Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current HIV/AIDS Reports
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5/2022

20-06-2022 | Ritonavir | Co-infections and Comorbidity (D Bhattacharya, Section Editor)

Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs

Authors: Arnold Z. Olali, Kelsey A. Carpenter, Maria Myers, Anjali Sharma, Michael T. Yin, Lena Al-Harthi, Ryan D. Ross

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 5/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

People living with HIV (PLWH) are at an increased risk for osteoporosis, a disease defined by the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone quality, both of which independently contribute to an increased risk of skeletal fractures. While there is an emerging body of literature focusing on the factors that contribute to BMD loss in PLWH, the contribution of these factors to bone quality changes are less understood. The current review summarizes and critically reviews the data describing the effects of HIV, HIV disease-related factors, and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) on bone quality.

Recent Findings

The increased availability of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography has confirmed that both HIV infection and ARVs negatively affect bone architecture. There is considerably less data on their effects on bone remodeling or the composition of bone matrix. Whether changes in bone quality independently predict fracture risk, as seen in HIV-uninfected populations, is largely unknown.

Summary

The available data suggests that bone quality deterioration occurs in PLWH. Future studies are needed to define which factors, viral or ARVs, contribute to loss of bone quality and which bone quality factors are most associated with increased fracture risk.
Literature
1.
Wandeler G, Johnson LF, Egger M. Trends in life expectancy of HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral therapy across the globe: comparisons with general population. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016;11(5):492–500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Brown TT, Qaqish RB. Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: a meta-analytic review. AIDS. 2006;20(17):2165–74.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
5.
Chang CJ, et al. People with HIV infection had lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2021;16(1):47.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zeng YQ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for bone mineral density changes in antiretroviral therapy-naive human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults: a Chinese cohort study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(24):2940–6.CrossRef
7.
Titanji K, et al. Dysregulated B cell expression of RANKL and OPG correlates with loss of bone mineral density in HIV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10(10):e1004497.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Hoy JF, et al. Immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection accelerates bone loss relative to deferring therapy: findings from the start bone mineral density substudy, a randomized trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(9):1945–55.PubMedCrossRef
9.
10.
11.
Carr A, et al. The rate of bone loss slows after 1–2 years of initial antiretroviral therapy: final results of the Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy (START) bone mineral density substudy. HIV Med. 2020;21(1):64–70.PubMedCrossRef
12.
McComsey GA, et al. Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(8):937–46.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Delpino MV, Quarleri J. Influence of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on Bone Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:502.CrossRef
14.
15.
16.
17.
Hunt HB, Donnelly E. Bone quality assessment techniques: geometric, compositional, and mechanical characterization from macroscale to nanoscale. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab. 2016;14(3):133–49.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
Nih Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, D. and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285(6):785–95.CrossRef
19.
Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality–the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(21):2250–61.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Turner CH. Biomechanics of bone: determinants of skeletal fragility and bone quality. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(2):97–104.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Bouxsein ML. Bone quality: where do we go from here? Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(5):118–27.CrossRef
22.
Unnanuntana A, et al. Diseases Affecting Bone Quality: Beyond Osteoporosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(8):2194–206.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Compston J. Bone quality: what is it and how is it measured? Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006;50(4):579–85.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Donnelly E. Methods for assessing bone quality: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(8):2128–38.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Surowiec RK, Allen MR, Wallace JM. Bone hydration: How we can evaluate it, what can it tell us, and is it an effective therapeutic target? Bone Rep. 2022;16:101161.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Starup-Linde J, et al. Management of Osteoporosis in Patients Living With HIV—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;83(1):1–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
28.
Kylmaoja E, et al. Peripheral blood monocytes show increased osteoclast differentiation potential compared to bone marrow monocytes. Heliyon. 2018;4(9):e00780.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Campbell JH, et al. The importance of monocytes and macrophages in HIV pathogenesis, treatment, and cure. AIDS. 2014;28(15):2175–87.PubMedCrossRef
30.
31.
Raynaud-Messina B, et al. Bone degradation machinery of osteoclasts: An HIV-1 target that contributes to bone loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(11):E2556–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Simonet WS, et al. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell. 1997;89(2):309–19.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Anderson DM, et al. A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature. 1997;390(6656):175–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Gibellini D, et al. RANKL/OPG/TRAIL plasma levels and bone mass loss evaluation in antiretroviral naive HIV-1-positive men. J Med Virol. 2007;79(10):1446–54.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Kelesidis T, et al. Brief Report: Changes in Plasma RANKL-Osteoprotegerin in a Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Initial Antiviral Therapy: A5260s. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78(3):362–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Seminari E, et al. Osteoprotegerin and bone turnover markers in heavily pretreated HIV-infected patients. HIV Med. 2005;6(3):145–50.PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
Titanji K, et al. T-cell receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand/osteoprotegerin imbalance is associated with HIV-induced bone loss in patients with higher CD4+ T-cell counts. AIDS. 2018;32(7):885–94.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Fakruddin JM, Laurence J. HIV-1 Vpr enhances production of receptor of activated NF-κB ligand (RANKL) via potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor activity. Adv Virol. 2005;150(1):67–78.
41.
Fakruddin JM, Laurence J. HIV envelope gp120-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis via receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) secretion and its modulation by certain HIV protease inhibitors through interferon-gamma/RANKL cross-talk. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(48):48251–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Kelesidis T, et al. Role of RANKL-RANK/osteoprotegerin pathway in cardiovascular and bone disease associated with HIV infection. AIDS Rev. 2014;16(3):123–33.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Mayer KH, et al. Immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(8):1159–66.CrossRef
44.
Müller M, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(4):251–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Ofotokun I, et al. Antiretroviral therapy induces a rapid increase in bone resorption that is positively associated with the magnitude of immune reconstitution in HIV infection. AIDS (London, England). 2016;30(3):405–14.CrossRef
46.
Ponzetti M, Rucci N. Updates on osteoimmunology: What’s new on the cross-talk between bone and immune system. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:236.CrossRef
47.
Brown TT, et al. Bone turnover, osteoprotegerin/RANKL and inflammation with antiretroviral initiation: tenofovir versus non-tenofovir regimens. Antivir Ther. 2011;16(7):1063–72.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Mathiesen IH, et al. Complete manuscript Title: Changes in RANKL during the first two years after cART initiation in HIV-infected cART naive adults. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):262.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
49.
Jain RG, Lenhard JM. Select HIV protease inhibitors alter bone and fat metabolism ex vivo. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(22):19247–50.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Modarresi R, et al. WNT/beta-catenin signaling is involved in regulation of osteoclast differentiation by human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: relationship to human immunodeficiency virus-linked bone mineral loss. Am J Pathol. 2009;174(1):123–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Yin MT, et al. Effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with ritonavir on induction of osteoclast-like cells in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(5):1459–68.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Wang MW, et al. The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir blocks osteoclastogenesis and function by impairing RANKL-induced signaling. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(2):206–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
54.
55.
Gibellini D, et al. HIV-1 triggers apoptosis in primary osteoblasts and HOBIT cells through TNFalpha activation. J Med Virol. 2008;80(9):1507–14.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Nacher M, et al. Osteoblasts in HIV-infected patients: HIV-1 infection and cell function. AIDS (London, England). 2001;15(17):2239–43.CrossRef
57.
Cotter EJ, et al. Mechanism of HIV protein induced modulation of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Beaupere C, et al. The HIV proteins Tat and Nef promote human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell senescence and alter osteoblastic differentiation. Aging Cell. 2015;14(4):534–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Imamichi H, et al. Defective HIV-1 proviruses produce novel protein-coding RNA species in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(31):8783–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
61.
Hernandez-Vallejo SJ, et al. HIV protease inhibitors induce senescence and alter osteoblastic potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: beneficial effect of pravastatin. Aging Cell. 2013;12(6):955–65.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Cazzaniga A, et al. Unveiling the basis of antiretroviral therapy-induced osteopenia: the effects of Dolutegravir, Darunavir and Atazanavir on osteogenesis. Aids. 2021;35(2):213–8.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Malizia AP, et al. HIV protease inhibitors selectively induce gene expression alterations associated with reduced calcium deposition in primary human osteoblasts. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007;23(2):243–50.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Malizia AP, et al. HIV1 protease inhibitors selectively induce inflammatory chemokine expression in primary human osteoblasts. Antiviral Res. 2007;74(1):72–6.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Bendre MS, et al. Interleukin-8 stimulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption is a mechanism for the increased osteolysis of metastatic bone disease. Bone. 2003;33(1):28–37.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Kim MS, et al. MCP-1-induced human osteoclast-like cells are tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, NFATc1, and calcitonin receptor-positive but require receptor activator of NFkappaB ligand for bone resorption. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(2):1274–85.PubMedCrossRef
67.
68.
Barbieri AM, et al. Suppressive effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral prodrug, on mineralization and type II and type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters expression in primary human osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(6):4855–66.PubMedCrossRef
69.
70.
71.
Cummins NW, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein Gp120 induces proliferation but not apoptosis in osteoblasts at physiologic concentrations. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(9):e24876.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Vikulina T, et al. Alterations in the immuno-skeletal interface drive bone destruction in HIV-1 transgenic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(31):13848–53.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
Conesa-Buendia FM, et al. Tenofovir Causes Bone Loss via Decreased Bone Formation and Increased Bone Resorption, Which Can Be Counteracted by Dipyridamole in Mice. J Bone Miner Res Off J Am Soc Bone Miner Res. 2019;34(5):923–38.CrossRef
74.
Carnovali M, et al. Tenofovir and bone: age-dependent effects in a zebrafish animal model. Antivir Ther. 2016;21(7):587–94.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Castillo AB, et al. Tenofovir treatment at 30 mg/kg/day can inhibit cortical bone mineralization in growing rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Orthop Res. 2002;20(6):1185–9.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Serrano S, et al. Bone remodelling in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. A histomorphometric study. Bone. 1995;16(2):185–91.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Ramalho J, et al. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing antiretrovirals maintains low bone formation rate, but increases osteoid volume on bone histomorphometry. J Bone Miner Res. 2019;34:1574–84.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Johansson H, et al. A meta-analysis of reference markers of bone turnover for prediction of fracture. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014;94(5):560–7.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Garnero P, et al. Type I collagen racemization and isomerization and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women: the OFELY prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(5):826–33.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Eastell R, Szulc P. Use of bone turnover markers in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(11):908–23.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Ofotokun I, et al. A Single-dose Zoledronic Acid Infusion Prevents Antiretroviral Therapy-induced Bone Loss in Treatment-naive HIV-infected Patients: A Phase IIb Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):663–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Bolland MJ, et al. Effects of intravenous zoledronate on bone turnover and bone density persist for at least five years in HIV-infected men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(6):1922–8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Han WM, et al. Bone mineral density changes among people living with HIV who have started with TDF-containing regimen: A five-year prospective study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3):e0230368.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
85.
Zhang L, et al. Bone turnover and bone mineral density in HIV-1 infected Chinese taking highly active antiretroviral therapy -a prospective observational study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:224.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Wattanachanya L, et al. Antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients had lower bone formation markers than HIV-uninfected adults. AIDS Care. 2019;32:1–10.
87.
Marques de Menezes EG, et al. Serum extracellular vesicles expressing bone activity markers associate with bone loss after HIV antiretroviral therapy. Aids. 2020;34(3):351–61.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Oster Y, et al. Increase in bone turnover markers in HIV patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combined with raltegravir or efavirenz. Bone Rep. 2020;13:100727.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Focà E, et al. Prospective evaluation of bone markers, parathormone and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D in HIV-positive patients after the initiation of tenofovir/emtricitabine with atazanavir/ritonavir or efavirenz. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Haskelberg H, et al. Changes in bone turnover and bone loss in HIV-infected patients changing treatment to tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e38377.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Stellbrink HJ, et al. Comparison of changes in bone density and turnover with abacavir-lamivudine versus tenofovir-emtricitabine in HIV-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(8):963–72. PubMedCrossRef
92.
Tebas P, et al. Greater change in bone turnover markers for efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus dolutegravir + abacavir/lamivudine in antiretroviral therapy-naive adults over 144 weeks. AIDS (London, England). 2015;29:2459–64.CrossRef
93.
Bernardino JI, et al. Bone mineral density and inflammatory and bone biomarkers after darunavir-ritonavir combined with either raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1: a substudy of the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised trial. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(11):e464–73.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Cotter AG, et al. Impact of switching from zidovudine to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mineral density and markers of bone metabolism in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients; a substudy of the PREPARE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):1659–66.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Negredo E, et al. Switching from tenofovir to abacavir in HIV-1-infected patients with low bone mineral density: changes in bone turnover markers and circulating sclerostin levels. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(7):2104–7.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Wohl DA, et al. The ASSURE study: HIV-1 suppression is maintained with bone and renal biomarker improvement 48 weeks after ritonavir discontinuation and randomized switch to abacavir/lamivudine + atazanavir. HIV Med. 2016;17(2):106–17.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Bloch M, et al. Switch from tenofovir to raltegravir increases low bone mineral density and decreases markers of bone turnover over 48 weeks. HIV Med. 2014;15(6):373–80.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Ibrahim F, Samarawickrama A, Hamzah L. Bone mineral density, kidney function, weight gain and insulin resistance in women who switch from TDF/FTC/NNRTI to ABC/3TC/DTG. HIV Med. 2021;22(2):83–91.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Haskelberg H, Carr A, Emery S. Bone turnover markers in HIV disease. AIDS Rev. 2011;13(4):240–50.PubMed
100.
101.
102.
Masiá M, et al. Early changes in parathyroid hormone concentrations in HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28(3):242–6.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Childs KE, et al. Short communication: Inadequate vitamin D exacerbates parathyroid hormone elevations in tenofovir users. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;26(8):855–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Havens PL, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate appears to disrupt the relationship of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Antivir Ther. 2018;23(7):623–8.PubMedCrossRef
105.
106.
Menezes EGM, et al. Serum extracellular vesicles expressing bone activity markers associate with bone loss after HIV antiretroviral therapy. AIDS (London, England). 2019;34:351.CrossRef
107.
108.
Lerma-Chippirraz E, et al. Inflammation status in HIV-positive individuals correlates with changes in bone tissue quality after initiation of ART. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(5):1381–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
French MA, et al. Serum immune activation markers are persistently increased in patients with HIV infection after 6 years of antiretroviral therapy despite suppression of viral replication and reconstitution of CD4+ T cells. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(8):1212–5.PubMedCrossRef
110.
111.
Brown TT, et al. Changes in bone mineral density after initiation of antiretroviral treatment with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine Plus Atazanavir/Ritonavir, Darunavir/Ritonavir, or Raltegravir. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(8):1241–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Ofotokun I, et al. Role of T-cell reconstitution in HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy-induced bone loss. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8282.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Gazzola L, et al. Association between peripheral T-Lymphocyte activation and impaired bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients. J Transl Med. 2013;11:51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
Manavalan JS, et al. Abnormal bone acquisition with early-life HIV infection: Role of immune activation and senescent Osteogenic precursors. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(11):1988–96.PubMedCrossRef
115.
116.
Matuszewska A, et al. Effects of efavirenz and tenofovir on bone tissue in Wistar rats. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020;29(11):1265–75.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Conradie MM, et al. A direct comparison of the effects of the antiretroviral drugs stavudine, tenofovir and the combination Lopinavir/Ritonavir on bone metabolism in a rat model. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017;101(4):422–32.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Watkins ME, et al. Development of a novel formulation that improves preclinical bioavailability of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106(3):906–19.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
Sornay-Rendu E, et al. Alterations of cortical and trabecular architecture are associated with fractures in postmenopausal women, partially independent of decreased BMD measured by DXA: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(3):425–33.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Peacock M, et al. Better discrimination of hip fracture using bone density, geometry and architecture. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(3):167–73.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Sheu Y, et al. Bone strength measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and the risk of nonvertebral fractures: the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(1):63–71.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Weitzmann MN, et al. Homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T Cells promotes cortical and trabecular bone loss, whereas CD8+ T Cells induce trabecular bone loss only. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(9):1070–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
123.
Matuszewska A, et al. Long-term administration of abacavir and etravirine impairs semen quality and alters redox system and bone metabolism in growing male wistar rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:5596090.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Harvey NC, et al. Trabecular bone score (TBS) as a new complementary approach for osteoporosis evaluation in clinical practice. Bone. 2015;78:216–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
Ciullini L, et al. Trabecular bone score (TBS) is associated with sub-clinical vertebral fractures in HIV-infected patients. J Bone Miner Metab. 2018;36(1):111–8.PubMedCrossRef
126.
McGinty T, et al. Assessment of trabecular bone score, an index of bone microarchitecture, in HIV positive and HIV negative persons within the HIV UPBEAT cohort. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(3):e0213440.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
128.
Sharma A, et al. HIV infection is associated with abnormal bone microarchitecture: measurement of trabecular bone score in the women’s interagency HIV study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78(4):441–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
129.
Winzenrieth R, Michelet F, Hans D. Three-dimensional (3D) microarchitecture correlations with 2D projection image gray-level variations assessed by trabecular bone score using high-resolution computed tomographic acquisitions: effects of resolution and noise. J Clin Densitom. 2013;16(3):287–96.PubMedCrossRef
130.
131.
Kazakia GJ, et al. Trabecular bone microstructure is impaired in the proximal femur of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with normal bone mineral density. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2018;8(1):5–13.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
132.
Biver E, et al. Microstructural alterations of trabecular and cortical bone in long-term HIV-infected elderly men on successful antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2014;28(16):2417–27.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Macdonald HM, et al. Deficits in bone strength, density and microarchitecture in women living with HIV: A cross-sectional HR-pQCT study. Bone. 2020;138:115509.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Shiau S, et al. Deficits in bone architecture and strength in children living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84(1):101–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
Calmy A, et al. Long-term HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy are associated with bone microstructure alterations in premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(6):1843–52.PubMedCrossRef
136.
137.
Sellier P, et al. Disrupted trabecular bone micro-architecture in middle-aged male HIV-infected treated patients. HIV Med. 2016;17(7):550–6.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Foreman SC, et al. Factors associated with bone microstructural alterations assessed by HR-pQCT in long-term HIV-infected individuals. Bone. 2020;133: 115210.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Vilayphiou N, et al. Finite element analysis performed on radius and tibia HR-pQCT images and fragility fractures at all sites in men. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(5):965–73.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Wang X, et al. Prediction of new clinical vertebral fractures in elderly men using finite element analysis of CT scans. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(4):808–16.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Guerri-Fernandez R, et al. Bone density, microarchitecture, and tissue quality after long-term treatment with Tenofovir/Emtricitabine or Abacavir/Lamivudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1999). 2017;75(3):322–7.CrossRef
142.
Güerri-Fernández R, et al. Brief Report: HIV Infection Is Associated With Worse Bone Material Properties, Independently of Bone Mineral Density. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(3):314–8.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Soldado-Folgado J, et al. Bone density, microarchitecture and tissue quality after 1 year of treatment with dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(10):2998–3003.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Pitukcheewanont P, et al. Bone measures in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents: disparity between quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(11):1393–6.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Tan DH, et al. Novel imaging modalities for the comparison of bone microarchitecture among HIV+ patients with and without fractures: a pilot study. HIV Clin Trials. 2017;18(1):28–38.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Abraham AG, et al. The combined effects of age and HIV on the anatomic distribution of cortical and cancellous bone in the femoral neck among men and women. AIDS. 2021;35(15):2513–22.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Metadata
Title
Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs
Authors
Arnold Z. Olali
Kelsey A. Carpenter
Maria Myers
Anjali Sharma
Michael T. Yin
Lena Al-Harthi
Ryan D. Ross
Publication date
20-06-2022
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 5/2022
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-022-00613-1

Other articles of this Issue 5/2022

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5/2022 Go to the issue

Complications of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy (GA McComsey, Section Editor)

Ectopic Fat and Cardiac Health in People with HIV: Serious as a Heart Attack

The Science of Prevention (R Heffron and K Ngure, Section Editors)

Examining the Use of HIV Self-Testing to Support PrEP Delivery: a Systematic Literature Review

Implementation Science (E Geng and J Iwelunmor, Section Editors)

Applying Behavioural Insights to HIV Prevention and Management: a Scoping Review

Behavioral-Bio-Medical Interface (RJ DiClemente and JL Brown, Section Editors)

Measuring and Addressing Stigma Within HIV Interventions for People Who Use Drugs: a Scoping Review of Recent Research

Complications of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy (GA McComsey, Section Editor)

COVID-19 Outcomes and Risk Factors Among People Living with HIV

Global Health (S Vermund, Section Editor)

Overcoming Vaccine Hesitancy for Future COVID-19 and HIV Vaccines: Lessons from Measles and HPV Vaccines
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits