmun 96:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2018.09.004CrossRefPubMed

Naghavi M, Wyde P, Litovsky S, Madjid M, Akhtar A, Naguib S, Siadaty MS, Sanati S, Casscells W (2003) Influenza infection exerts prominent inflammatory and thrombotic effects on the atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 107(5):762–768. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000048190.68071.2bCrossRefPubMed

National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (2020) Diagnosis and treatment of corona virus disease-19 (8th trial edition). World J Clin Infect Dis 13(05), 321–328.

Nicolai L, Leunig A, Brambs S, Kaiser R, Weinberger T, Weigand M, Muenchhoff M, Hellmuth JC, Ledderose S, Schulz H, Scherer C, Rudelius M, Zoller M, Höchter D, Keppler O, Teupser D, Zwißler B, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Kääb S, Massberg S, Pekayvaz K, Stark K (2020) Immunothrombotic dysregulation in COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with respiratory failure and coagulopathy. Circulation 142(12):1176–1189. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048488CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (2020) The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 41(2):145–151. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003CrossRef

Oboho IK, Tomczyk SM, Al-Asmari AM, Banjar AA, Al-Mugti H, Aloraini MS, Alkhaldi KZ, Almohammadi EL, Alraddadi BM, Gerber SI, Swerdlow DL, Watson JT, Madani TA (2015) 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah–a link to health care facilities. N Eng J Med 372(9):846–854. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1408636CrossRef

Ojima M, Yamamoto N, Hirose T, Hamaguchi S, Tasaki O, Kojima T, Tomono K, Ogura H, Shimazu T (2020) Serial change of neutrophil extracellular traps in tracheal aspirate of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: report of three cases. J Intensive Care 8:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-020-00444-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, De Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, Skliut M, Weinberger J, Dangayach NS, Bederson JB, Tuhrim S, Fifi JT (2020) Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Eng J Med 382(20):e60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787CrossRef

Packer M, McMurray JJV (2017) Importance of endogenous compensatory vasoactive peptides in broadening the effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system for the treatment of heart failure. Lancet (London, England) 389(10081):1831–1840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30969-2CrossRef

Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J, Sordillo EM, Fowkes M (2020) Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25915CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Paz Ocaranza M, Riquelme JA, García L, Jalil JE, Chiong M, Santos RAS, Lavandero S (2020) Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 17(2):116–129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-019-0244-8CrossRefPubMed

Peiris JSM, Lai ST, Poon LLM, Guan Y, Yam LYC, Lim W, Nicholls J, Yee WKS, Yan WW, Cheung MT, Cheng VCC, Chan KH, Tsang DNC, Yung RWH, Ng TK, Yuen KY (2003) Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet (London, England) 361(9366):1319–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2CrossRef

Peschillo S, Tomasello A, Diana F, Hernandez D, Toccaceli G, Rosal-Fontana M, Esteves Coelho M, Missori P (2018) Comparison of subacute vascular damage caused by ADAPT versus stent retriever devices after thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke: histological and ultrastructural study in an animal model. Interv Neurol 7(6):501–512. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491028CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Plumereau C, Cho T-H, Buisson M, Amaz C, Cappucci M, Derex L, Ong E, Fontaine J, Rascle L, Riva R, Schiavo D, Benhamed A, Douplat M, Bony T, Tazarourte K, Tuttle C, Eker OF, Berthezène Y, Ovize M, Nighoghossian N, Mechtouff L (2020) Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke reperfusion therapy: data from the Lyon Stroke Center Network. J Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10199-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pop R, Hasiu A, Bolognini F, Mihoc D, Quenardelle V, Gheoca R, Schluck E, Courtois S, Delaitre M, Musacchio M, Pottecher J, Chamaraux-Tran TN, Sellal F, Wolff V, Lebedinsky PA, Beaujeux R (2020) Stroke thrombectomy in patients with COVID-19: initial experience in 13 cases. Am J Neuroradiol . https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6750

Poredos P, Jezovnik MK (2018) Endothelial dysfunction and venous thrombosis. Angiology 69(7):564–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319717732238CrossRefPubMed

Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, Biller J, Brown M, Demaerschalk BM, Hoh B, Jauch EC, Kidwell CS, Leslie-Mazwi TM, Ovbiagele B, Scott PA, Sheth KN, Southerland AM, Summers DV, Tirschwell DL (2019) Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 50(12):e344–e418. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000211CrossRefPubMed

Poznyak A, Grechko AV, Poggio P, Myasoedova VA, Alfieri V and Orekhov AN (2020) The diabetes mellitus-atherosclerosis connection: the role of lipid and glucose metabolism and chronic inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 21(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051835

Prasad M, Khanna P, Katyal VK and Verma R (2020) Acute psychological stress is a trigger for stroke: a case-crossover study. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association, 104799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104799

Prasad M, McBane R, Reriani M, Lerman LO, Lerman A (2016) Coronary endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 139:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2015.12.024CrossRefPubMed

Rafai MA, Fadel H, Gam I, Hakim K, El Moutawakkil B, Kissani N, Slassi I (2006) Reccurent stroke revealing catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome with hepatitis C viral infection. Rev Neurol 162(11):1131–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-3787(06)75128-1CrossRefPubMed

Ramasamy R, Goldberg IJ (2010) Aldose reductase and cardiovascular diseases, creating human-like diabetic complications in an experimental model. Circ Res 106(9):1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.213447CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ramos-Casals M, Cervera R, Lagrutta M, Medina F, García-Carrasco M, de la Red G, Bové A, Ingelmo M, Font J (2004) Clinical features related to antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with chronic viral infections (hepatitis C virus/HIV infection): description of 82 cases Clinical infectious diseases. an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 38(7):1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1086/382537CrossRef

Sangalli D, Polonia V, Colombo D, Mantero V, Filizzolo M, Scaccabarozzi C, Salmaggi A (2020) A single-centre experience of intravenous thrombolysis for stroke in COVID-19 patients Neurological sciences. official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology 41(9):2325–2329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04591-3CrossRef

Sato T, Sato S, Yamagami H, Komatsu T, Mizoguchi T, Yoshimoto T, Takagi M, Ihara M, Koga M, Iwata H, Matsushima M, Toyoda K and Iguchi Y (2020) D-dimer level and outcome of minor ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion. J Neurol Sci 413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116814

Schlachetzki F, Theek C, Hubert ND, Kilic M, Haberl RL, Linker RA and Hubert GJ (2020) Low stroke incidence in the TEMPiS telestroke network during COVID-19 pandemic - effect of lockdown on thrombolysis and thrombectomy. J Telemed Telecare, 1357633X20943327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X20943327

Schöberl F, Ringleb PA, Wakili R, Poli S, Wollenweber FA, Kellert L (2017) Juvenile Stroke Deutsches Arzteblatt international 114(31–32):527–534. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0527CrossRefPubMed

Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhu H, Zhao W, Han Y and Qin C (2019) From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010059

Soro-Paavonen A, Gordin D, Forsblom C, Rosengard-Barlund M, Waden J, Thorn L, Sandholm N, Thomas MC, Groop P-H (2012) Circulating ACE2 activity is increased in patients with type 1 diabetes and vascular complications. J Hypertens 30(2):375–383. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834f04b6CrossRefPubMed

Spyropoulos AC, Ageno W and Barnathan ES (2020) Hospital-based use of thromboprophylaxis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30926-0

Stegbauer J, Thatcher SE, Yang G, Bottermann K, Rump LC, Daugherty A and Cassis LA (2019) Mas receptor deficiency augments angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm ruptures in hypercholesterolemic male mice. J Vasc Surg 70(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2018.11.045

Stojanović SD, Fiedler J, Bauersachs J, Thum T, Sedding DG (2020) Senescence-induced inflammation: an important player and key therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz919CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tiainen M, Meretoja A, Strbian D, Suvanto J, Curtze S, Lindsberg PJ, Soinne L, Tatlisumak T (2013) Body temperature, blood infection parameters, and outcome of thrombolysis-treated ischemic stroke patients. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 8(8):632–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12039CrossRef

Tunç A, Ünlübaş Y, Alemdar M, Akyüz E (2020) Coexistence of COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke report of four cases. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.018CrossRef

Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM (2004) ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25(6):291–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Umapathi T, Kor AC, Venketasubramanian N, Lim CCT, Pang BC, Yeo TT, Lee CC, Lim PL, Ponnudurai K, Chuah KL, Tan PH, Tai DYH, Ang SPB (2004) Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Neurol 251(10):1227–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-004-0519-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

van Hinsbergh VWM (2012) Endothelium--role in regulation of coagulation and inflammation. Seminars in immunopathology 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0285-5

van Os GMA, Meijers JCM, Agar Ç, Seron MV, Marquart JA, Åkesson P, Urbanus RT, Derksen RHWM, Herwald H, MörgelinD E Groot PG, M (2011) Induction of anti-β2 -glycoprotein I autoantibodies in mice by protein H of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Thromb Haemost 9(12):2447–2456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04532.xCrossRefPubMed

Velkoska E, Patel SK, Burrell LM (2016) Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and diminazene: role in cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 25(5):384–395. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000254CrossRefPubMed

Wallet SM, Puri V and Gibson FC (2018) Linkage of infection to adverse systemic complications: periodontal disease, toll-like receptors, and other pattern recognition systems. Vaccines 6(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6020021

Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS and Li F (2020) Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 94(7). https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20

Wang A, Mandigo GK, Yim PD, Meyers PM, Lavine SD (2020) Stroke and mechanical thrombectomy in patients with COVID-19: technical observations and patient characteristics. J Neurointerve Surg 12(7):648–653. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016220CrossRef

Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF (2020) A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet (London, England) 395(10223):470–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9CrossRef

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan. JAMA, China. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585CrossRef

Wang SY, Chen LK, Hsu SH, Wang SC (2012) Health care utilization and health outcomes: a population study of Taiwan. Health policy and planning 27(7):590–599. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr080CrossRefPubMed

Warren-Gash C, Blackburn R, Whitaker H, McMenamin J and Hayward AC (2018) Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland. Euro Respir J 51(3). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01794-2017

Watson AMD, Soro-Paavonen A, Sheehy K, Li J, Calkin AC, Koitka A, Rajan SN, Brasacchio D, Allen TJ, Cooper ME, Thomas MC, Jandeleit-Dahm KJA (2011) Delayed intervention with AGE inhibitors attenuates the progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Diabetologia 54(3):681–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-2000-9CrossRefPubMed

World Health Organization (2020) WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. [cited 21 December 2020];from: https://covid19.who.int

Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh C-L, Abiona O, Graham BS and McLellan JS (2020) Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 367(6483), 1260–1263. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507

Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, Duan J, Hashimoto K, Yang L, Liu C, Yang C (2020) Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Ng CH (2020) Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet Psychiatry 7(3):228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Xie X, Xudong X, Chen J, Junzhu C, Wang X, Xingxiang W, Zhang F, Furong Z, Liu Y, Yanrong L (2006) Age- and gender-related difference of ACE2 expression in rat lung. Life Sci 78(19):2166–2171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.038CrossRefPubMed

Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L, Tai Y, Bai C, Gao T, Song J, Xia P, Dong J, Zhao J, Wang F-S (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8(4):420–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-XCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yang B, Wang T, Chen J, Chen Y, Wang Y, Gao P, Li G, Chen F, Li L, Wang Z, Zhang H, Song H, Ma Q, Jiao L (2020) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process and outcome of thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 12(7):664–668. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016177CrossRefPubMed

Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, Ping YF, Liu HW, Yu SC, Mou HM, Wang LH, Zhang HR, Fu WJ, Luo T, Liu F, Chen C, Xiao HL, Guo HT, Lin S, Xiang DF, Shi Y, Li QR, Huang X, Cui Y, Li XZ, Tang W, Pan PF, Huang XQ, Ding YQ and Bian XW (2020) [A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies]. Zhonghua bing li xue za zhi = Chinese journal of pathology 49(0), E009. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193

Yende S, D’Angelo G, Kellum JA, Weissfeld L, Fine J, Welch RD, Kong L, Carter M, Angus DC (2008) Inflammatory markers at hospital discharge predict subsequent mortality after pneumonia and sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177(11):1242–1247. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200712-1777OCCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yost CC, Schwertz H, Cody MJ, Wallace JA, Campbell RA, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Araujo CV, Schubert S, Harris ES, Rowley JW, Rondina MT, Fulcher JM, Koening CL, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA (2016) Neonatal NET-inhibitory factor and related peptides inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Clin Investig 126(10):3783–3798. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI83873CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Yuan T, Yang T, Chen H, Fu D, Hu Y, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yu H, Xu W, Xie X (2019) New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 20:247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.025CrossRefPubMed

Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, Lei F, Qin J-J, Xie J, Liu Y-M, Zhao Y-C, Huang X, Lin L, Xia M, Chen M-M, Cheng X, Zhang X, Guo D, Peng Y, Ji Y-X, Chen J, She Z-G, Wang Y, Xu Q, Tan R, Wang H, Lin J, Luo P, Fu S, Cai H, Ye P, Xiao B, Mao W, Liu L, Yan Y, Liu M, Chen M, Zhang X-J, Wang X, Touyz RM, Xia J, Zhang B-H, Huang X, Yuan Y, Rohit L, Liu PP, Li H (2020) Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19. Circ Res. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Wang Q, Li T, Liu Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Zhang X, Yan X, Zeng X and Zhang S (2020) The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clini Immunol (Orlando, Fla.) 214, 108393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108393

Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, Chen H, Ding X, Zhao H, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao J, Sun X, Tian R, Wu W, Wu D, Ma J, Chen Y, Zhang D, Xie J, Yan X, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang J, Du B, Qin Y, Gao P, Qin X, Xu Y, Zhang W, Li T, Zhang F, Zhao Y, Li Y, Zhang S (2020) Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19. N Eng Med 382(17):e38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007575CrossRef

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen H-D, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL (2020) A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579(7798):270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zuniga MC, Raghuraman G, Hitchner E, Weyand C, Robinson W, Zhou W (2017) PKC-epsilon and TLR4 synergistically regulate resistin-mediated inflammation in human macrophages. Atherosclerosis 259:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.021CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, Gockman K, Zuo M, Madison JA, Blair C, Weber A, Barnes BJ, Egeblad M, Woods RJ, Kanthi Y and Knight JS (2020) Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. JCI Insight 5(11). https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.138999

Title: Potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular diseases in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Manxue Lou
Dezhi Yuan
Shengtao Liao
Linyan Tong
Jinfang Li
Publication date: 01-02-2021
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Keywords: Stroke
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Arterial Occlusive Disease
Thrombosis
Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology / Issue 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Electronic ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-00948-2

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular diseases in COVID-19 patients

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Emergence of myasthenia gravis in dengue infection—first case report

Meningoencephalitis associated with COVID-19: a systematic review

Low levels of frailty in HIV-positive older adults on antiretroviral therapy in northern Tanzania

Neurological features and outcome in COVID-19: dementia can predict severe disease

Pre-clinical atherosclerosis is found at post-mortem, in the brains of men with HIV

Collateral damage: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in people living with HIV