Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Advances in Therapy
Published in: Advances in Therapy 11/2017

Open Access 01-11-2017 | Review

Sepsis: A Review of Advances in Management

Authors: Jordi Rello, Francisco Valenzuela-Sánchez, Maria Ruiz-Rodriguez, Silvia Moyano

Published in: Advances in Therapy | Issue 11/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Infections represent a common health problem in people of all ages. Usually, the response given to them is appropriate and so little treatment is needed. Sometimes, however, the response to the infection is inadequate and may lead to organ dysfunction; this is the condition known as sepsis. Sepsis can be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses and at present there is no specific treatment; its management basically focuses on containing the infection through source control and antibiotics plus organ function support. This article reviews key elements of sepsis management, focusing on diagnosis, biomarkers and therapy. The main recent advance in therapy is the strategy of personalized medicine, based on a precise approach using biomarkers to identify specific individuals who are likely to benefit from more personalized attention.
Literature
1.
Novosad SA, Sapiano MRP, Grigg C, et al. Vital signs: epidemiology of sepsis: prevalence of health care factors and opportunities for prevention. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(33):864–9.CrossRef
2.
Vincent J-L, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302(21):1303–10.CrossRef
3.
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
Kushimoto S, Gando S, Saitoh D, et al. The impact of body temperature abnormalities on the disease severity and outcome in patients with severe sepsis: an analysis from a multicenter, prospective survey of severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R271.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Doerr F, Badreldin AM, Heldwein MB, et al. A comparative study of four intensive care outcome prediction models in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;6:21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
7.
Lee YI, Smith RL, Gartshteyn Y, Kwon S, Caraher EJ, Nolan A. Predictors of acute hemodynamic decompensation in early sepsis: an observational study. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(8):575–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Lokhandwala S, Moskowitz A, Lawniczak R, Giberson T, Cocchi MN, Donnino MW. Disease heterogeneity and risk stratification in sepsis-related occult hypoperfusion: a retrospective cohort study. J Crit Care. 2015;30(3):531–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
10.
11.
Atkinson AJ, Colburn WA, DeGruttola VG, et al. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(3):89–95.CrossRef
12.
Dupuy A-M, Philippart F, Péan Y, et al. Role of biomarkers in the management of antibiotic therapy: an expert panel review: I—currently available biomarkers for clinical use in acute infections. Ann Intensive Care. 2013;3(1):22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
Póvoa P, Coelho L, Almeida E, Fernandes A, Mealha R, Moreira P, et al. C-reactive protein as a marker of infection in critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11:101–8.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Miglietta F, Faneschi ML, Lobreglio G, Palumbo CRA. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and serum lactate dehydrogenase in the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis, SIRS and systemic candidiasis. Le Infez Med. 2015;3:230–7.
15.
Hofer N, Zacharias E, Müller W, Resch B. An update on the use of C-reactive protein in early-onset neonatal sepsis: current insights and new tasks. Neonatology. 2012;102:25–36.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Watt DG, Horgan PG, McMillan DC. Routine clinical markers of the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response after elective operation: a systematic review. Surgery. 2015;157:362–80.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Riedel S, Melendez JH, An AT, Rosenbaum JE, Zenilman JM. Procalcitonin as a marker for the detection of bacteremia and sepsis in the emergency department. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;135(2).
18.
Harbarth S, Holeckova K, Froidevaux C, et al. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 in critically Ill patients admitted with suspected sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(3):396–402.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Ahn S, Kim WY, Kim S-H, et al. Role of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in differentiation of mixed bacterial infection from 2009 H1N1 viral pneumonia. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2011;5(6):398–403.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Juskewitch JE, Abraham RS, League SC, et al. Monocyte HLA-DR expression and neutrophil CD64 expression as biomarkers of infection in critically ill neonates and infants. Pediatr Res. 2015;78(6):683–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
Cazalis M-A, Friggeri A, Cavé L, et al. Decreased HLA-DR antigen-associated invariant chain (CD74) mRNA expression predicts mortality after septic shock. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R287.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Vester H, Dargatz P, Huber-Wagner S, Biberthaler P, van Griensven M. HLA-DR expression on monocytes is decreased in polytraumatized patients. Eur J Med Res. 2015;20:84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
24.
Rhee C, Murphy MV, Li L, Platt R, Klompas M. Centers for disease control and prevention PreventionEpicenters Program. Lactate testing in suspected sepsis: trends and predictors of failure to measure levels. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(8):1669–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Holder AL, Gupta N, Lulaj E, et al. Predictors of early progression to severe sepsis or shock among emergency department patients with nonsevere sepsis. Int J Emerg Med. 2016;9(1):10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Vincent J-L, Quintairos E, Silva A, Couto L, Taccone FS. The value of blood lactate kinetics in critically ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):257.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Bhat SR, Swenson KE, Francis MW, Wira CR. Lactate clearance predicts survival among patients in the emergency department with severe sepsis. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(7):1118–26.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Bolvardi E, Malmir J, Reihani H, et al. The role of lactate clearance as a predictor of organ dysfunction and mortality in patients with severe sepsis. Mater Sociomed. 2016;28(1):57–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
He H, Liu D, Long Y, et al. High central venous-to-arterial CO2 difference/arterial-central venous O2 difference ratio is associated with poor lactate clearance in septic patients after resuscitation. J Crit Care. 2016;31(1):76–81.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Naumann DN, Midwinter MJ, Hutchings S. Venous-to-arterial CO2 differences and the quest for bedside point-of-care monitoring to assess the microcirculation during shock. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(2):37.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Henriquez-Camacho C, Losa J. Biomarkersfor sepsis. Biomed Res Int 2014:547818.
32.
Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Harbarth S, Bergmann A, Müller B. Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a prognostic marker in sepsis: an observational study. Crit Care. 2005;9(6):R816–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Liu D, Xie L, Zhao H, Liu X, Cao J. Prognostic value of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:232.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Saukkonen K, Lakkisto P, Pettilä V, et al. Cell-free plasma DNA as a predictor of outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Clin Chem. 2008;54(6):1000–7.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Rhodes A, Wort SJ, Thomas H, Collinson P, Bennett ED. Plasma DNA concentration as a predictor of mortality and sepsis in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2006;10(2):R60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Harrois A, Huet O, Duranteau J. Alterations of mitochondrial function in sepsis and critical illness. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22:143.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Valenzuela Sánchez F, Bohollo de Austria R, Monge García I, Gil A. Shock séptico. Med Intensiva. 2005;29(3):192–200.CrossRef
38.
Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, et al. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA. 2014;311:1308.PubMedCrossRef
39.
McPherson D, Griffiths C, Williams M et al. Sepsis-associated mortality in England: an analysis of multiple cause of death data from 2001 to 2010. BMJ Open 2013;3.
40.
Blanco J, Muriel-Bombín A, Sagredo V, et al. Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis: a Spanish multicentre study. Crit Care. 2008;12:R158.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:296.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:580.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, Suppes R, Feinstein D, Zanotti S, Taiberg L, Gurka D, Kumar A, Cheang M. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(6):1589–96.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G, et al. Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1749.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Whiles BB, Deis AS, Simpson SQ. Increased time to initial antimicrobial administration is associated with progression to septic shock in severe sepsis patients. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:623–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Sterling SA, Miller WR, Pryor J, Puskarich MA, Jones AE. The impact of timing of antibiotics on outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:1907–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Stephan Harbarth, Jorge Garbino, JéromePugin, Jacques A Romand, Daniel Lew, Didier Pittet Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis. Am J Med. 2003;115(7):529–535.
48.
Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Perez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C. Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(12):2742–51.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Mc Growan JE. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organisms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis. 1983;5:1033–48.CrossRef
50.
Kollef MH, Fraser VJ. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:298–314.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA, et al. Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1045.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Donnino MW, Nguyen B, Jacobsen G, Tomianovich M, Rivers E. Cryptic septic shock: a subanalysis of early, goal-directed therapy. Chest. 2003;124:90S-b.CrossRef
53.
Howell MD, Donnino M, Clardy P, Talmor D, Shapiro NI. Occult hypoperfusion and mortality in patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:1892–9.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Puskarich MA, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI, Heffner AC, Kline JA, Jones AE, Emergency Medicine Shock Research Network (EMSHOCKNET). Outcomes of patients undergoing early sepsis resuscitation for cryptic shock compared with overt shock. Resuscitation. 2011;82(10):1289–93.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Gu WJ, Zhang Z, Bakker J. Early lactate clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1862–3.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Postelnicu R, Evans L. Monitoring of the physical exam in sepsis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2017;23:232–6.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Ait-Oufella H, Lemoinne S, Boelle PY, et al. Mottling score predicts survival in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:801–7.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzi A, Knoblich B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in thetreatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368–77.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Smith T, Grounds RM, Rhodes A. Central venous pressure: uses and limitations. In: Pinsky MR, Payen D, editors. Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 99–110.
60.
Ospina-Tascon G, Neves AP, Occhipinti G, Donadello K, Büchele G, Simion D, Chierego ML, Silva TO, Fonseca A, Vincent JL, De Backer D. Effects of fluids on microvascular perfusion in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36(6):949–55.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Farquhar IK. Continuous direct and indirect blood pressure measurement (Finapres) in the critically ill. Anaesthesia. 1991;46:1050.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Veremakis C, Holloran TH. The technique of monitoring arterial blood pressure. J CritIlln. 1989;4:82.
63.
Richard JC, Bayle F, Bourdin G, Leray V, Debord S, Delannoy B, Stoian AC, Wallet F, Yonis H, Guerin C. Preload dependence indices to titrate volume expansion during septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2015;8(19):5. doi:10.​1186/​s13054-014-0734-3.CrossRef
64.
Monnet X, Rienzo M, Osman D, et al. Esophageal Doppler monitoring predicts fluid responsiveness in critically ill ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:1195.PubMedCrossRef
65.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2213.CrossRef
66.
Herbert P, Wells G, Blajchman M, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Eng J Med. 1999;340:409–17.CrossRef
67.
Duraraj L, Schmidt G. Fluid therapy in resuscitated sepsis. Less is more. Chest. 2008;133:252–63.
68.
Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Martin C, et al. Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2007;370:676–84.PubMedCrossRef
69.
70.
Boonen E, Vervenne H, Meersseman P, Andrew R, Mortier L, Declercq PE, Vanwijngaerden YM, Spriet I, Wouters PJ, Vander Perre S, Langouche L, Vanhorebeek I, Walker BR, Van den Berghe G. Reduced cortisol metabolism during critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1477–88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Casserly B, Gerlach H, Phillips GS, Lemeshow S, Marshall JC, Osborn TM, Levy MM. Low-dose steroids in adult septic shock: results of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(12):1946–54.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Keh D, Trips E, Marx G, Wirtz SP, Abduljawwad E, Bercker S, et al. Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with Severe sepsis: the HYPRESS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​2016.​14799.PubMed
73.
Nasraway SA. Hyperglycemia during critical illness. JPEN. 2006;30:254–8.
74.
Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359–67.PubMedCrossRef
75.
NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators for the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Finfer S, Chittock D, Li Y, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Hebert P, Henderson W, Heyland D, Higgins A, McArthur C, Mitchell I, Myburgh J, Robinson B, Ronco J. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: long-term follow-up of a subgroup of patients from the NICE-SUGAR study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(6):1037–47.CrossRef
76.
Vriesendorp TM, DeVries JH, van Santen S, et al. Evaluation of short-term consequences of hypoglycemia in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2714–8.PubMedCrossRef
77.
78.
Payen JF, Dupuis C, Trouve-Buisson T, et al. Corticosteroid after etomidate in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:29.PubMedCrossRef
79.
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1301–8.CrossRef
80.
Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2159.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Fan E, Wilcox ME, Brower RG, et al. Recruitment maneuvers for acute lung injury: a systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178:1156.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Hodgson C, Keating JL, Holland AE et al. Recruitment manoeuvres for adults with acute lung injury receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;CD006667.
83.
Heming N, Lamothe L, Ambrosi X, Annane D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of sepsis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2016;21(1):27–37.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Annane D. Adjunctive treatment in septic shock: what’s next? Presse Med. 2016;45:105–9.CrossRef
85.
86.
Kotsaki A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Emerging drugs for the treatment of sepsis. Expert OpinEmerg Drugs. 2012;17(3):379–91.
87.
Rello J, Perez A. Precision medicine for the treatment of severe pneumonia in intensive care. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10:297–316.PubMedCrossRef
88.
89.
Opal SM, Laterre PF, Francois B, et al. Effect of eritoran, an antagonist of MD2TLR4, on mortality in patients with severe sepsis: the ACCESS randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;309:1154.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebocontrolled trial of TAK242 for the treatment of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:1685.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:2445.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Schadler D, Brederlau J, Jorres A, Marx G, Meier Hellmann A, Putensen C, Quintel M, Spies C, Porzelius C, Engel C, Weiler N, Kuhlmann M. Extracorporeal cytokine hemoadsorption in patients with severe sepsis and acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2013;A5241.
93.
Honore PM, Jacobs R, JoannesBoyau O, et al. Newly designed CRRT membranes for sepsis and SIRS a pragmatic approach for bedside intensivists summarizing the more recent advances: a systematic structured review. ASAIO J. 2013;59:99.PubMedCrossRef
94.
van Deuren M, Santman FW, van Dalen R, et al. Plasma and whole blood exchange in meningococcal sepsis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15:424.PubMedCrossRef
95.
96.
Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C, et al. Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e003536.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
JoannesBoyau O, Honoré PM, Perez P, et al. Highvolumeversusstandardvolumehaemofiltration for septic shock patients with acute kidney injury (IVOIRE study): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1535.CrossRef
98.
Payen D, Mateo J, Cavaillon JM, et al. Impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on organ failure during the early phase of severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:803.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Desaki M, Takizawa H, Ohtoshi T, Kasama T, Kobayashi K, Sunazuka T. Ery- thromycin suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 activation in human bronchialepithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;267:124–8. doi:10.​1006/​bbrc.​1999.​1917.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Kikuchi T, Hagiwara K, Honda Y, et al. Clarithromycin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin—8 production by human monocytes through AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49:745–55. doi:10.​1093/​jac/​dkf008.PubMedCrossRef
101.
102.
103.
Döcke WD, Randow F, Syrbe U, et al. Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN gamma treatment. Nat Med. 1997;3:678.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Laupland KB, Kirkpatrick AW, Delaney A. Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically ill adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:2686.PubMed
105.
Presneill JJ, Harris T, Stewart AG, et al. A randomized phase II trial of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor therapy in severe sepsis with respiratory dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:138.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Meisel C, Schefold JC, Pschowski R, et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor to reverse sepsis associated immunosuppression: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:640.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Bozza FA, Gomes RN, Japiassú AM, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels correlate with fatal outcome in sepsis. Shock. 2004;22:309.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Arad G, Levy R, Hillman D, Kaempfer R. Superantigen antagonist protects against lethal shock and defines a new domain for T cell activation. Nat Med. 2000;6:414.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zarychanski R, Doucette S, Fergusson D, et al. Early intravenous unfractionated heparin and mortality in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:2973.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Yamakawa K, Aihara M, Ogura H, et al. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in severe sepsis:a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:508.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Boeuf B, Gauvin F, Guerguerian AM, et al. Therapy of shock with naloxone: a metaanalysis. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:1910.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Staubach KH, Schröder J, Stüber F, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline in severe sepsis: results of a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Arch Surg. 1998;133:94.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Tousoulis D, Psarros C, Demosthenous M, Patel R, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Innate and adaptive inflammation as a therapeutic target invascular disease: the emergingrole of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2491–502.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Vandermeer ML, Thomas AR, Kamimoto L, Reingold A, GershmanK Meek J, et al. Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:13–9. doi:10.​1093/​infdis/​jir695.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Morelli A, Ertmer C, Westphal M, et al. Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310:1683.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Morelli A, Singer M, Raieri VM, D’Egidio A, Mascia L, Orecchioni A, et al. Heart rate reduction with esmolol is associated with improved arterial elastance in patients with septic shock: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2016;. doi:10.​1007/​s00134-016-4351-2.
117.
Polito A, Parisini E, Ricci Z, Picardo S, Annane D. Vasopressin for treatment of vasodilatory shock: an ESICM systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:9–19.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Maybauer MO, Maybauer DM, Enkhbaatar P, Laporte R, Wiśniewska H, Traber LD, et al. The selective vasopressin type 1a receptor agonist selepressin (FE 202158) blocks vascular leak in ovine severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:e525–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
Pavlov VA, Ochani M, Yang LH, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani K, Lin X, et al. Selective alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ago- nist GTS-21 improves survival in murine endo- toxemia and severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:1139–44.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Venet F, Foray AP, Villars-Méchin A, Malcus C, Poitevin-Later F, et al. IL-7 restores lymphocyte functions in septic patients. J Immunol. 2012;189:5073–81.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Ostatin A, Paltsev A, Leplina O, Shevela Y, Chernykh H. The experience of surgical infec- tions treatment with extracorporalimmu-notherapy. Medicinskaya Immunol. 2000;2:43–51.
122.
Li C, Bo L, Liu Q, Jin F. Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;33:90–6.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Chang K, Svabek C, Vazquez-Guillamet C, Sato B, Rasche D, Wilson S, et al. Targeting the programmed cell death 1: programmed cell death ligand 1 pathway reverses T cell exhaustion in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2014;18:R3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
125.
Metadata
Title
Sepsis: A Review of Advances in Management
Authors
Jordi Rello
Francisco Valenzuela-Sánchez
Maria Ruiz-Rodriguez
Silvia Moyano
Publication date
01-11-2017
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Advances in Therapy / Issue 11/2017
Print ISSN: 0741-238X
Electronic ISSN: 1865-8652
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0622-8

Other articles of this Issue 11/2017

Advances in Therapy 11/2017 Go to the issue

Original Research

Clinical and Economic Outcomes in Elderly Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Starting Pazopanib or Sunitinib Treatment: A Retrospective Medicare Claims Analysis

Original Research

Prevalence of Co-existing Autoimmune Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Original Research

Changes in Healthcare Spending After Diagnosis of Comorbidities Among Endometriosis Patients: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis

Review

Assessing the Role of Reversible Contraceptives in the Health Care of Women as it Pertains to Cancer Prevention

Original Research

Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of the Interactions of Amenamevir (ASP2151) with Ketoconazole, Rifampicin, Midazolam, and Warfarin in Healthy Adults

Original Research

Comparative Efficacy of Once-Daily Umeclidinium/Vilanterol and Tiotropium/Olodaterol Therapy in Symptomatic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Study

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24 to hear Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits