Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Heart Failure Reviews 4/2017

Open Access 01-07-2017

T2 mapping and T2* imaging in heart failure

Authors: A.S. Lota, P.D. Gatehouse, R.H. Mohiaddin

Published in: Heart Failure Reviews | Issue 4/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a versatile imaging modality that enables aetiological assessment and provides additional information to that of standard echocardiography in a significant proportion of patients with heart failure. In addition to highly accurate and reproducible assessment of ventricular volumes and replacement fibrosis, multiparametric mapping techniques have rapidly evolved to further expand the diagnostic and prognostic applications in various conditions ranging from acute inflammatory and ischaemic cardiomyopathy, to cardiac involvement in systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis and iron overload cardiomyopathy. In this review, we discuss the established role of T2* imaging and rapidly evolving clinical applications of myocardial T2 mapping as quantitative adjuncts to established qualitative imaging techniques.
Literature
3.
go back to reference Fung BM (1986) Nuclear magnetic resonance study of water interactions with proteins, biomolecules, membranes, and tissues. Methods Enzymol 127:151–161CrossRefPubMed Fung BM (1986) Nuclear magnetic resonance study of water interactions with proteins, biomolecules, membranes, and tissues. Methods Enzymol 127:151–161CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, Morarji K, Brown TD, Ismail NA, Dweck MR, Di Pietro E, Roughton M, Wage R, Daryani Y, O’Hanlon R, Sheppard MN, Alpendurada F, Lyon AR, Cook SA, Cowie MR, Assomull RG, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK (2013) Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 309(9):896–908. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.1363 CrossRefPubMed Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, Morarji K, Brown TD, Ismail NA, Dweck MR, Di Pietro E, Roughton M, Wage R, Daryani Y, O’Hanlon R, Sheppard MN, Alpendurada F, Lyon AR, Cook SA, Cowie MR, Assomull RG, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK (2013) Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 309(9):896–908. doi:10.​1001/​jama.​2013.​1363 CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Higgins CB, Herfkens R, Lipton MJ, Sievers R, Sheldon P, Kaufman L, Crooks LE (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. Am J Cardiol 52(1):184–188CrossRefPubMed Higgins CB, Herfkens R, Lipton MJ, Sievers R, Sheldon P, Kaufman L, Crooks LE (1983) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of acute myocardial infarction in dogs: alterations in magnetic relaxation times. Am J Cardiol 52(1):184–188CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Carpenter JP, He T, Kirk P, Roughton M, Anderson LJ, de Noronha SV, Sheppard MN, Porter JB, Walker JM, Wood JC, Galanello R, Forni G, Catani G, Matta G, Fucharoen S, Fleming A, House MJ, Black G, Firmin DN, St Pierre TG, Pennell DJ (2011) On T2* magnetic resonance and cardiac iron. Circulation 123(14):1519–1528. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.007641 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Carpenter JP, He T, Kirk P, Roughton M, Anderson LJ, de Noronha SV, Sheppard MN, Porter JB, Walker JM, Wood JC, Galanello R, Forni G, Catani G, Matta G, Fucharoen S, Fleming A, House MJ, Black G, Firmin DN, St Pierre TG, Pennell DJ (2011) On T2* magnetic resonance and cardiac iron. Circulation 123(14):1519–1528. doi:10.​1161/​circulationaha.​110.​007641 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Prothmann M, Dieringer MA, Wassmuth R, Greiser A, Schwenke C, Niendorf T, Schulz-Menger J (2013) Myocardial T1 and T2 mapping at 3 T: reference values, influencing factors and implications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15(1):53. doi:10.1186/1532-429x-15-53 CrossRef von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Prothmann M, Dieringer MA, Wassmuth R, Greiser A, Schwenke C, Niendorf T, Schulz-Menger J (2013) Myocardial T1 and T2 mapping at 3 T: reference values, influencing factors and implications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15(1):53. doi:10.​1186/​1532-429x-15-53 CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Thavendiranathan P, Walls M, Giri S, Verhaert D, Rajagopalan S, Moore S, Simonetti OP, Raman SV (2012) Improved detection of myocardial involvement in acute inflammatory cardiomyopathies using T2 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(1):102–110. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.111.967836 CrossRefPubMed Thavendiranathan P, Walls M, Giri S, Verhaert D, Rajagopalan S, Moore S, Simonetti OP, Raman SV (2012) Improved detection of myocardial involvement in acute inflammatory cardiomyopathies using T2 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(1):102–110. doi:10.​1161/​CIRCIMAGING.​111.​967836 CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Henry WL, Nienhuis AW, Wiener M, Miller DR, Canale VC, Piomelli S (1978) Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with transfusion-dependent anemia and secondary myocardial iron deposition. Am J Med 64(4):547–555CrossRefPubMed Henry WL, Nienhuis AW, Wiener M, Miller DR, Canale VC, Piomelli S (1978) Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with transfusion-dependent anemia and secondary myocardial iron deposition. Am J Med 64(4):547–555CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Charrier CC, Bunce NH, Firmin DN, Wonke B, Porter J, Walker JM, Pennell DJ (2001) Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J 22(23):2171–2179CrossRefPubMed Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Charrier CC, Bunce NH, Firmin DN, Wonke B, Porter J, Walker JM, Pennell DJ (2001) Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J 22(23):2171–2179CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Anderson LJ, Wonke B, Prescott E, Holden S, Walker JM, Pennell DJ (2002) Comparison of effects of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on myocardial iron concentrations and ventricular function in beta-thalassaemia. Lancet (London, England) 360(9332):516–520CrossRef Anderson LJ, Wonke B, Prescott E, Holden S, Walker JM, Pennell DJ (2002) Comparison of effects of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on myocardial iron concentrations and ventricular function in beta-thalassaemia. Lancet (London, England) 360(9332):516–520CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Anderson LJ, Westwood MA, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Wonke B, Porter JB, Walker JM, Pennell DJ (2004) Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Br J Haematol 127(3):348–355. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05202.x CrossRefPubMed Anderson LJ, Westwood MA, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Wonke B, Porter JB, Walker JM, Pennell DJ (2004) Myocardial iron clearance during reversal of siderotic cardiomyopathy with intravenous desferrioxamine: a prospective study using T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Br J Haematol 127(3):348–355. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2141.​2004.​05202.​x CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Kirk P, He T, Anderson LJ, Roughton M, Tanner MA, Lam WWM, Au WY, Chu WCW, Chan G, Galanello R, Matta G, Fogel M, Cohen AR, Tan RS, Chen K, Ng I, Lai A, Fucharoen S, Laothamata J, Chuncharunee S, Jongjirasiri S, Firmin DN, Smith GC, Pennell DJ (2010) International reproducibility of single breath-hold T2* magnetic resonance for cardiac and liver iron assessment among five thalassemia centers. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 32(2):315–319. doi:10.1002/jmri.22245 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kirk P, He T, Anderson LJ, Roughton M, Tanner MA, Lam WWM, Au WY, Chu WCW, Chan G, Galanello R, Matta G, Fogel M, Cohen AR, Tan RS, Chen K, Ng I, Lai A, Fucharoen S, Laothamata J, Chuncharunee S, Jongjirasiri S, Firmin DN, Smith GC, Pennell DJ (2010) International reproducibility of single breath-hold T2* magnetic resonance for cardiac and liver iron assessment among five thalassemia centers. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 32(2):315–319. doi:10.​1002/​jmri.​22245 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Grun S, Schumm J, Greulich S, Wagner A, Schneider S, Bruder O, Kispert EM, Hill S, Ong P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H (2012) Long-term follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: predictors of mortality and incomplete recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(18):1604–1615. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.01.007 CrossRefPubMed Grun S, Schumm J, Greulich S, Wagner A, Schneider S, Bruder O, Kispert EM, Hill S, Ong P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H (2012) Long-term follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: predictors of mortality and incomplete recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(18):1604–1615. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2012.​01.​007 CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Deluigi CC, Kispert E, Hager S, Meinhardt G, Vogelsberg H, Fritz P, Dippon J, Bock CT, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U (2006) Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 114(15):1581–1590. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.606509 CrossRefPubMed Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Deluigi CC, Kispert E, Hager S, Meinhardt G, Vogelsberg H, Fritz P, Dippon J, Bock CT, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U (2006) Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 114(15):1581–1590. doi:10.​1161/​circulationaha.​105.​606509 CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy JP, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(17):1475–1487. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.007 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy JP, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(17):1475–1487. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2009.​02.​007 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD (1989) Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin Proc 64(10):1235–1245CrossRefPubMed Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD (1989) Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin Proc 64(10):1235–1245CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Stiermaier T, Fohrenbach F, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Boudriot E, Sandri M, Linke A, Rommel KP, Desch S, Schuler G, Thiele H, Lurz P (2017) Biventricular endomyocardial biopsy in patients with suspected myocarditis: feasibility, complication rate and additional diagnostic value. Int J Cardiol 230:364–370. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.103 CrossRefPubMed Stiermaier T, Fohrenbach F, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Boudriot E, Sandri M, Linke A, Rommel KP, Desch S, Schuler G, Thiele H, Lurz P (2017) Biventricular endomyocardial biopsy in patients with suspected myocarditis: feasibility, complication rate and additional diagnostic value. Int J Cardiol 230:364–370. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijcard.​2016.​12.​103 CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Helio T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 34(33):2636–2648, 2648a-2648d. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht210 CrossRefPubMed Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Helio T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 34(33):2636–2648, 2648a-2648d. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​eht210 CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Bohnen S, Radunski UK, Lund GK, Kandolf R, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Adam G, Blankenberg S, Muellerleile K (2015) Performance of t1 and t2 mapping cardiovascular magnetic resonance to detect active myocarditis in patients with recent-onset heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 8(6):e003073. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.114.003073 Bohnen S, Radunski UK, Lund GK, Kandolf R, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Adam G, Blankenberg S, Muellerleile K (2015) Performance of t1 and t2 mapping cardiovascular magnetic resonance to detect active myocarditis in patients with recent-onset heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 8(6):e003073. doi:10.​1161/​CIRCIMAGING.​114.​003073
34.
go back to reference Lurz P, Luecke C, Eitel I, Fohrenbach F, Frank C, Grothoff M, de Waha S, Rommel KP, Lurz JA, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Schuler G, Thiele H, Gutberlet M (2016) Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected myocarditis: the MyoRacer-trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(15):1800–1811. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.013 CrossRefPubMed Lurz P, Luecke C, Eitel I, Fohrenbach F, Frank C, Grothoff M, de Waha S, Rommel KP, Lurz JA, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Schuler G, Thiele H, Gutberlet M (2016) Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with suspected myocarditis: the MyoRacer-trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(15):1800–1811. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2016.​02.​013 CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Baeßler B, Schaarschmidt F, Dick A, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Michels G, Maintz D, Bunck AC (2015) Mapping tissue inhomogeneity in acute myocarditis: a novel analytical approach to quantitative myocardial edema imaging by T2-mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 17(1):115. doi:10.1186/s12968-015-0217-y CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Baeßler B, Schaarschmidt F, Dick A, Stehning C, Schnackenburg B, Michels G, Maintz D, Bunck AC (2015) Mapping tissue inhomogeneity in acute myocarditis: a novel analytical approach to quantitative myocardial edema imaging by T2-mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 17(1):115. doi:10.​1186/​s12968-015-0217-y CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, van Geuns RJ, Dassen WR, Gorgels AP, Crijns HJ (2005) Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(10):1683–1690. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.047 CrossRefPubMed Smedema JP, Snoep G, van Kroonenburgh MP, van Geuns RJ, Dassen WR, Gorgels AP, Crijns HJ (2005) Evaluation of the accuracy of gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(10):1683–1690. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2005.​01.​047 CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Ise T, Hasegawa T, Morita Y, Yamada N, Funada A, Takahama H, Amaki M, Kanzaki H, Okamura H, Kamakura S, Shimizu W, Anzai T, Kitakaze M (2014) Extensive late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts adverse outcomes and lack of improvement in LV function after steroid therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart 100(15):1165–1172. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305187 CrossRefPubMed Ise T, Hasegawa T, Morita Y, Yamada N, Funada A, Takahama H, Amaki M, Kanzaki H, Okamura H, Kamakura S, Shimizu W, Anzai T, Kitakaze M (2014) Extensive late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts adverse outcomes and lack of improvement in LV function after steroid therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart 100(15):1165–1172. doi:10.​1136/​heartjnl-2013-305187 CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Ohira H, Tsujino I, Ishimaru S, Oyama N, Takei T, Tsukamoto E, Miura M, Sakaue S, Tamaki N, Nishimura M (2008) Myocardial imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35(5):933–941. doi:10.1007/s00259-007-0650-8 CrossRefPubMed Ohira H, Tsujino I, Ishimaru S, Oyama N, Takei T, Tsukamoto E, Miura M, Sakaue S, Tamaki N, Nishimura M (2008) Myocardial imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35(5):933–941. doi:10.​1007/​s00259-007-0650-8 CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Wicks E, Menezes L, Pantazis A, Mohiddin S, Porter J, Booth H, Sekhri N, O’Meara C, Moon J, McKenna W, Groves A, Elliott P (2014) 135 novel hybrid positron emission tomography - magnetic resonance (PET-MR) multi-modality inflammatory imaging has improved diagnostic accuracy for detecting cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart 100(Suppl 3):A80. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306118.135 CrossRef Wicks E, Menezes L, Pantazis A, Mohiddin S, Porter J, Booth H, Sekhri N, O’Meara C, Moon J, McKenna W, Groves A, Elliott P (2014) 135 novel hybrid positron emission tomography - magnetic resonance (PET-MR) multi-modality inflammatory imaging has improved diagnostic accuracy for detecting cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart 100(Suppl 3):A80. doi:10.​1136/​heartjnl-2014-306118.​135 CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Friedrich MG, Abdel-Aty H, Taylor A, Schulz-Menger J, Messroghli D, Dietz R (2008) The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(16):1581–1587. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.019 CrossRefPubMed Friedrich MG, Abdel-Aty H, Taylor A, Schulz-Menger J, Messroghli D, Dietz R (2008) The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(16):1581–1587. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2008.​01.​019 CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Abdel-Aty H, Cocker M, Meek C, Tyberg JV, Friedrich MG (2009) Edema as a very early marker for acute myocardial ischemia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(14):1194–201. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.065 Abdel-Aty H, Cocker M, Meek C, Tyberg JV, Friedrich MG (2009) Edema as a very early marker for acute myocardial ischemia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(14):1194–201. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jacc.​2008.​10.​065
46.
go back to reference Wince WB, Kim RJ (2010) Molecular imaging: T2-weighted CMR of the area at risk—a risky business? Nat Rev Cardiol 7(10):547–549CrossRefPubMed Wince WB, Kim RJ (2010) Molecular imaging: T2-weighted CMR of the area at risk—a risky business? Nat Rev Cardiol 7(10):547–549CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Hammer-Hansen S, Ugander M, Hsu L-Y, Taylor J, Thune JJ, Køber L, Kellman P, Arai AE (2014) Distinction of salvaged and infarcted myocardium within the ischaemic area-at-risk with T2 mapping. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 15(9):1048–1053. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeu073 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hammer-Hansen S, Ugander M, Hsu L-Y, Taylor J, Thune JJ, Køber L, Kellman P, Arai AE (2014) Distinction of salvaged and infarcted myocardium within the ischaemic area-at-risk with T2 mapping. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 15(9):1048–1053. doi:10.​1093/​ehjci/​jeu073 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Eitel I, Kubusch K, Strohm O, Desch S, Mikami Y, de Waha S, Gutberlet M, Schuler G, Friedrich MG, Thiele H (2011) Prognostic value and determinants of a hypointense infarct core in T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance in acute reperfused ST-elevation-myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4(4):354–362. doi:10.1161/circimaging.110.960500 CrossRefPubMed Eitel I, Kubusch K, Strohm O, Desch S, Mikami Y, de Waha S, Gutberlet M, Schuler G, Friedrich MG, Thiele H (2011) Prognostic value and determinants of a hypointense infarct core in T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance in acute reperfused ST-elevation-myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4(4):354–362. doi:10.​1161/​circimaging.​110.​960500 CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Jackowski C, Christe A, Sonnenschein M, Aghayev E, Thali MJ (2006) Postmortem unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial infarction in correlation to histological infarction age characterization. Eur Heart J 27(20):2459–2467. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl255 CrossRefPubMed Jackowski C, Christe A, Sonnenschein M, Aghayev E, Thali MJ (2006) Postmortem unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial infarction in correlation to histological infarction age characterization. Eur Heart J 27(20):2459–2467. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehl255 CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Lyon AR, Bossone E, Schneider B, Sechtem U, Citro R, Underwood SR, Sheppard MN, Figtree GA, Parodi G, Akashi YJ, Ruschitzka F, Filippatos G, Mebazaa A, Omerovic E (2016) Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a position statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 18(1):8–27. doi:10.1002/ejhf.424 CrossRefPubMed Lyon AR, Bossone E, Schneider B, Sechtem U, Citro R, Underwood SR, Sheppard MN, Figtree GA, Parodi G, Akashi YJ, Ruschitzka F, Filippatos G, Mebazaa A, Omerovic E (2016) Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a position statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 18(1):8–27. doi:10.​1002/​ejhf.​424 CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Abdel-Aty H, Cocker M, Friedrich MG (2009) Myocardial edema is a feature of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and is related to the severity of systolic dysfunction: insights from T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol 132(2):291–293. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.08.102 CrossRefPubMed Abdel-Aty H, Cocker M, Friedrich MG (2009) Myocardial edema is a feature of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and is related to the severity of systolic dysfunction: insights from T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol 132(2):291–293. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ijcard.​2007.​08.​102 CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Marie PY, Angioi M, Carteaux JP, Escanye JM, Mattei S, Tzvetanov K, Claudon O, Hassan N, Danchin N, Karcher G, Bertrand A, Walker PM, Villemot JP (2001) Detection and prediction of acute heart transplant rejection with the myocardial T2 determination provided by a black-blood magnetic resonance imaging sequence. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(3):825–831CrossRefPubMed Marie PY, Angioi M, Carteaux JP, Escanye JM, Mattei S, Tzvetanov K, Claudon O, Hassan N, Danchin N, Karcher G, Bertrand A, Walker PM, Villemot JP (2001) Detection and prediction of acute heart transplant rejection with the myocardial T2 determination provided by a black-blood magnetic resonance imaging sequence. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(3):825–831CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Butler CR, Savu A, Bakal JA, Toma M, Thompson R, Chow K (2015) Correlation of cardiovascular MRI findings and endomyocardial biopsy results in patients undergoing screening for heart transplant rejection cardiovascular MRI and heart transplant rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 34:643–650. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2014.12.020 Butler CR, Savu A, Bakal JA, Toma M, Thompson R, Chow K (2015) Correlation of cardiovascular MRI findings and endomyocardial biopsy results in patients undergoing screening for heart transplant rejection cardiovascular MRI and heart transplant rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 34:643–650. doi:10.​1016/​j.​healun.​2014.​12.​020
58.
go back to reference Usman AA, Taimen K, Wasielewski M, McDonald J, Shah S, Giri S, Cotts W, McGee E, Gordon R, Collins JD, Markl M, Carr JC (2012) Cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping in the monitoring and follow-up of acute cardiac transplant rejection: a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(6):782–790. doi:10.1161/circimaging.111.971101 CrossRefPubMed Usman AA, Taimen K, Wasielewski M, McDonald J, Shah S, Giri S, Cotts W, McGee E, Gordon R, Collins JD, Markl M, Carr JC (2012) Cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping in the monitoring and follow-up of acute cardiac transplant rejection: a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(6):782–790. doi:10.​1161/​circimaging.​111.​971101 CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Bonnemains L, Cherifi A, Girerd N, Odille F, Felblinger J (2015) Design of the DRAGET Study: a multicentre controlled diagnostic study to assess the detection of acute rejection in patients with heart transplant by means of T2 quantification with MRI in comparison to myocardial biopsies. BMJ Open 5(10):e008963. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008963 Bonnemains L, Cherifi A, Girerd N, Odille F, Felblinger J (2015) Design of the DRAGET Study: a multicentre controlled diagnostic study to assess the detection of acute rejection in patients with heart transplant by means of T2 quantification with MRI in comparison to myocardial biopsies. BMJ Open 5(10):e008963. doi:10.​1136/​bmjopen-2015-008963
60.
go back to reference Thavendiranathan P, Amir E, Bedard P, Crean A, Paul N, Nguyen ET, Wintersperger BJ (2014) Regional myocardial edema detected by T2 mapping is a feature of cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients receiving sequential therapy with anthracyclines and trastuzumab. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16(1):P273. doi:10.1186/1532-429x-16-s1-p273 CrossRefPubMedCentral Thavendiranathan P, Amir E, Bedard P, Crean A, Paul N, Nguyen ET, Wintersperger BJ (2014) Regional myocardial edema detected by T2 mapping is a feature of cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients receiving sequential therapy with anthracyclines and trastuzumab. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16(1):P273. doi:10.​1186/​1532-429x-16-s1-p273 CrossRefPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
T2 mapping and T2* imaging in heart failure
Authors
A.S. Lota
P.D. Gatehouse
R.H. Mohiaddin
Publication date
01-07-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Heart Failure Reviews / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1382-4147
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7322
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9616-5

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Heart Failure Reviews 4/2017 Go to the issue