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European Journal of Applied Physiology
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology 9/2016

Open Access 01-09-2016 | Invited Review

Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing

Authors: Philipp Baumert, Mark J. Lake, Claire E. Stewart, Barry Drust, Robert M. Erskine

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 9/2016

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Abstract

Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation–contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation. This process is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness and is referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage. Although a certain amount of muscle damage may be necessary for adaptation to occur, excessive damage or inadequate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage can increase injury risk, particularly in older individuals, who experience more damage and require longer to recover from muscle damaging exercise than younger adults. Furthermore, it is apparent that inter-individual variation exists in the response to exercise-induced muscle damage, and there is evidence that genetic variability may play a key role. Although this area of research is in its infancy, certain gene variations, or polymorphisms have been associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (i.e. individuals with certain genotypes experience greater muscle damage, and require longer recovery, following strenuous exercise). These polymorphisms include ACTN3 (R577X, rs1815739), TNF (−308 G>A, rs1800629), IL6 (−174 G>C, rs1800795), and IGF2 (ApaI, 17200 G>A, rs680). Knowing how someone is likely to respond to a particular type of exercise could help coaches/practitioners individualise the exercise training of their athletes/patients, thus maximising recovery and adaptation, while reducing overload-associated injury risk. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the literature concerning gene polymorphisms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, both in young and older individuals, and to highlight the potential mechanisms underpinning these associations, thus providing a better understanding of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Metadata
Title
Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing
Authors
Philipp Baumert
Mark J. Lake
Claire E. Stewart
Barry Drust
Robert M. Erskine
Publication date
01-09-2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 9/2016
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1

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