Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 1/2019

01-03-2019 | Diabetic Retinopathy

The prevalence of retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Masoud Mohammadi, Ali Akbar Vaisi Raiegani, Rostam Jalali, Akram Ghobadi, Nader Salari

Published in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most major causes of blindness and disability in diabetic patients and imposes very high cost on Health Care System. Studies conducted in the country showed different and inconsistent prevalence of the disease. The study aims to determine the overall prevalence of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The present study was conducted via meta-analysis method during March, 2000 to October, 2018. The articles related to the subject under study were obtained from Magiran, SID, Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. I2 index was used to examine the heterogeneity of articles studied; and the data was analyzed by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software. Through the study of 34 articles and 17,079 individuals with age range of 5–83, the overall prevalence of retinopathy for type 2 diabetic patients in Iran and on the basis of meta-analysis, was obtained that was 37.8% (32.84–43%, 95% confidence interval); the highest prevalence of retinopathy for type 2 diabetic patients was in Tehran province with 78% (68.8–85.1%, 95% confidence interval) in 2006 and the lowest prevalence of retinopathy for type 2 diabetic patients was in Isfahan province with 9% (7.1–11.4, 95% confidence interval) in 2006; furthermore, the prevalence of retinopathy for type 2 diabetic patients in Iran increases with increased sample size that it was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Regarding the high prevalence of retinopathy for type 2 diabetic patients in the country, it is essential that health policy makers take effective measures to reduce the disease incidence in diabetic patients.
Literature
1.
Mohammadi M, Mirzaei M. Population attributable fraction of cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes mellitus in Yazd city. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci. 2017;25(8):603–11.
2.
Mohammadi M, Mirzaei M, Karami M. Potential impact fraction of ischemic heart disease associated with diabetes mellitus in Yazd- Iran. Iranian Journal of Epidemiology. 2018;13(4):299–307.
3.
4.
Powers A. Human diabetes mellitus. In: Kasper B, Fauci A, Longo D, editors. Harrison’s Principle of internal medicine. 16th ed. USA: McGrawhil; 2005. p. 16.
5.
Hadaegh F, Khalili D, Fahimfar N, Tohid M, Eskandari F, Azizi F. Glucose intolerance and risk of cardiovascular disease in Iranian men and women: results of the 7.6-year follow-upof the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS). J Endocrinol Investig. 2009;32:724–30.CrossRef
6.
Heshmati H, Behnampour N, KHorasani F, Moqadam Z. The prevalence of chronic complications of diabetes and its risk factors in patients with type II diabetes mellitus city center Fereidoon'kenar. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci. 2014;1(1):36–42.
7.
8.
Rotimi C, Daneil H, Zhou J, Obisean A, Chen Y, Amoah A, et al. Prevalence and determinants diabetics retinopathy and cataracts in west African type 2 diabetes patients. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(2):110–7.
9.
10.
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, De Mets DL. The wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(4):520–6.
11.
Henricsson M, Nyström L, Blohmé G, Ostman J, Kullberg C, Svensson M, et al. The incidence of retinopathy 10 years after diagnosis in young adult people with diabetes: results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):349–54.
12.
Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Holman RR, Matthews DR, et al. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;116:297–303.CrossRef
13.
Manaviat MR, Afkhami Ardakani M. Evaluation of prevalence of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. 2002;10(4):41–6.
14.
Malekmadani MH, Lashay A, Behjati M, Ganji R. Frequency and severity of diabetic retinopathy in non-ocular diabetic complications. Tehran Univ Med J. 2007;65(7):58–63.
15.
Naseripour M, Ansari MR, Shikhi F, Daneshgar F, Omidian J, Ghaderi E. The prevalence of retinopathy and its risk factors in diabetic patients referring to Kermanshah Diabetes Research Center. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2005;9(4):44–51.
16.
Aghadoost D, Sadr SF. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients of Kashan diabetic center in 2002-2003. Feyz. 2005;9(1):62–5.
17.
Foroutan A, ASghari A, Afsar N, Vadipour A, Joushghani M, Nilforoushan N, et al. Evaluation of correlation between severity of dry eye syndrome and retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. Armaghane danesh. 2007;11(4):19–28.
18.
Akbarzadeh S, Manikashani K. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its related factors in diabetic patients. Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. 2006;28(2):15–8.
19.
Eslami F, Ghasemi Basir HR. The prevalence of diabetic retnopathy and its relationship with microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients at diabetes Center of Hamadan city. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. 2016;22(4):286–92.
20.
Shafiepour L, Ahmadzadeh A, Shafiepour V, Khalilian A. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and risk factors among diabetic patients attending to Imam Khomeini hospital in Sari. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2006;16(55):125–30.
21.
Ramezani M. Karimi zarchi AA. Prevalence of retinopathy and its effective factors in patients admitted to Baqiyatallah Azam Hospital in Tehran. Yafte. 2005;7(1):29–36.
22.
Safaei H, Amini M, Behroz J, Teimori A. Retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in Isfahan, prevalence and risk factors. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2006;5(3):236–43.
23.
Askarishahi M, Hajizadeh I, Afkhamiardakani M. Factors affecting retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes by analyzing the current status data. Tehran Univ Med J. 2011;68(11):674–80.
24.
Hosseini R, Davoodabadi Farahani A. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients referred to diabetes Clinic of Kamkar Hospital in Qom. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2012;5(4):40–6.
25.
Mazarei M. Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients referred to Bouali eye center. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2005;9(3):34–9.
26.
Hosseini SM, Tazhibi M, Amini M, Zaree A, Jahani HH. Using classification tree for prediction of diabetic retinopathy on type II diabetes. Isfahan Univ Med Sci J. 2009;28(104):15–24.
27.
Abbasian M, Delvarianzadeh M. Evaluation of complications of diabetes in patients referring to Shahrood diabetes clinic. Journal of Knowledge & Health. 2007;2(4):17–21.
28.
Bonakdaran S, Yaghoubi MA. Is insulin resistance a contributor risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes? Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;15(5):450–5.
29.
Manaviat M, Afkhami-Ardakani M, Rashidi M. Study of four year incidence rate of diabetic retinopathy and its associated factors in type ii Diabetese patients. JSSU. 2006;14(3):11–9.
30.
Kohian H, Sohrabi MB, Zolfaghari P, Shaker S, Farsad R, Yahyaei E. Prevalence and related factors related to diabetic retinopathy in Shahrood. Journal of Knowledge & Health. 2013;7(4):179–84.
31.
Rafati N, Dehghan M, Javadi M, Souri H, Zaeri F, Gooya M, et al. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran Province. Bina J Ophthalmol. 2008;13(2):166–75.
32.
Yaghobi MA, Bonakdaran SH, Shoaibi N, Nabavi A. The relationship between hsCRP level and the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2014;57(6):756–61.
33.
Bonakdaran S, Osat LA. Relation between magnesium retinopathy levels in type II diabetes. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2015;58(1):42–8.
34.
Bonakdaran SH, Shoeaibi N. Is there a relation between plasminogen activating inhibitor factor and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients? Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 2016;58(10):603–10.
35.
Taher khani M, Safi M. Evaluation of correlation between microvascular complications and coronary disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research in Medicine. 2014;38(3):167–72.
36.
Dehghan M, Katibeh M, Ahmadieh H, Ramezani A, Moradian S, Noorinia R, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in Yazd Province. Bina J Ophthalmol. 2013;18(4):375–91.
37.
Shojae MR. Diabetic retinopathy in patients referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center. JSSU. 2000;8(3):10–7.
38.
Abdullahi A, Ardashirlarijani MB, Zaree R. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its related factors in patients referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran in 1998. Iranian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000;12(3):76–82.
39.
Heydari B, Yaghoubi G, Yaghoubi MA, Miri MR. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(3):393–7.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Dehghan MH, Katibeh M, Ahmadieh H, Nourinia R, Yaseri M. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in the 40 to 80 year-old population in Yazd, Iran: the Yazd eye study. J Diabetes. 2015;7(1):139–41.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Javadi MA, Katibeh M, Rafati N, Dehghan MH, Zayeri F, Yaseri M, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2009;9:12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Abdollahi A, Daneshpazhooh M, Amirchaghmaghi E, Sheikhi S, Eshrati B, Bastanhagh MH. Dermopathy and retinopathy in diabetes: is there an association? Dermatology. 2007;214(2):133–6.PubMedCrossRef
43.
44.
Janghorbani M, Amini M, Ghanbari H, Safaiee H. Incidence of and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Isfahan, Iran. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2003;10(2):81–95.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Shoeibi N, Bonakdaran S. Is there any correlation between diabetic retinopathy and risk of cardiovascular disease? Curr Diabetes Rev. 2017;13(1):81–6.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Valizadeh R, Moosazadeh M, Bahaadini K, Vali L, Lashkari T, Amiresmaili M. Determining the prevalence of retinopathy and its related factors among patients with type 2 diabetes in Kerman, Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(5):296–300.
47.
Jenneld B, Algvere P. Relationship of duration and onset of diabetes to prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Amj Opthalmol. 2002;102(4):431–7.CrossRef
48.
Jaross N, Rayan P, Newland H. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in an aboriginal Australian population. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003;31(1):32–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Carlos F, Ramírez-Gámez J, Dueñas H, Galindo-Suárez RM, Ramos E. Economic evaluation of duloxetine as a first-line treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Mexico. J Med Econ. 2012;15(2):233–44.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Keen H, Lee ET, Russell D, Miki E, Bennett PH, Lu M. The appearance of retinopathy and progressionto proliferative retinopathy: the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia. 2001;44(2):S22–30.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Kohner EM, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, Holman RR, Matthews DR; UK Prospective Diabetes Study (IKPDS) Group. Relationship between the severity of retinopathy and progression to photocoagulation in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the UKPDS (UKPDS 52). Diabet Med. 2001;18(3):178–84.
52.
Marshall G, Garg SK, Jackson WE, Holmes DL, Chase HP. Factors influencing the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(8):1133–9.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Azpiroz F, Malagelada C. Diabetic neuropathy in the gut: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Diabetologia. 2016;59(3):404–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Voutilainen-Kaunisto RM, Teräsvirta ME, Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK. Occurrence and predictors of retinopathy and visual acuity in Type 2 diabetic patients and control subjects. 10-year follow-up from the diagnosis. J Diabetes Complicat. 2001;15(1):24–33.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Khandekar R, Al Lawatii J, Mohammed AJ, Al Raisi A. Diabetic retinopathy in Oman: a hospital based study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(9):1061–4.
56.
Katulanda P, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R. Prevalence of retinopathy among adults with self-reported diabetes mellitus: the Sri Lanka diabetes and cardiovascular study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2014;14:100.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Rahman S, Nawaz R, Khan GJ, Aamir AH. Frequency of diabetic retinopathy in hypertensive diabetic patients in a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2011;23(2):133–5.PubMed
58.
Chen MS, Kao CS, Chang CJ, Wu TJ, Fu CC, Chen CJ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114(6):723–30.PubMedCrossRef
59.
el Haddad OA, Saad MK. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(8):901–6.
60.
Tapp RJ, Shaw JE, Harper CA, de Courten MP, Balkau B, McCarty DJ, et al. The prevalence of and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in the Australian population. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1731–7.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Remachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vijay V. Diabetic retinopathy at the time of diagnosis of NIDDM in south Indian subject. Diabetes Resclin Pract. 2001;32:1114.
62.
Grammatiki M, Rapti E, Karras S, Ajjan RA, Kotsa K. Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: causal or casual association? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18(2):227–41.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Škrha J, Šoupal J, Škrha J Jr, Prázný M. Glucose variability, HbA1c and microvascular complications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016;17(1):103–10.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Rotimi C, Daniel H, Zhou J, Obisesan A, Chen G, Chen Y, et al. Prevalence and determinants of diabetic retinopathy and cataracts in West African type 2 diabetes patients. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(2):S110–7.PubMed
65.
Dil A, Caliskan D, Ocaktan E. The prevalence of blindness and low vision in older onset diabetes mellitus and associated factors: a community-based study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2004;14(4):298–305.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The prevalence of retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Masoud Mohammadi
Ali Akbar Vaisi Raiegani
Rostam Jalali
Akram Ghobadi
Nader Salari
Publication date
01-03-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-019-09490-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 1/2019 Go to the issue

ReviewPaper

PET/CT in thyroid nodule and differentiated thyroid cancer patients. The evidence-based state of the art

ReviewPaper

Associations between atherosclerosis and neurological diseases, beyond ischemia-induced cerebral damage

ReviewPaper

Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in autonomous functioning thyroid nodules. A systematic review and meta-analysis

ReviewPaper

Role of eating disorders-related polymorphisms in obesity pathophysiology

ReviewPaper

The roles of FGF21 in atherosclerosis pathogenesis

EditorialNotes

A step forward in our common endeavor

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24 to hear Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits