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Hepatology International
Published in: Hepatology International 1/2015

01-01-2015 | Review Article

Novel insights in preventing Gram-negative bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients: review on the effects of GM-CSF in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system

Authors: Dong Xu, Manzhi Zhao, Yuhu Song, Jianxin Song, Yuancheng Huang, Junshuai Wang

Published in: Hepatology International | Issue 1/2015

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Abstract

Cirrhotic patients with dysfunctional and/or low numbers of leukocytes are often infected with bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, which is characterized by producing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences the production, maturation, function, and survival of various immune cells. In this paper, we reviewed not only Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway and its immunological effect, but also the specific stimulating function and autocrine performance of GM-CSF on hematopoietic cells, as well as the recent discovery of innate response activator-B cells in protection against microbial sepsis and the direct LPS–TLR4 signaling on hematopoiesis. Thus we concluded that GM-CSF might play important roles in preventing Gram-negative bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients through maintaining immune system functions and homeostasis.
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Metadata
Title
Novel insights in preventing Gram-negative bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients: review on the effects of GM-CSF in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system
Authors
Dong Xu
Manzhi Zhao
Yuhu Song
Jianxin Song
Yuancheng Huang
Junshuai Wang
Publication date
01-01-2015
Publisher
Springer India
Published in
Hepatology International / Issue 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1936-0533
Electronic ISSN: 1936-0541
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-014-9588-7

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