Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 1/2015

01-02-2015 | Guideline

Clinical practice guideline for pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 2013: general therapy

Authors: Yoshitsugu Kaku, Yasufumi Ohtsuka, Yasuhiro Komatsu, Toshiyuki Ohta, Takuhito Nagai, Hiroshi Kaito, Shuji Kondo, Yohei Ikezumi, Seiji Tanaka, Shinsuke Matsumoto, Mayumi Sako, Kazushi Tsuruga, Koichi Nakanishi, Koichi Kamei, Hiroshi Saito, Shuichiro Fujinaga, Yuko Hamasaki, Hiroko Chikamoto, Kenji Ishikura, Kazumoto Iijima

Published in: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Excerpt

Explanation
  1. 1.

    Evaluation of edema and effective circulating volume

     
Literature
  1. Ishikura K, Matsumoto S, Sako M, Tsuruga K, Nakanishi K, Kamei K, Saito H, Fujinaga S, Hamasaki Y, Chikamoto H, Ohtsuka Y, Komatsu Y, Ohta T, Nagai T, Kaito H, Kondo S, Ikezumi Y, Tanaka S, Kaku Y, Iijima K. Clinical practice guideline for pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 2013: medical therapy, clinical and experimental nephrology. doi:10.​1007/​s10157-014-1030-x.
  2. Gipson DS, Massengill SF, Yao L, Nagaraj S, Smoyer WE, Mahan JD, Wigfall D, Miles P, Powell L, Lin JJ, Trachtman H, Greenbaum LA. Management of childhood onset nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):747–57.View ArticlePubMed
  3. Indian Pediatric Nephrology Group, Indian Academy of Pediatrics, Bagga A, Ali U, Banerjee S, Kanitkar M, Phadke KD, Senguttuvan P, Sethi S, Shah M. Management of steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome: revised guidelines. Indian Pediatr. 2008;45(3):203–14.
  4. Vasudevan A, Mantan M, Bagga A. Management of edema in nephrotic syndrome. Indian Pediatr. 2004;41(8):787–95.PubMed
  5. Park SJ, Shin JI. Complications of nephrotic syndrome. Korean J Pediatr. 2011;54(8):322–8.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMed
  6. Doucet A, Favre G, Deschênes G. Molecular mechanism of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome: therapeutic implications. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(12):1983–90.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMed
  7. Siddall EC, Radhakrishnan J. The pathophysiology of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2012;82(6):635–42.View ArticlePubMed
  8. Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, Yoshikawa N, editors. Pediatric nephrology. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.
  9. Vande Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, van Isselt JW, Derkx FH, Joles JA, Koomans HA. Volume regulation in children with early relapse of minimal-change nephrosis with or without hypovolaemic symptoms. Lancet. 1995;15:148–52.
  10. Wang SJ, Tsau YK, Lu FL, Chen CH. Hypovolemia and hypovolemic shock in children with nephrotic syndrome. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2000;41:179–83.PubMed
  11. Vande Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, Koomans HA. Pathophysiology of edema formation in children with nephrotic syndrome not due to minimal change disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:323–31.PubMed
  12. Van de Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, Greidanus TB, Joles JA, Koomans HA. Renal sodium handling in children with nephrotic relapse: relation to hypovolaemic symptoms. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11:2202–8.View ArticlePubMed
  13. Reid CJ, Marsh MJ, Murdoch IM, Clark G. Nephrotic syndrome in childhood complicated by life threatening pulmonary oedema. BMJ. 1996;312:36–8.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMed
  14. Haws RM, Baum M. Efficacy of albumin and diuretic therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatrics. 1993;91:1142–6.PubMed
  15. Agarwal N, Phadke KD, Garg I, Alexander P. Acute renal failure in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:1289–92.View ArticlePubMed
  16. Loghman-Adham M, Siegler RL, Pysher TJ. Acute renal failure in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 1997;47:76–80.PubMed
  17. Sakarcan A, Timmons C, Seikaly MG. Reversible idiopathic acute renal failure in children with primary nephrotic syndrome. J Pediatr. 1994;125(5 Pt 1):723–7.View ArticlePubMed
  18. Gurgoze MK, Gunduz Z, Poyrazoglu MH, Dursun I, Uzum K, Dusunsel R. Role of sodium during formation of edema in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Int. 2011;53:50–6.View ArticlePubMed
  19. Dönmez O, Mir S, Ozyürek R, Cura A, Kabasakal C. Inferior vena cava indices determine volume load in minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16:251–5.View ArticlePubMed
  20. Tabel Y, Mungan I, Karakurt C, Kocak G, Gungor S. Is edema in minimal change disease of childhood really hypovolemic? Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40:757–61.View ArticlePubMed
  21. Donckerwolcke RA, France A, Raes A, Vande Walle J. Distal nephron sodium–potassium exchange in children with nephrotic syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 2003;59:259–66.View ArticlePubMed
  22. Kapur G, Valentini RP, Imam AA, Jain A, Mattoo TK. Serum osmolal gap in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and severe edema. Pediatrics. 2007;119(6):e1404–7.View ArticlePubMed
  23. Bozzetto S, Piccoli A, Montini G. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis to evaluate relative hydration status. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:329–34.View ArticlePubMed
  24. van der Vorst MM, Kist JE, van der Heijden AJ, Burggraaf J. Diuretics in pediatrics: current knowledge and future prospects. Paediatr Drugs. 2006;8(4):245–64.View ArticlePubMed
  25. Eades SK, Christensen ML. The clinical pharmacology of loop diuretics in the pediatric patient. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12(7):603–16.View ArticlePubMed
  26. Prandota J. Pharmacokinetics of furosemide urinary elimination by nephrotic children. Pediatr Res. 1983;17(2):141–7.View ArticlePubMed
  27. Brater DC. Diuretic therapy. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(6):387–95.View ArticlePubMed
  28. Garin EH. A comparison of combinations of diuretics in nephrotic edema. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141:769–71.PubMed
  29. Kapur G, Valentini RP, Imam AA, Mattoo TK. Treatment of severe edema in children with nephrotic syndrome with diuretics alone—a prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:907–13.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMed
  30. Dharmaraj R, Hari P, Bagga A. Randomized cross-over trial comparing albumin and frusemide infusions in nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:775–82.View ArticlePubMed
  31. Lewis MA, Awan A. Mannitol and frusemide in the treatment of diuretic resistant oedema in nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:184–5.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMed
  32. Kanzaki M, Wada J, Kikumoto Y, Akagi S, Nakao K, Sugiyama H, Makino H. The therapeutic potential of synthetic human atrial natriuretic peptide in nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2012;5:91–6.PubMed CentralPubMed
  33. Bircan Z, Kervancioğlu M, Katar S, Vitrinel A. Does albumin and furosemide therapy affect plasma volume in nephrotic children? Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16:497–9.View ArticlePubMed
  34. Fauchald P, Noddeland H, Norseth J. An evaluation of ultrafiltration as treatment of diuretic-resistant oedema in nephrotic syndrome. Acta Med Scand. 1985;217:127–31.View ArticlePubMed
  35. Kaysen GA, Gambertoglio J, Jimenez I, Jones H, Hutchison FN. Effect of dietary protein intake on albumin homeostasis in nephrotic patients. Kidney Int. 1986;29:572–7.View ArticlePubMed
  36. Rosenberg ME, Swanson JE, Thomas BL, Hostetter TH. Glomerular and hormonal responses to dietary protein intake in human renal disease. Am J Physiol 1987;253 F1083–F1090.
  37. Poortmans JR, Vanderstraeten J. Kidney function during exercise in healthy and diseased humans. An update. Sports Med. 1994;18:419–37.View ArticlePubMed
  38. Nagasaka Y, Yogi S, Taguchi H, Yoshida Y, Fujiwara Y. Participation to swimming lessons and relapse of nephrotic syndrome [in Japanese]. J Jpn Pediatr Soc. 1986;90:2737–41.
  39. Nagasaka Y. The effect of swimming on renal function in children with renal disease [in Japanese]. Jpn J Nephrol. 1986;28:1465–70.
  40. Miura H, Fukui H, Hayano K, Otsuka Y, Hattori S. A case of minimal change nephrotic syndrome associated with acute renal failure after excessive exercise. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi. 1993;35:387–91.PubMed
  41. Kayali F, Najjar R, Aswad F, Matta F, Stein PD. Venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome. Am J Med. 2008;121(3):226–30.View ArticlePubMed
  42. Hoyer PF, Gonda S, Barthels M, Krohn HP, Brodehl J. Thromboembolic complications in children with nephrotic syndrome. Risk and incidence. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1986;75:804–10.View ArticlePubMed
  43. Kerlin BA, Blatt NB, Fuh B, Zhao S, Lehman A, Blanchong C, Mahan JD, Smoyer WE. Epidemiology and risk factors for thromboembolic complications of childhood nephrotic syndrome: a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium (MWPNC) Study. J Pediatr. 2009;155:105–10.View ArticlePubMed CentralPubMed
  44. Lilova MI, Velkovski IG, Topalov IB. Thromboembolic complications in children with nephrotic syndrome in Bulgaria (1974–1996). Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;15:74–8.View ArticlePubMed
  45. Hegarty J, Mughal MZ, Adams J, Webb NJ. Reduced bone mineral density in adults treated with high-dose corticosteroids for childhood nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2304–9.View ArticlePubMed
  46. Foster BJ, Shults J, Zemel BS, Leonard MB. Risk factors for glucocorticoid-induced obesity in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:973–80.View ArticlePubMed
  47. Merritt RJ, Hack SL, Kalsch M, Olson D. Corticosteroid therapy-induced obesity in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1986;25:149–52.View Article
  48. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, Allen K, Lopes M, Savoye M, Morrison J, Sherwin RS, Caprio S. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2362–74.View ArticlePubMed
  49. Savoye M, Shaw M, Dziura J, Tamborlane WV, Rose P, Guandalini C, Goldberg-Gell R, Burgert TS, Cali AM, Weiss R, Caprio S. Effects of a weight management program on body composition and metabolic parameters in overweight children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;297:2697–704.View ArticlePubMed
  50. Goto M, Ninomiya M, Uemura O, Matsuyama K, Ito Y, Hataya H, Ito S, Yamakawa S, Ishikawa T, Honda M. A questionnaire survey on exercise limitation in children with kidney disease [in Japanese]. Jpn J Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;25(6):17.
  51. van Staa TP, Cooper C, Leufkens HG, Bishop N. Children and the risk of fractures caused by oral corticosteroids. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(5):913–8.View ArticlePubMed
  52. Leonard MB, Feldman HI, Shults J, Zemel BS, Foster BJ, Stallings VA. Long-term, high-dose glucocorticoids and bone mineral content in childhood glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:868–75.View ArticlePubMed
  53. Freundlich M, Jofe M, Goodman WG, Salusky IB. Bone histology in steroid-treated children with non-azotemic nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:400–7.View ArticlePubMed
  54. Reyes ML, Hernández MI, King A, Vinet AM, Vogel A, Lagomarsino E, Mericq MV, Méndez C, Gederlini A, Talesnik E. Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in children: outcome after two-year follow-up, risk factors, densitometric predictive cut-off values for vertebral fractures. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:329–35.PubMed
  55. Rudge S, Hailwood S, Horne A, Lucas J, Wu F, Cundy T. Effects of once-weekly oral alendronate on bone in children on glucocorticoid treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(6):813–8.View Article
  56. Bak M, Serdaroglu E, Guclu R. Prophylactic calcium and vitamin D treatments in steroid-treated children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:350–4.View ArticlePubMed
  57. Kaiser BA, Polinsky MS, Palmer JA, Dunn S, Mochon M, Flynn JT, Baluarte HJ. Growth after conversion to alternate-day corticosteroids in children with renal transplants: a single-center study. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994;8:320–5.View ArticlePubMed
  58. Broyer M, Guest G, Gagnadoux MF. Growth rate in children receiving alternate-day corticosteroid treatment after kidney transplantation. J Pediatr. 1992;120:721–5.View ArticlePubMed
  59. Guest G, Broyer M. Growth after renal transplantation: correlation with immunosuppressive therapy. Pediatr Nephrol. 1991;5:143–6.View ArticlePubMed
  60. Hokken-Koelega AC, Van Zaal MA, de Ridder MA, Wolff ED, De Jong MC, Donckerwolcke RA, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Drop SL. Growth after renal transplantation in prepubertal children: impact of various treatment modalities. Pediatr Res. 1994;35:367–71.View ArticlePubMed
  61. Jabs K, Sullivan EK, Avner ED, Harmon WE. Alternate-day steroid dosing improves growth without adversely affecting graft survival or long-term graft function. A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Transplantation. 1996;61:31.View ArticlePubMed
  62. Yamashita F, Funatsu T, Nagayama K, Arihiro H, Anan S. Evaluation of alternate-day steroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in childhood by cross-over study. Kurume Med J. 1971;18:153–60.View ArticlePubMed
  63. Kimura Y, Fieldston E, Devries-Vandervlugt B, Li S, Imundo L. High dose, alternate day corticosteroids for systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2018–24.PubMed
  64. Simmonds J, Trompeter R, Tullus K. Long-term steroid treatment and growth: a study in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:146–9.View ArticlePubMed
  65. Rivkees SA, Danon M, Herrin J. Prednisone dose limitation of growth hormone treatment of steroid-induced growth failure. J Pediatr. 1994;125:322–5.
  66. Bachmann HJ, Schildberg P, Olbing H, Krämer D, Waubke T. Cortisone cataract in children with nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1977;124:277–83.View ArticlePubMed
  67. Brocklebank JT, Harcourt RB, Meadow SR. Corticosteroid-induced cataracts in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1982;57:30–4.PubMed CentralPubMed
  68. Forman AR, Loreto JA, Tina LU. Reversibility of corticosteroid-associated cataracts in children with the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;84:75–8.View ArticlePubMed
  69. Limaye SR, Pillai S, Tina LU. Relationship of steroid dose to degree of posterior subcapsular cataracts in nephrotic syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol. 1988;20:225–7.PubMed
  70. Kobayashi Y, Akaishi K, Nishio T, Kobayashi Y, Kimura Y. Posterior subcapsular cataract in nephrotic children receiving steroid therapy. Am J Dis Child. 1974;128:671–3.PubMed
  71. Hayasaka Y, Hayasaka S, Matsukura H. Ocular findings in Japanese children with nephrotic syndrome receiving prolonged corticosteroid therapy. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220:181–5.View ArticlePubMed
  72. Kaye LD, Kalenak JW, Price RL, Cunningham R. Ocular implications of long-term prednisone therapy in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30:142–4.
  73. Ng JS, Wong W, Law RW, Hui J, Wong EN, Lam DS. Ocular complications of paediatric patients with nephrotic syndrome. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;29:239–43.View Article
  74. Chen CH, Chen CM. Lee PP. The effect of betamethasone on intraocular pressure in nephrotic children. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1994;35:197–201.PubMed
  75. Alwadhi RK, Mathew JL, Rath B. Clinical profile of children with nephrotic syndrome not on glucorticoid therapy, but presenting with infection. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40:28–32.View ArticlePubMed
  76. Dowell SF, Bresee JS. Severe varicella associated with steroid use. Pediatrics. 1993;92:223–8.PubMed
  77. Uncu N, Bülbül M, Yildiz N, Noyan A, Koşan C, Kavukçu S, Calişkan S, Gündüz Z, Beşbaş N. Gür Güven A. Primary peritonitis in children with nephrotic syndrome: results of a 5-year multicenter study. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169:73–6.View ArticlePubMed
  78. Tain YL, Lin G, Cher TW. Microbiological spectrum of septicemia and peritonitis in nephrotic children. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999;13:835–7.View ArticlePubMed
  79. Hsu K, Pelton S, Karumuri S, Heisey-Grove D, Klein J. Massachusetts Department of Public Health Epidemiologists. Population-based surveillance for childhood invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:17–23.View ArticlePubMed
  80. Ulinski T, Leroy S, Dubrel M, Danon S, Bensman A. High serological response to pneumococcal vaccine in nephrotic children at disease onset on high-dose prednisone. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1107–13.View ArticlePubMed
  81. Aoun B, Wannous H, Azéma C, Ulinski T. Polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination of nephrotic children at disease onset-long-term data. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:1773–4.View ArticlePubMed
  82. Liakou CD, Askiti V, Mitsioni A, Stefanidis CJ, Theodoridou MC, Spoulou VI. Safety, immunogenicity and kinetics of immune response to 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Vaccine. 2011;16(29):6834–7.View Article
  83. Poyrazoğlu HM, Düşünsel R, Gündüz Z, Patiroğlu T, Köklü S. Antibody response to influenza A vaccination in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:57–60.View ArticlePubMed
  84. Laube GF, Berger C, Goetschel P, Leumann E, Neuhaus TJ. Immunization in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:638–42.View ArticlePubMed
  85. Furth SL, Arbus GS, Hogg R, Tarver J, Chan C, Fivush BA, Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Varicella vaccination in children with nephrotic syndrome: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Pediatr. 2003;142:145–8.View ArticlePubMed
  86. Goldstein SL, Somers MJ, Lande MB, Brewer ED, Jabs KL. Acyclovir prophylaxis of varicella in children with renal disease receiving steroids. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14:305–8.View ArticlePubMed
  87. Trompeter RS, Lloyd BW, Hicks J, White RH, Cameron JS. Long-term outcome for children with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Lancet. 1985;1:368–70.View ArticlePubMed
  88. Wynn SR, Stickler GB, Burke EC. Long-term prognosis for children with nephrotic syndrome. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1988;27:63–8.View Article
  89. Fakhouri F, Bocquet N, Taupin P, Presne C, Gagnadoux MF, Landais P, Lesavre P, Chauveau D, Knebelmann B, Broyer M, Grünfeld JP, Niaudet P. Steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: from childhood to adulthood. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:550–7.View ArticlePubMed
  90. Rüth EM, Kemper MJ, Leumann EP, Laube GF, Neuhaus TJ. Children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome come of age: long-term outcome. J Pediatr. 2005;147:202–7.View ArticlePubMed
  91. Ishimori S, Kaito H, Ohtsubo H, Hashimoto F, Ninchoji T, Hashimura Y, Morisada N, Iijima K. Current status and complications of adult patients with childhood-onset steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome [in Japanese]. J Jpn Pediatr Soc. 2013;117:90–6.
Metadata
Title
Clinical practice guideline for pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome 2013: general therapy
Authors
Yoshitsugu Kaku
Yasufumi Ohtsuka
Yasuhiro Komatsu
Toshiyuki Ohta
Takuhito Nagai
Hiroshi Kaito
Shuji Kondo
Yohei Ikezumi
Seiji Tanaka
Shinsuke Matsumoto
Mayumi Sako
Kazushi Tsuruga
Koichi Nakanishi
Koichi Kamei
Hiroshi Saito
Shuichiro Fujinaga
Yuko Hamasaki
Hiroko Chikamoto
Kenji Ishikura
Kazumoto Iijima
Publication date
01-02-2015
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Clinical and Experimental Nephrology / Issue 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1342-1751
Electronic ISSN: 1437-7799
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-014-1031-9

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 1/2015 Go to the issue