Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology 1/2014

01-01-2014 | Review

CEACAM1 loss links inflammation to insulin resistance in obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Authors: Sonia M. Najjar, Lucia Russo

Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Mounting epidemiological evidence points to an association between metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an increasingly recognized new epidemic. NASH pathologies include hepatocellular ballooning, lobular inflammation, hepatocellular injury, apoptosis, and hepatic fibrosis. We will review the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation in visceral obesity and NASH in an attempt to shed more light on the pathogenesis of these major metabolic diseases. Moreover, we will identify loss of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 as a unifying mechanism linking the immunological and metabolic abnormalities in NASH.
Literature
6.
go back to reference Osborn O, Olefsky JM (2012) The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease. Nat Med 18(3):363–374. doi:10.1038/nm.2627 PubMed Osborn O, Olefsky JM (2012) The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease. Nat Med 18(3):363–374. doi:10.​1038/​nm.​2627 PubMed
9.
go back to reference Poy MN, Yang Y, Rezaei K, Fernstrom MA, Lee AD, Kido Y, Erickson SK, Najjar SM (2002) CEACAM1 regulates insulin clearance in liver. Nat Genet 30(3):270–276. doi:10.1038/ng840 PubMed Poy MN, Yang Y, Rezaei K, Fernstrom MA, Lee AD, Kido Y, Erickson SK, Najjar SM (2002) CEACAM1 regulates insulin clearance in liver. Nat Genet 30(3):270–276. doi:10.​1038/​ng840 PubMed
10.
go back to reference DeAngelis AM, Heinrich G, Dai T, Bowman TA, Patel PR, Lee SJ, Hong EG, Jung DY, Assmann A, Kulkarni RN, Kim JK, Najjar SM (2008) Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1: a link between insulin and lipid metabolism. Diabetes 57(9):2296–2303. doi:10.2337/db08-0379 PubMed DeAngelis AM, Heinrich G, Dai T, Bowman TA, Patel PR, Lee SJ, Hong EG, Jung DY, Assmann A, Kulkarni RN, Kim JK, Najjar SM (2008) Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1: a link between insulin and lipid metabolism. Diabetes 57(9):2296–2303. doi:10.​2337/​db08-0379 PubMed
11.
go back to reference Choi SS, Diehl AM (2008) Hepatic triglyceride synthesis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 19(3):295–300PubMed Choi SS, Diehl AM (2008) Hepatic triglyceride synthesis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 19(3):295–300PubMed
12.
go back to reference DeFronzo RA (1988) Lilly lecture, 1987. The triumvirate: beta-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes Care 37(6):667–687 DeFronzo RA (1988) Lilly lecture, 1987. The triumvirate: beta-cell, muscle, liver. A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes Care 37(6):667–687
13.
go back to reference Bergman RN, Ader M (2000) Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11(9):351–356PubMed Bergman RN, Ader M (2000) Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11(9):351–356PubMed
14.
go back to reference Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259(5091):87–91PubMed Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259(5091):87–91PubMed
15.
go back to reference Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409(6818):307–312. doi:10.1038/35053000 PubMed Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409(6818):307–312. doi:10.​1038/​35053000 PubMed
16.
go back to reference Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (2001) The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7(8):947–953. doi:10.1038/90992 PubMed Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (2001) The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7(8):947–953. doi:10.​1038/​90992 PubMed
18.
go back to reference Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87–91PubMed Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87–91PubMed
19.
go back to reference Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM (1995) Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 95(5):2409–2415. doi:10.1172/JCI117936 PubMedPubMedCentral Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM (1995) Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 95(5):2409–2415. doi:10.​1172/​JCI117936 PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM (1996) IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 271(5249):665–668PubMed Hotamisligil GS, Peraldi P, Budavari A, Ellis R, White MF, Spiegelman BM (1996) IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Science 271(5249):665–668PubMed
21.
go back to reference Fain JN, Cheema PS, Bahouth SW, Lloyd Hiler M (2003) Resistin release by human adipose tissue explants in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300(3):674–678PubMed Fain JN, Cheema PS, Bahouth SW, Lloyd Hiler M (2003) Resistin release by human adipose tissue explants in primary culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300(3):674–678PubMed
22.
go back to reference Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel R, Ferrante AWJ (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808PubMedPubMedCentral Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel R, Ferrante AWJ (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830PubMedPubMedCentral Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
25.
go back to reference Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112(12):1821–1830. doi:10.1172/JCI19451 PubMedPubMedCentral Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112(12):1821–1830. doi:10.​1172/​JCI19451 PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Takahashi K, Mizuarai S, Araki H, Mashiko S, Ishihara A, Kanatani A, Itadani H, Kotani H (2003) Adiposity elevates plasma MCP-1 levels leading to the increased CD11b-positive monocytes in mice. J Biol Chem 278(47):46654–46660. doi:10.1074/jbc.M309895200 PubMed Takahashi K, Mizuarai S, Araki H, Mashiko S, Ishihara A, Kanatani A, Itadani H, Kotani H (2003) Adiposity elevates plasma MCP-1 levels leading to the increased CD11b-positive monocytes in mice. J Biol Chem 278(47):46654–46660. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M309895200 PubMed
30.
go back to reference Winer S, Chan Y, Paltser G, Truong D, Tsui H, Bahrami J, Dorfman R, Wang Y, Zielenski J, Mastronardi F, Maezawa Y, Drucker DJ, Engleman E, Winer D, Dosch HM (2009) Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy. Nat Med 15(8):921–929. doi:10.1038/nm.2001 PubMedPubMedCentral Winer S, Chan Y, Paltser G, Truong D, Tsui H, Bahrami J, Dorfman R, Wang Y, Zielenski J, Mastronardi F, Maezawa Y, Drucker DJ, Engleman E, Winer D, Dosch HM (2009) Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy. Nat Med 15(8):921–929. doi:10.​1038/​nm.​2001 PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Wu D, Molofsky AB, Liang HE, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Jouihan HA, Bando JK, Chawla A, Locksley RM (2011) Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis. Science 332(6026):243–247. doi:10.1126/science.1201475 PubMedPubMedCentral Wu D, Molofsky AB, Liang HE, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Jouihan HA, Bando JK, Chawla A, Locksley RM (2011) Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis. Science 332(6026):243–247. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1201475 PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Talukdar S, da Oh Y, Bandyopadhyay G, Li D, Xu J, McNelis J, Lu M, Li P, Yan Q, Zhu Y, Ofrecio J, Lin M, Brenner MB, Olefsky JM (2012) Neutrophils mediate insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet through secreted elastase. Nat Med 18(9):1407–1412. doi:10.1038/nm.2885 PubMedPubMedCentral Talukdar S, da Oh Y, Bandyopadhyay G, Li D, Xu J, McNelis J, Lu M, Li P, Yan Q, Zhu Y, Ofrecio J, Lin M, Brenner MB, Olefsky JM (2012) Neutrophils mediate insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet through secreted elastase. Nat Med 18(9):1407–1412. doi:10.​1038/​nm.​2885 PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Han MS, Jung DY, Morel C, Lakhani SA, Kim JK, Flavell RA, Davis RJ (2013) JNK expression by macrophages promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. Science 339(6116):218–222. doi:10.1126/science.1227568 PubMed Han MS, Jung DY, Morel C, Lakhani SA, Kim JK, Flavell RA, Davis RJ (2013) JNK expression by macrophages promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. Science 339(6116):218–222. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1227568 PubMed
38.
go back to reference Tataranni PA, Ortega E (2005) A burning question: does an adipokine-induced activation of the immune system mediate the effect of overnutrition on type 2 diabetes? Diabetes 54(4):917–927PubMed Tataranni PA, Ortega E (2005) A burning question: does an adipokine-induced activation of the immune system mediate the effect of overnutrition on type 2 diabetes? Diabetes 54(4):917–927PubMed
39.
go back to reference Chen J, Wildman RP, Hamm LL, Muntner P, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J (2004) Association between inflammation and insulin resistance in U.S. nondiabetic adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 27:2960–2965PubMed Chen J, Wildman RP, Hamm LL, Muntner P, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J (2004) Association between inflammation and insulin resistance in U.S. nondiabetic adults: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care 27:2960–2965PubMed
40.
go back to reference Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625–1638PubMed Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625–1638PubMed
41.
go back to reference Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS (1997) Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function. Nature 389(6651):610–614. doi:10.1038/39335 PubMed Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, Marino MW, Hotamisligil GS (1997) Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-alpha function. Nature 389(6651):610–614. doi:10.​1038/​39335 PubMed
42.
go back to reference Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, Li ZW, Karin M, Shoelson SE (2001) Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of Ikkbeta. Science 293(5535):1673–1677. doi:10.1126/science.1061620 PubMed Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, Li ZW, Karin M, Shoelson SE (2001) Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of Ikkbeta. Science 293(5535):1673–1677. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1061620 PubMed
43.
go back to reference Perreault M, Marette A (2001) Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 7(10):1138–1143. doi:10.1038/nm1001-1138 PubMed Perreault M, Marette A (2001) Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 7(10):1138–1143. doi:10.​1038/​nm1001-1138 PubMed
44.
go back to reference Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS (2002) A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420(6913):333–336. doi:10.1038/nature01137 PubMed Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS (2002) A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420(6913):333–336. doi:10.​1038/​nature01137 PubMed
45.
go back to reference Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE (2005) Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11(2):183–190. doi:10.1038/nm1166 PubMedPubMedCentral Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE (2005) Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11(2):183–190. doi:10.​1038/​nm1166 PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
go back to reference Frayn KN (2000) Visceral fat and insulin resistance—causative or correlative? Br J Nutr 83(Suppl 1):S71–S77PubMed Frayn KN (2000) Visceral fat and insulin resistance—causative or correlative? Br J Nutr 83(Suppl 1):S71–S77PubMed
48.
go back to reference Coppack SW, Evans RD, Fisher RM, Frayn KN, Gibbons GF, Humphreys SM, Kirk ML, Potts JL, Hockaday TD (1992) Adipose tissue metabolism in obesity: lipase action in vivo before and after a mixed meal. Metabolism 41:264–272PubMed Coppack SW, Evans RD, Fisher RM, Frayn KN, Gibbons GF, Humphreys SM, Kirk ML, Potts JL, Hockaday TD (1992) Adipose tissue metabolism in obesity: lipase action in vivo before and after a mixed meal. Metabolism 41:264–272PubMed
49.
go back to reference Sykiotis GP, Papavassiliou AG (2001) Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1: a novel target for the reversal of insulin resistance. Mol Endocrinol 15:1864–1869PubMed Sykiotis GP, Papavassiliou AG (2001) Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1: a novel target for the reversal of insulin resistance. Mol Endocrinol 15:1864–1869PubMed
50.
go back to reference Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gual P, Gremeaux T, Gonzalez T, Barres R, Tanti JF (2003) Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance: role of insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in the retroregulation of insulin signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 31:1152–1156PubMed Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gual P, Gremeaux T, Gonzalez T, Barres R, Tanti JF (2003) Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance: role of insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in the retroregulation of insulin signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 31:1152–1156PubMed
53.
go back to reference Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gual P, Gremeaux T, Gonzalez T, Barres R, Tanti JF (2003) Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance: role of insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in the retroregulation of insulin signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 31(Pt 6):1152–1156. doi:10.1042/ PubMed Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gual P, Gremeaux T, Gonzalez T, Barres R, Tanti JF (2003) Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance: role of insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in the retroregulation of insulin signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 31(Pt 6):1152–1156. doi:10.​1042/​ PubMed
54.
go back to reference Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE (2005) Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11:183–190PubMedPubMedCentral Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE (2005) Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11:183–190PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Lang CH, Dobrescu C, Bagby GJ (1992) Tumor necrosis factor impairs insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output. Endocrinology 130(1):43–52PubMed Lang CH, Dobrescu C, Bagby GJ (1992) Tumor necrosis factor impairs insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output. Endocrinology 130(1):43–52PubMed
56.
go back to reference Porter MH, Cutchins A, Fine JB, Bai Y, DiGirolamo M (2002) Effects of TNF-alpha on glucose metabolism and lipolysis in adipose tissue and isolated fat-cell preparations. J Lab Clin Med 139(3):140–146PubMed Porter MH, Cutchins A, Fine JB, Bai Y, DiGirolamo M (2002) Effects of TNF-alpha on glucose metabolism and lipolysis in adipose tissue and isolated fat-cell preparations. J Lab Clin Med 139(3):140–146PubMed
57.
go back to reference Feinstein R, Kanety H, Papa MZ, Lunenfeld B, Karasik A (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha suppresses insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and its substrates. J Biol Chem 268(35):26055–26058PubMed Feinstein R, Kanety H, Papa MZ, Lunenfeld B, Karasik A (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha suppresses insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and its substrates. J Biol Chem 268(35):26055–26058PubMed
58.
go back to reference Hutley L, Prins JB (2005) Fat as an endocrine organ: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 330(6):280–289PubMed Hutley L, Prins JB (2005) Fat as an endocrine organ: relationship to the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 330(6):280–289PubMed
59.
go back to reference Gwechenberger M, Mendoza LH, Youker KA, Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Michael LH, Entman ML (1999) Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarctions. Circulation 99(4):546–551PubMed Gwechenberger M, Mendoza LH, Youker KA, Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Michael LH, Entman ML (1999) Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarctions. Circulation 99(4):546–551PubMed
60.
go back to reference Bastard JP, Maachi M, Van Nhieu JT, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Grimaldi A, Robert JJ, Capeau J, Hainque B (2002) Adipose tissue IL-6 content correlates with resistance to insulin activation of glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(5):2084–2089PubMed Bastard JP, Maachi M, Van Nhieu JT, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Grimaldi A, Robert JJ, Capeau J, Hainque B (2002) Adipose tissue IL-6 content correlates with resistance to insulin activation of glucose uptake both in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(5):2084–2089PubMed
61.
go back to reference Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S (2007) Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 56(4):1010–1013. doi:10.2337/db06-1656 PubMed Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S (2007) Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 56(4):1010–1013. doi:10.​2337/​db06-1656 PubMed
62.
go back to reference Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Furlanetto RW, Mooney RA (2003) Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a potential mediator of interleukin-6-dependent insulin resistance in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 278(16):13740–13746. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210689200 PubMed Senn JJ, Klover PJ, Nowak IA, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Furlanetto RW, Mooney RA (2003) Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a potential mediator of interleukin-6-dependent insulin resistance in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 278(16):13740–13746. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M210689200 PubMed
63.
go back to reference Matthews VB, Allen TL, Risis S, Chan MH, Henstridge DC, Watson N, Zaffino LA, Babb JR, Boon J, Meikle PJ, Jowett JB, Watt MJ, Jansson JO, Bruce CR, Febbraio MA (2010) Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop hepatic inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. Diabetologia 53(11):2431–2441. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1865-y PubMed Matthews VB, Allen TL, Risis S, Chan MH, Henstridge DC, Watson N, Zaffino LA, Babb JR, Boon J, Meikle PJ, Jowett JB, Watt MJ, Jansson JO, Bruce CR, Febbraio MA (2010) Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop hepatic inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. Diabetologia 53(11):2431–2441. doi:10.​1007/​s00125-010-1865-y PubMed
64.
go back to reference Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahren B, Rudling M, Carlsten H, Dickson SL, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO (2002) Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med 8(1):75–79. doi:10.1038/nm0102-75 PubMed Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahren B, Rudling M, Carlsten H, Dickson SL, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO (2002) Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med 8(1):75–79. doi:10.​1038/​nm0102-75 PubMed
66.
go back to reference Jansson JO, Wallenius K, Wernstedt I, Ohlsson C, Dickson SL, Wallenius V (2003) On the site and mechanism of action of the anti-obesity effects of interleukin-6. Growth Horm IGF Res 13 Suppl A:S28-32 Jansson JO, Wallenius K, Wernstedt I, Ohlsson C, Dickson SL, Wallenius V (2003) On the site and mechanism of action of the anti-obesity effects of interleukin-6. Growth Horm IGF Res 13 Suppl A:S28-32
67.
go back to reference Franckhauser S, Elias I, Rotter Sopasakis V, Ferre T, Nagaev I, Andersson CX, Agudo J, Ruberte J, Bosch F, Smith U (2008) Overexpression of Il6 leads to hyperinsulinaemia, liver inflammation and reduced body weight in mice. Diabetologia 51(7):1306–1316. doi:10.1007/s00125-008-0998-8 PubMed Franckhauser S, Elias I, Rotter Sopasakis V, Ferre T, Nagaev I, Andersson CX, Agudo J, Ruberte J, Bosch F, Smith U (2008) Overexpression of Il6 leads to hyperinsulinaemia, liver inflammation and reduced body weight in mice. Diabetologia 51(7):1306–1316. doi:10.​1007/​s00125-008-0998-8 PubMed
68.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372(6505):425–432. doi:10.1038/372425a0 PubMed Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372(6505):425–432. doi:10.​1038/​372425a0 PubMed
69.
go back to reference Mantzoros CS (1999) The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence. Ann Intern Med 130(8):671–680PubMed Mantzoros CS (1999) The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence. Ann Intern Med 130(8):671–680PubMed
70.
go back to reference Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI (1998) Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 394(6696):897–901. doi:10.1038/29795 PubMed Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI (1998) Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 394(6696):897–901. doi:10.​1038/​29795 PubMed
71.
go back to reference Matarese G, Moschos S, Mantzoros CS (2005) Leptin in immunology. J Immunol 174(6):3137–3142PubMed Matarese G, Moschos S, Mantzoros CS (2005) Leptin in immunology. J Immunol 174(6):3137–3142PubMed
72.
go back to reference Aleffi S, Petrai I, Bertolani C, Parola M, Colombatto S, Novo E, Vizzutti F, Anania FA, Milani S, Rombouts K, Laffi G, Pinzani M, Marra F (2005) Upregulation of proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines by leptin in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 42(6):1339–1348. doi:10.1002/hep.20965 PubMed Aleffi S, Petrai I, Bertolani C, Parola M, Colombatto S, Novo E, Vizzutti F, Anania FA, Milani S, Rombouts K, Laffi G, Pinzani M, Marra F (2005) Upregulation of proinflammatory and proangiogenic cytokines by leptin in human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 42(6):1339–1348. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​20965 PubMed
73.
go back to reference Gan L, Guo K, Cremona ML, McGraw TE, Leibel RL, Zhang Y (2012) TNF-alpha up-regulates protein level and cell surface expression of the leptin receptor by stimulating its export via a PKC-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 153(12):5821–5833. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1510 PubMed Gan L, Guo K, Cremona ML, McGraw TE, Leibel RL, Zhang Y (2012) TNF-alpha up-regulates protein level and cell surface expression of the leptin receptor by stimulating its export via a PKC-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology 153(12):5821–5833. doi:10.​1210/​en.​2012-1510 PubMed
74.
go back to reference Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Ueki K, Tobe K (2006) Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 116(7):1784–1792. doi:10.1172/JCI29126 PubMedPubMedCentral Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Ueki K, Tobe K (2006) Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 116(7):1784–1792. doi:10.​1172/​JCI29126 PubMedPubMedCentral
75.
go back to reference Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, Yamashita S, Noda M, Kita S, Ueki K, Eto K, Akanuma Y, Froguel P, Foufelle F, Ferre P, Carling D, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kahn BB, Kadowaki T (2002) Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 8(11):1288–1295. doi:10.1038/nm788 PubMed Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Minokoshi Y, Ito Y, Waki H, Uchida S, Yamashita S, Noda M, Kita S, Ueki K, Eto K, Akanuma Y, Froguel P, Foufelle F, Ferre P, Carling D, Kimura S, Nagai R, Kahn BB, Kadowaki T (2002) Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 8(11):1288–1295. doi:10.​1038/​nm788 PubMed
77.
go back to reference Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Nishizawa H, Kishida K, Nagaretani H, Matsuda M, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kuriyama H, Hotta K, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Matsuzawa Y (2001) PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 50(9):2094–2099PubMed Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Nishizawa H, Kishida K, Nagaretani H, Matsuda M, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kuriyama H, Hotta K, Nakamura T, Shimomura I, Matsuzawa Y (2001) PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 50(9):2094–2099PubMed
78.
go back to reference Yokota T, Oritani K, Takahashi I, Ishikawa J, Matsuyama A, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Tenner AJ, Tomiyama Y, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Adiponectin, a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, negatively regulates the growth of myelomonocytic progenitors and the functions of macrophages. Blood 96(5):1723–1732PubMed Yokota T, Oritani K, Takahashi I, Ishikawa J, Matsuyama A, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Tenner AJ, Tomiyama Y, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Adiponectin, a new member of the family of soluble defense collagens, negatively regulates the growth of myelomonocytic progenitors and the functions of macrophages. Blood 96(5):1723–1732PubMed
79.
go back to reference Takemura Y, Ouchi N, Shibata R, Aprahamian T, Kirber MT, Summer RS, Kihara S, Walsh K (2007) Adiponectin modulates inflammatory reactions via calreticulin receptor-dependent clearance of early apoptotic bodies. J Clin Invest 117(2):375–386. doi:10.1172/JCI29709 PubMedPubMedCentral Takemura Y, Ouchi N, Shibata R, Aprahamian T, Kirber MT, Summer RS, Kihara S, Walsh K (2007) Adiponectin modulates inflammatory reactions via calreticulin receptor-dependent clearance of early apoptotic bodies. J Clin Invest 117(2):375–386. doi:10.​1172/​JCI29709 PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
go back to reference Wilk S, Jenke A, Stehr J, Yang CA, Bauer S, Goldner K, Kotsch K, Volk HD, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Skurk C, Scheibenbogen C (2013) Adiponectin modulates NK-cell function. Eur J Immunol 43(4):1024–1033. doi:10.1002/eji.201242382 PubMed Wilk S, Jenke A, Stehr J, Yang CA, Bauer S, Goldner K, Kotsch K, Volk HD, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Skurk C, Scheibenbogen C (2013) Adiponectin modulates NK-cell function. Eur J Immunol 43(4):1024–1033. doi:10.​1002/​eji.​201242382 PubMed
81.
go back to reference Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, Furuyama N, Kondo H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Tochino Y, Okutomi K, Horie M, Takeda S, Aoyama T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (2002) Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 8(7):731–737. doi:10.1038/nm724 PubMed Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, Furuyama N, Kondo H, Takahashi M, Arita Y, Komuro R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Tochino Y, Okutomi K, Horie M, Takeda S, Aoyama T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (2002) Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 8(7):731–737. doi:10.​1038/​nm724 PubMed
82.
go back to reference Ajuwon KM, Spurlock ME (2005) Adiponectin inhibits LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and IL-6 production and increases PPARgamma2 expression in adipocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(5):R1220–R1225. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00397.2004 PubMed Ajuwon KM, Spurlock ME (2005) Adiponectin inhibits LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and IL-6 production and increases PPARgamma2 expression in adipocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288(5):R1220–R1225. doi:10.​1152/​ajpregu.​00397.​2004 PubMed
83.
85.
go back to reference Kumada M, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Kobayashi H, Okamoto Y, Ohashi K, Maeda K, Nagaretani H, Kishida K, Maeda N, Nagasawa A, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (2004) Adiponectin specifically increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 through interleukin-10 expression in human macrophages. Circulation 109(17):2046–2049. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000127953.98131.ED PubMed Kumada M, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Kobayashi H, Okamoto Y, Ohashi K, Maeda K, Nagaretani H, Kishida K, Maeda N, Nagasawa A, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (2004) Adiponectin specifically increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 through interleukin-10 expression in human macrophages. Circulation 109(17):2046–2049. doi:10.​1161/​01.​CIR.​0000127953.​98131.​ED PubMed
87.
go back to reference Boden G (2006) Fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver. Curr Diab Rep 6:177–181PubMed Boden G (2006) Fatty acid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver. Curr Diab Rep 6:177–181PubMed
88.
go back to reference Reaven GM (1995) Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev 75:473–486PubMed Reaven GM (1995) Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev 75:473–486PubMed
89.
go back to reference Baldeweg SE, Golay A, Natali A, Balkau B, Del Prato S, Coppack SW (2000) Insulin resistance, lipid and fatty acid concentrations in 867 healthy Europeans. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Eur J Clin Invest 30:45–52PubMed Baldeweg SE, Golay A, Natali A, Balkau B, Del Prato S, Coppack SW (2000) Insulin resistance, lipid and fatty acid concentrations in 867 healthy Europeans. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Eur J Clin Invest 30:45–52PubMed
90.
go back to reference Charles MA, Eschwege E, Thibult N, Claude JR, Warnet JM, Rosselin GE, Girard J, Balkau B (1997) The role of non-esterified fatty acids in the deterioration of glucose tolerance in Caucasian subjects: results of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia 40:1101–1106PubMed Charles MA, Eschwege E, Thibult N, Claude JR, Warnet JM, Rosselin GE, Girard J, Balkau B (1997) The role of non-esterified fatty acids in the deterioration of glucose tolerance in Caucasian subjects: results of the Paris Prospective Study. Diabetologia 40:1101–1106PubMed
91.
go back to reference Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346(6):393–403. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa012512 PubMed Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346(6):393–403. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa012512 PubMed
92.
go back to reference Ostman J, Arner P, Engfeldt P, Kager L (1979) Regional differences in the control of lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Metabolism 28:1198–1205PubMed Ostman J, Arner P, Engfeldt P, Kager L (1979) Regional differences in the control of lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Metabolism 28:1198–1205PubMed
93.
go back to reference Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A (2002) Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 23(2):201–229PubMed Lewis GF, Carpentier A, Adeli K, Giacca A (2002) Disordered fat storage and mobilization in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 23(2):201–229PubMed
94.
go back to reference Ferre P (2004) The biology of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: relationship with lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 53(Suppl 1):S43–S50PubMed Ferre P (2004) The biology of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: relationship with lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 53(Suppl 1):S43–S50PubMed
95.
go back to reference Boden G (1997) Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46:3–10PubMed Boden G (1997) Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46:3–10PubMed
96.
go back to reference Bergman RN, Ader M (2000) Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11:351–356PubMed Bergman RN, Ader M (2000) Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11:351–356PubMed
97.
go back to reference Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergman RN (1995) Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 44(9):1038–1045PubMed Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergman RN (1995) Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 44(9):1038–1045PubMed
98.
go back to reference Bays H, Mandarino L, DeFronzo RA (2004) Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:463–478, ReviewPubMed Bays H, Mandarino L, DeFronzo RA (2004) Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:463–478, ReviewPubMed
99.
go back to reference Kabir M, Catalano KJ, Ananthnarayan S, Kim SP, Van Citters GW, Dea MK, Bergman RN (2005) Molecular evidence supporting the portal theory: a causative link between visceral adiposity and hepatic insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288(2):E454–E461. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00203.2004 PubMed Kabir M, Catalano KJ, Ananthnarayan S, Kim SP, Van Citters GW, Dea MK, Bergman RN (2005) Molecular evidence supporting the portal theory: a causative link between visceral adiposity and hepatic insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288(2):E454–E461. doi:10.​1152/​ajpendo.​00203.​2004 PubMed
100.
go back to reference Williamson JR, Kreisberg RA, Felts PW (1966) Mechanism for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by fatty acids in perfused rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 56:247–254PubMedPubMedCentral Williamson JR, Kreisberg RA, Felts PW (1966) Mechanism for the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by fatty acids in perfused rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 56:247–254PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
go back to reference Massillon D, Barzilai N, Hawkins M, Prus-Wertheimer D, Rossetti L (1997) Induction of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression by lipid infusion. Diabetes 46(1):153–157PubMed Massillon D, Barzilai N, Hawkins M, Prus-Wertheimer D, Rossetti L (1997) Induction of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression by lipid infusion. Diabetes 46(1):153–157PubMed
102.
go back to reference Oakes ND, Cooney GJ, Camilleri S, Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW (1997) Mechanisms of liver and muscle insulin resistance induced by chronic high-fat feeding. Diabetes 46:1768–1774PubMed Oakes ND, Cooney GJ, Camilleri S, Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW (1997) Mechanisms of liver and muscle insulin resistance induced by chronic high-fat feeding. Diabetes 46:1768–1774PubMed
103.
go back to reference Sidossis LS, Mittendorfer B, Walser E, Chinkes D, Wolfe RR (1998) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of splanchnic fatty acid oxidation increases hepatic triacylglycerol secretion. Am J Physiol 275:E798–E805PubMed Sidossis LS, Mittendorfer B, Walser E, Chinkes D, Wolfe RR (1998) Hyperglycemia-induced inhibition of splanchnic fatty acid oxidation increases hepatic triacylglycerol secretion. Am J Physiol 275:E798–E805PubMed
104.
go back to reference Boden G, Cheung P, Stein TP, Kresge K, Mozzoli M (2002) FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283(1):E12–E19. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00429.2001 PubMed Boden G, Cheung P, Stein TP, Kresge K, Mozzoli M (2002) FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283(1):E12–E19. doi:10.​1152/​ajpendo.​00429.​2001 PubMed
105.
go back to reference Mittelman SD, Van Citters GW, Kim SP, Davis DA, Dea MK, Hamilton-Wessler M, Bergman RN (2000) Longitudinal compensation for fat-induced insulin resistance includes reduced insulin clearance and enhanced beta-cell response. Diabetes 49:2116–2125PubMed Mittelman SD, Van Citters GW, Kim SP, Davis DA, Dea MK, Hamilton-Wessler M, Bergman RN (2000) Longitudinal compensation for fat-induced insulin resistance includes reduced insulin clearance and enhanced beta-cell response. Diabetes 49:2116–2125PubMed
106.
go back to reference Randle PJ, Hales CN, Garland PB, Newsholm EA (1963) The glucose-fatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1:785–789PubMed Randle PJ, Hales CN, Garland PB, Newsholm EA (1963) The glucose-fatty acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1:785–789PubMed
107.
go back to reference Freedland ES (2004) Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 1:12 Freedland ES (2004) Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 1:12
108.
go back to reference Freedland ES (2004) Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 1(1):12. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-1-12 Freedland ES (2004) Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 1(1):12. doi:10.​1186/​1743-7075-1-12
109.
go back to reference Kim YB, Kotani K, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR, Kahn BB (2003) Insulin-stimulated protein kinase C lambda/zeta activity is reduced in skeletal muscle of humans with obesity and type 2 diabetes: reversal with weight reduction. Diabetes 52:1935–1942PubMed Kim YB, Kotani K, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR, Kahn BB (2003) Insulin-stimulated protein kinase C lambda/zeta activity is reduced in skeletal muscle of humans with obesity and type 2 diabetes: reversal with weight reduction. Diabetes 52:1935–1942PubMed
110.
go back to reference Nguyen MT, Satoh H, Favelyukis S, Babendure JL, Imamura T, Sbodio JI, Zalevsky J, Dahiyat BI, Chi NW, Olefsky JM (2005) JNK and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediate free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 280(42):35361–35371. doi:10.1074/jbc.M504611200 PubMed Nguyen MT, Satoh H, Favelyukis S, Babendure JL, Imamura T, Sbodio JI, Zalevsky J, Dahiyat BI, Chi NW, Olefsky JM (2005) JNK and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediate free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 280(42):35361–35371. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M504611200 PubMed
115.
go back to reference Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW (1990) The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 11(1):74–80PubMed Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW (1990) The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 11(1):74–80PubMed
116.
go back to reference Hui JM, Kench JG, Chitturi S, Sud A, Farrell GC, Byth K, Hall P, Khan M, George J (2003) Long-term outcomes of cirrhosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with hepatitis C. Hepatology 38(2):420–427. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50320 PubMed Hui JM, Kench JG, Chitturi S, Sud A, Farrell GC, Byth K, Hall P, Khan M, George J (2003) Long-term outcomes of cirrhosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with hepatitis C. Hepatology 38(2):420–427. doi:10.​1053/​jhep.​2003.​50320 PubMed
117.
go back to reference Neuschwander-Tetri BA (2005) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 330(6):326–335PubMed Neuschwander-Tetri BA (2005) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Med Sci 330(6):326–335PubMed
118.
go back to reference Brunt EM (2005) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: pathologic features and differential diagnosis. Semin Diagn Pathol 22:330–338PubMed Brunt EM (2005) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: pathologic features and differential diagnosis. Semin Diagn Pathol 22:330–338PubMed
119.
go back to reference Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, Liu YC, Torbenson MS, Unalp-Arida A, Yeh M, McCullough AJ, Sanyal AJ (2005) Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 41(6):1313–1321. doi:10.1002/hep.20701 PubMed Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, Liu YC, Torbenson MS, Unalp-Arida A, Yeh M, McCullough AJ, Sanyal AJ (2005) Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 41(6):1313–1321. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​20701 PubMed
122.
go back to reference Day CP, James OF (1998) Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology 114:842–845PubMed Day CP, James OF (1998) Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology 114:842–845PubMed
123.
go back to reference Day CP (2002) Pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 16(5):663–678PubMed Day CP (2002) Pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 16(5):663–678PubMed
124.
go back to reference Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Lenzi M, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, Melchionda N, Rizzetto M (2003) Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 37(4):917–923. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50161 PubMed Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Lenzi M, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, Melchionda N, Rizzetto M (2003) Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 37(4):917–923. doi:10.​1053/​jhep.​2003.​50161 PubMed
125.
go back to reference Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P (2005) The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 129:113–121PubMed Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, Angulo P (2005) The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 129:113–121PubMed
126.
go back to reference Marra F, Gastaldelli A, Svegliati Baroni G, Tell G, Tiribelli C (2008) Molecular basis and mechanisms of progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Trends Mol Med 14:72–81PubMed Marra F, Gastaldelli A, Svegliati Baroni G, Tell G, Tiribelli C (2008) Molecular basis and mechanisms of progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Trends Mol Med 14:72–81PubMed
129.
go back to reference Fisher EA, Ginsberg HN (2002) Complexity in the secretory pathway: the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 277(20):17377–17380PubMed Fisher EA, Ginsberg HN (2002) Complexity in the secretory pathway: the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 277(20):17377–17380PubMed
132.
go back to reference Takahashi Y, Fukusato T (2010) Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: overview with emphasis on histology. World J Gastroenterol 16(42):5280–5285PubMed Takahashi Y, Fukusato T (2010) Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: overview with emphasis on histology. World J Gastroenterol 16(42):5280–5285PubMed
133.
go back to reference Eguchi Y, Hyogo H, Ono M, Mizuta T, Ono N, Fujimoto K, Chayama K, Saibara T (2012) Prevalence and associated metabolic factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population from 2009 to 2010 in Japan: a multicenter large retrospective study. J Gastroenterol 47(5):586–595. doi:10.1007/s00535-012-0533-z PubMed Eguchi Y, Hyogo H, Ono M, Mizuta T, Ono N, Fujimoto K, Chayama K, Saibara T (2012) Prevalence and associated metabolic factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population from 2009 to 2010 in Japan: a multicenter large retrospective study. J Gastroenterol 47(5):586–595. doi:10.​1007/​s00535-012-0533-z PubMed
135.
go back to reference Eberle D, Hegarty B, Bossard P, Ferre P, Foufelle F (2004) SREBP transcription factors: master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Biochimie 86(11):839–848PubMed Eberle D, Hegarty B, Bossard P, Ferre P, Foufelle F (2004) SREBP transcription factors: master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Biochimie 86(11):839–848PubMed
137.
go back to reference Green RM (2003) NASH—hepatic metabolism and not simply the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 38(1):14–17PubMed Green RM (2003) NASH—hepatic metabolism and not simply the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 38(1):14–17PubMed
138.
go back to reference Abdelmalek MF, Diehl AM (2007) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a complication of insulin resistance. Med Clin North Am 91:1125–1149, ixPubMed Abdelmalek MF, Diehl AM (2007) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a complication of insulin resistance. Med Clin North Am 91:1125–1149, ixPubMed
139.
go back to reference Otogawa K, Kinoshita K, Fujii H, Sakabe M, Shiga R, Nakatani K, Ikeda K, Nakajima Y, Ikura Y, Ueda M, Arakawa T, Hato F, Kawada N (2007) Erythrophagocytosis by liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in a rabbit model of steatohepatitis: implications for the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Pathol 170:967–980PubMed Otogawa K, Kinoshita K, Fujii H, Sakabe M, Shiga R, Nakatani K, Ikeda K, Nakajima Y, Ikura Y, Ueda M, Arakawa T, Hato F, Kawada N (2007) Erythrophagocytosis by liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) promotes oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in a rabbit model of steatohepatitis: implications for the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Pathol 170:967–980PubMed
140.
go back to reference Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Schriemer R, Robertson GR (2002) Leptin is essential for the hepatic fibrogenic response to chronic liver injury. J Hepatol 37(2):206–213PubMed Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Schriemer R, Robertson GR (2002) Leptin is essential for the hepatic fibrogenic response to chronic liver injury. J Hepatol 37(2):206–213PubMed
142.
go back to reference Nakayama H, Otabe S, Ueno T, Hirota N, Yuan X, Fukutani T, Hashinaga T, Wada N, Yamada K (2007) Transgenic mice expressing nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in adipose tissue exhibit liver histology similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabolism 56:470–475PubMed Nakayama H, Otabe S, Ueno T, Hirota N, Yuan X, Fukutani T, Hashinaga T, Wada N, Yamada K (2007) Transgenic mice expressing nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in adipose tissue exhibit liver histology similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabolism 56:470–475PubMed
143.
144.
go back to reference Svegliati-Baroni G, Candelaresi C, Saccomanno S, Ferretti G, Bachetti T, Marzioni M, De Minicis S, Nobili L, Salzano R, Omenetti A, Pacetti D, Sigmund S, Benedetti A, Casini A (2006) A model of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on liver injury. Am J Pathol 169(3):846–860PubMed Svegliati-Baroni G, Candelaresi C, Saccomanno S, Ferretti G, Bachetti T, Marzioni M, De Minicis S, Nobili L, Salzano R, Omenetti A, Pacetti D, Sigmund S, Benedetti A, Casini A (2006) A model of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on liver injury. Am J Pathol 169(3):846–860PubMed
145.
go back to reference Rinella ME, Green RM (2004) The methionine-choline deficient dietary model of steatohepatitis does not exhibit insulin resistance. J Hepatol 40:47–51PubMed Rinella ME, Green RM (2004) The methionine-choline deficient dietary model of steatohepatitis does not exhibit insulin resistance. J Hepatol 40:47–51PubMed
146.
147.
go back to reference Matsuzawa N, Takamura T, Kurita S, Misu H, Ota T, Ando H, Yokoyama M, Honda M, Zen Y, Nakanuma Y, Miyamoto K, Kaneko S (2007) Lipid-induced oxidative stress causes steatohepatitis in mice fed an atherogenic diet. Hepatology 46(5):1392–1403. doi:10.1002/hep.21874 PubMed Matsuzawa N, Takamura T, Kurita S, Misu H, Ota T, Ando H, Yokoyama M, Honda M, Zen Y, Nakanuma Y, Miyamoto K, Kaneko S (2007) Lipid-induced oxidative stress causes steatohepatitis in mice fed an atherogenic diet. Hepatology 46(5):1392–1403. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​21874 PubMed
148.
150.
go back to reference Colicchio P, Tarantino G, del Genio F, Sorrentino P, Saldalamacchia G, Finelli C, Conca P, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F (2005) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young adult severely obese non-diabetic patients in South Italy. Ann Nutr Metab 49(5):289–295. doi:10.1159/000087295 PubMed Colicchio P, Tarantino G, del Genio F, Sorrentino P, Saldalamacchia G, Finelli C, Conca P, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F (2005) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in young adult severely obese non-diabetic patients in South Italy. Ann Nutr Metab 49(5):289–295. doi:10.​1159/​000087295 PubMed
151.
152.
go back to reference Bertola A, Bonnafous S, Anty R, Patouraux S, Saint-Paul MC, Iannelli A, Gugenheim J, Barr J, Mato JM, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tran A, Gual P (2010) Hepatic expression patterns of inflammatory and immune response genes associated with obesity and NASH in morbidly obese patients. PLoS One 5(10):e13577. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013577 PubMedPubMedCentral Bertola A, Bonnafous S, Anty R, Patouraux S, Saint-Paul MC, Iannelli A, Gugenheim J, Barr J, Mato JM, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tran A, Gual P (2010) Hepatic expression patterns of inflammatory and immune response genes associated with obesity and NASH in morbidly obese patients. PLoS One 5(10):e13577. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0013577 PubMedPubMedCentral
153.
go back to reference Pacifico L, Di Renzo L, Anania C, Osborn JF, Ippoliti F, Schiavo E, Chiesa C (2006) Increased T-helper interferon-gamma-secreting cells in obese children. Eur J Endocrinol 154(5):691–697. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02138 PubMed Pacifico L, Di Renzo L, Anania C, Osborn JF, Ippoliti F, Schiavo E, Chiesa C (2006) Increased T-helper interferon-gamma-secreting cells in obese children. Eur J Endocrinol 154(5):691–697. doi:10.​1530/​eje.​1.​02138 PubMed
154.
go back to reference Chakravarthy MV, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Tordjman K, Schneider JG, Coleman T, Turk J, Semenkovich CF (2005) “New” hepatic fat activates PPARalpha to maintain glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Metab 1(5):309–322. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.04.002 PubMed Chakravarthy MV, Pan Z, Zhu Y, Tordjman K, Schneider JG, Coleman T, Turk J, Semenkovich CF (2005) “New” hepatic fat activates PPARalpha to maintain glucose, lipid, and cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Metab 1(5):309–322. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cmet.​2005.​04.​002 PubMed
155.
go back to reference Chavin KD, Yang S, Lin HZ, Chatham J, Chacko VP, Hoek JB, Walajtys-Rode E, Rashid A, Chen CH, Huang CC, Wu TC, Lane MD, Diehl AM (1999) Obesity induces expression of uncoupling protein-2 in hepatocytes and promotes liver ATP depletion. J Biol Chem 274:5692–5700PubMed Chavin KD, Yang S, Lin HZ, Chatham J, Chacko VP, Hoek JB, Walajtys-Rode E, Rashid A, Chen CH, Huang CC, Wu TC, Lane MD, Diehl AM (1999) Obesity induces expression of uncoupling protein-2 in hepatocytes and promotes liver ATP depletion. J Biol Chem 274:5692–5700PubMed
156.
go back to reference Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M (2005) IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191–198PubMed Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M (2005) IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191–198PubMed
157.
go back to reference Fernandez-Checa JC, Kaplowitz N, Garcia-Ruiz C, Colell A, Miranda M, Mari M, Ardite E, Morales A (1997) GSH transport in mitochondria: defense against TNF-induced oxidative stress and alcohol-induced defect. Am J Physiol 273:G7–G17PubMed Fernandez-Checa JC, Kaplowitz N, Garcia-Ruiz C, Colell A, Miranda M, Mari M, Ardite E, Morales A (1997) GSH transport in mitochondria: defense against TNF-induced oxidative stress and alcohol-induced defect. Am J Physiol 273:G7–G17PubMed
158.
go back to reference Dela Pena A, Leclercq I, Field J, George J, Jones B, Farrell G (2005) NF-kappaB activation, rather than TNF, mediates hepatic inflammation in a murine dietary model of steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 129:1663–1674PubMed Dela Pena A, Leclercq I, Field J, George J, Jones B, Farrell G (2005) NF-kappaB activation, rather than TNF, mediates hepatic inflammation in a murine dietary model of steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 129:1663–1674PubMed
159.
go back to reference Day CP (2006) From fat to inflammation. Gastroenterology 130:207–210PubMed Day CP (2006) From fat to inflammation. Gastroenterology 130:207–210PubMed
160.
go back to reference McClain CJ, Mokshagundam SP, Barve SS, Song Z, Hill DB, Chen T, Deaciuc I (2004) Mechanisms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alcohol 34:67–79PubMed McClain CJ, Mokshagundam SP, Barve SS, Song Z, Hill DB, Chen T, Deaciuc I (2004) Mechanisms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Alcohol 34:67–79PubMed
162.
go back to reference Rutkowski DT, Wu J, Back SH, Callaghan MU, Ferris SP, Iqbal J, Clark R, Miao H, Hassler JR, Fornek J, Katze MG, Hussain MM, Song B, Swathirajan J, Wang J, Yau GD, Kaufman RJ (2008) UPR pathways combine to prevent hepatic steatosis caused by ER stress-mediated suppression of transcriptional master regulators. Dev Cell 15(6):829–840. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.10.015 PubMedPubMedCentral Rutkowski DT, Wu J, Back SH, Callaghan MU, Ferris SP, Iqbal J, Clark R, Miao H, Hassler JR, Fornek J, Katze MG, Hussain MM, Song B, Swathirajan J, Wang J, Yau GD, Kaufman RJ (2008) UPR pathways combine to prevent hepatic steatosis caused by ER stress-mediated suppression of transcriptional master regulators. Dev Cell 15(6):829–840. doi:10.​1016/​j.​devcel.​2008.​10.​015 PubMedPubMedCentral
164.
go back to reference Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Scherer PE, Czaja MJ (2006) JNK1 but not JNK2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 43(1):163–172. doi:10.1002/hep.20999 PubMed Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Scherer PE, Czaja MJ (2006) JNK1 but not JNK2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 43(1):163–172. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​20999 PubMed
165.
go back to reference Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS (2002) A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420:333–336PubMed Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS (2002) A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420:333–336PubMed
167.
go back to reference Dong Z, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z (2007) The roles of innate immune cells in liver injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Immunol 4(4):241–252PubMed Dong Z, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z (2007) The roles of innate immune cells in liver injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Immunol 4(4):241–252PubMed
168.
go back to reference Diehl AM (2002) Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis IV. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease abnormalities in macrophage function and cytokines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282(1):G1–G5. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00384.2001 PubMed Diehl AM (2002) Nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis IV. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease abnormalities in macrophage function and cytokines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282(1):G1–G5. doi:10.​1152/​ajpgi.​00384.​2001 PubMed
169.
go back to reference Tacke F (2012) Functional role of intrahepatic monocyte subsets for the progression of liver inflammation and liver fibrosis in vivo. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 5 Suppl 1:S27. doi:10.1186/1755-1536-5-S1-S27 Tacke F (2012) Functional role of intrahepatic monocyte subsets for the progression of liver inflammation and liver fibrosis in vivo. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 5 Suppl 1:S27. doi:10.​1186/​1755-1536-5-S1-S27
170.
go back to reference Odegaard JI, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Red Eagle A, Vats D, Morel CR, Goforth MH, Subramanian V, Mukundan L, Ferrante AW, Chawla A (2008) Alternative M2 activation of Kupffer cells by PPARdelta ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 7(6):496–507. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.04.003 PubMedPubMedCentral Odegaard JI, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Red Eagle A, Vats D, Morel CR, Goforth MH, Subramanian V, Mukundan L, Ferrante AW, Chawla A (2008) Alternative M2 activation of Kupffer cells by PPARdelta ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 7(6):496–507. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cmet.​2008.​04.​003 PubMedPubMedCentral
171.
go back to reference Eguchi K, Manabe I, Oishi-Tanaka Y, Ohsugi M, Kono N, Ogata F, Yagi N, Ohto U, Kimoto M, Miyake K, Tobe K, Arai H, Kadowaki T, Nagai R (2012) Saturated fatty acid and TLR signaling link beta cell dysfunction and islet inflammation. Cell Metab 15(4):518–533. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.023 PubMed Eguchi K, Manabe I, Oishi-Tanaka Y, Ohsugi M, Kono N, Ogata F, Yagi N, Ohto U, Kimoto M, Miyake K, Tobe K, Arai H, Kadowaki T, Nagai R (2012) Saturated fatty acid and TLR signaling link beta cell dysfunction and islet inflammation. Cell Metab 15(4):518–533. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cmet.​2012.​01.​023 PubMed
172.
go back to reference Maina V, Sutti S, Locatelli I, Vidali M, Mombello C, Bozzola C, Albano E (2012) Bias in macrophage activation pattern influences non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 122(11):545–553. doi:10.1042/CS20110366 Maina V, Sutti S, Locatelli I, Vidali M, Mombello C, Bozzola C, Albano E (2012) Bias in macrophage activation pattern influences non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 122(11):545–553. doi:10.​1042/​CS20110366
177.
go back to reference Albano E, Mottaran E, Vidali M, Reale E, Saksena S, Occhino G, Burt AD, Day CP (2005) Immune response towards lipid peroxidation products as a predictor of progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to advanced fibrosis. Gut 54(7):987–993. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.057968 PubMed Albano E, Mottaran E, Vidali M, Reale E, Saksena S, Occhino G, Burt AD, Day CP (2005) Immune response towards lipid peroxidation products as a predictor of progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to advanced fibrosis. Gut 54(7):987–993. doi:10.​1136/​gut.​2004.​057968 PubMed
179.
go back to reference Hidaka T, Akada S, Teranishi A, Morikawa H, Sato S, Yoshida Y, Yajima A, Yaegashi N, Okamura K, Saito S (2003) Mirimostim (macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M-CSF) improves chemotherapy-induced impaired natural killer cell activity, Th1/Th2 balance, and granulocyte function. Cancer Sci 94(9):814–820PubMed Hidaka T, Akada S, Teranishi A, Morikawa H, Sato S, Yoshida Y, Yajima A, Yaegashi N, Okamura K, Saito S (2003) Mirimostim (macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M-CSF) improves chemotherapy-induced impaired natural killer cell activity, Th1/Th2 balance, and granulocyte function. Cancer Sci 94(9):814–820PubMed
180.
go back to reference Niemeyer M, Darmoise A, Mollenkopf HJ, Hahnke K, Hurwitz R, Besra GS, Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH (2008) Natural killer T-cell characterization through gene expression profiling: an account of versatility bridging T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses. Immunology 123(1):45–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02701.x PubMed Niemeyer M, Darmoise A, Mollenkopf HJ, Hahnke K, Hurwitz R, Besra GS, Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH (2008) Natural killer T-cell characterization through gene expression profiling: an account of versatility bridging T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses. Immunology 123(1):45–56. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2567.​2007.​02701.​x PubMed
182.
go back to reference Kremer M, Hines IN (2008) Natural killer T cells and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: fat chews on the immune system. World J Gastroenterol 14(3):487–488PubMed Kremer M, Hines IN (2008) Natural killer T cells and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: fat chews on the immune system. World J Gastroenterol 14(3):487–488PubMed
183.
go back to reference Xu CF, Yu CH, Li YM, Xu L, Du J, Shen Z (2007) Association of the frequency of peripheral natural killer T cells with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 13(33):4504–4508PubMed Xu CF, Yu CH, Li YM, Xu L, Du J, Shen Z (2007) Association of the frequency of peripheral natural killer T cells with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 13(33):4504–4508PubMed
184.
go back to reference Li Z, Soloski MJ, Diehl AM (2005) Dietary factors alter hepatic innate immune system in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 42:880–885PubMed Li Z, Soloski MJ, Diehl AM (2005) Dietary factors alter hepatic innate immune system in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 42:880–885PubMed
185.
go back to reference Elinav E, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, Margalit M, Shibolet O, Gomori M, Alper R, Thalenfeld B, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Ilan Y (2006) Adoptive transfer of regulatory NKT lymphocytes ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice and is associated with intrahepatic CD8 trapping. J Pathol 209:121–128PubMed Elinav E, Pappo O, Sklair-Levy M, Margalit M, Shibolet O, Gomori M, Alper R, Thalenfeld B, Engelhardt D, Rabbani E, Ilan Y (2006) Adoptive transfer of regulatory NKT lymphocytes ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and glucose intolerance in ob/ob mice and is associated with intrahepatic CD8 trapping. J Pathol 209:121–128PubMed
186.
go back to reference Tajiri K, Shimizu Y, Tsuneyama K, Sugiyama T (2009) Role of liver-infiltrating CD3+CD56+ natural killer T cells in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(6):673–680. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e32831bc3d6 PubMed Tajiri K, Shimizu Y, Tsuneyama K, Sugiyama T (2009) Role of liver-infiltrating CD3+CD56+ natural killer T cells in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(6):673–680. doi:10.​1097/​MEG.​0b013e32831bc3d6​ PubMed
187.
go back to reference Syn WK, Oo YH, Pereira TA, Karaca GF, Jung Y, Omenetti A, Witek RP, Choi SS, Guy CD, Fearing CM, Teaberry V, Pereira FE, Adams DH, Diehl AM (2010) Accumulation of natural killer T cells in progressive nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51(6):1998–2007. doi:10.1002/hep.23599 PubMedPubMedCentral Syn WK, Oo YH, Pereira TA, Karaca GF, Jung Y, Omenetti A, Witek RP, Choi SS, Guy CD, Fearing CM, Teaberry V, Pereira FE, Adams DH, Diehl AM (2010) Accumulation of natural killer T cells in progressive nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 51(6):1998–2007. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​23599 PubMedPubMedCentral
188.
go back to reference van der Poorten D, Milner KL, Hui J, Hodge A, Trenell MI, Kench JG, London R, Peduto T, Chisholm DJ, George J (2008) Visceral fat: a key mediator of steatohepatitis in metabolic liver disease. Hepatology 48(2):449–457. doi:10.1002/hep.22350 PubMed van der Poorten D, Milner KL, Hui J, Hodge A, Trenell MI, Kench JG, London R, Peduto T, Chisholm DJ, George J (2008) Visceral fat: a key mediator of steatohepatitis in metabolic liver disease. Hepatology 48(2):449–457. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​22350 PubMed
189.
go back to reference Tilg H, Hotamisligil GS (2006) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: cytokine–adipokine interplay and regulation of insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 131:934–945PubMed Tilg H, Hotamisligil GS (2006) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: cytokine–adipokine interplay and regulation of insulin resistance. Gastroenterology 131:934–945PubMed
191.
go back to reference Li Z, Yang S, Lin H, Huang J, Watkins PA, Moser AB, Desimone C, Song XY, Diehl AM (2003) Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 37:343–350PubMed Li Z, Yang S, Lin H, Huang J, Watkins PA, Moser AB, Desimone C, Song XY, Diehl AM (2003) Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 37:343–350PubMed
192.
go back to reference Hui JM, Hodge A, Farrell GC, Kench JG, Kriketos A, George J (2004) Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin? Hepatology 40(1):46–54. doi:10.1002/hep.20280 PubMed Hui JM, Hodge A, Farrell GC, Kench JG, Kriketos A, George J (2004) Beyond insulin resistance in NASH: TNF-alpha or adiponectin? Hepatology 40(1):46–54. doi:10.​1002/​hep.​20280 PubMed
193.
go back to reference Crespo J, Cayon A, Fernandez-Gil P, Hernandez-Guerra M, Mayorga M, Dominguez-Diez A, Fernandez-Escalante JC, Pons-Romero F (2001) Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Hepatology 34:1158–1163PubMed Crespo J, Cayon A, Fernandez-Gil P, Hernandez-Guerra M, Mayorga M, Dominguez-Diez A, Fernandez-Escalante JC, Pons-Romero F (2001) Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF-receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Hepatology 34:1158–1163PubMed
194.
go back to reference Manco M, Marcellini M, Giannone G, Nobili V (2007) Correlation of serum TNF-alpha levels and histologic liver injury scores in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 127:954–960PubMed Manco M, Marcellini M, Giannone G, Nobili V (2007) Correlation of serum TNF-alpha levels and histologic liver injury scores in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 127:954–960PubMed
195.
go back to reference Lesmana CR, Hasan I, Budihusodo U, Gani RA, Krisnuhoni E, Akbar N, Lesmana LA (2009) Diagnostic value of a group of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Dig Dis 10(3):201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00386.x PubMed Lesmana CR, Hasan I, Budihusodo U, Gani RA, Krisnuhoni E, Akbar N, Lesmana LA (2009) Diagnostic value of a group of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Dig Dis 10(3):201–206. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1751-2980.​2009.​00386.​x PubMed
196.
go back to reference Baranova A, Schlauch K, Elariny H, Jarrar M, Bennett C, Nugent C, Gowder SJ, Younoszai Z, Collantes R, Chandhoke V, Younossi ZM (2007) Gene expression patterns in hepatic tissue and visceral adipose tissue of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obes Surg 17(8):1111–1118PubMed Baranova A, Schlauch K, Elariny H, Jarrar M, Bennett C, Nugent C, Gowder SJ, Younoszai Z, Collantes R, Chandhoke V, Younossi ZM (2007) Gene expression patterns in hepatic tissue and visceral adipose tissue of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obes Surg 17(8):1111–1118PubMed
199.
go back to reference Novobrantseva TI, Majeau GR, Amatucci A, Kogan S, Brenner I, Casola S, Shlomchik MJ, Koteliansky V, Hochman PS, Ibraghimov A (2005) Attenuated liver fibrosis in the absence of B cells. J Clin Invest 115(11):3072–3082. doi:10.1172/JCI24798 PubMedPubMedCentral Novobrantseva TI, Majeau GR, Amatucci A, Kogan S, Brenner I, Casola S, Shlomchik MJ, Koteliansky V, Hochman PS, Ibraghimov A (2005) Attenuated liver fibrosis in the absence of B cells. J Clin Invest 115(11):3072–3082. doi:10.​1172/​JCI24798 PubMedPubMedCentral
200.
go back to reference Cressman DE, Greenbaum LE, DeAngelis RA, Ciliberto G, Furth EE, Poli V, Taub R (1996) Liver failure and defective hepatocyte regeneration in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Science 274(5291):1379–1383PubMed Cressman DE, Greenbaum LE, DeAngelis RA, Ciliberto G, Furth EE, Poli V, Taub R (1996) Liver failure and defective hepatocyte regeneration in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Science 274(5291):1379–1383PubMed
201.
go back to reference El-Assal O, Hong F, Kim WH, Radaeva S, Gao B (2004) IL-6-deficient mice are susceptible to ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis: IL-6 protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition in the liver. Cell Mol Immunol 1(3):205–211PubMed El-Assal O, Hong F, Kim WH, Radaeva S, Gao B (2004) IL-6-deficient mice are susceptible to ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis: IL-6 protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition in the liver. Cell Mol Immunol 1(3):205–211PubMed
202.
go back to reference Yamaguchi K, Itoh Y, Yokomizo C, Nishimura T, Niimi T, Fujii H, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T (2010) Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling enhances hepatic steatosis but improves liver injury in methionine choline-deficient diet-fed mice. Lab Invest 90(8):1169–1178. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.75 PubMed Yamaguchi K, Itoh Y, Yokomizo C, Nishimura T, Niimi T, Fujii H, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T (2010) Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling enhances hepatic steatosis but improves liver injury in methionine choline-deficient diet-fed mice. Lab Invest 90(8):1169–1178. doi:10.​1038/​labinvest.​2010.​75 PubMed
204.
go back to reference Chitturi S, Farrell G, Frost L, Kriketos A, Lin R, Fung C, Liddle C, Samarasinghe D, George J (2002) Serum leptin in NASH correlates with hepatic steatosis but not fibrosis: a manifestation of lipotoxicity? Hepatology 36(2):403–409. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34738 PubMed Chitturi S, Farrell G, Frost L, Kriketos A, Lin R, Fung C, Liddle C, Samarasinghe D, George J (2002) Serum leptin in NASH correlates with hepatic steatosis but not fibrosis: a manifestation of lipotoxicity? Hepatology 36(2):403–409. doi:10.​1053/​jhep.​2002.​34738 PubMed
205.
go back to reference Ikejima K, Takei Y, Honda H, Hirose M, Yoshikawa M, Zhang YJ, Lang T, Fukuda T, Yamashina S, Kitamura T, Sato N (2002) Leptin receptor-mediated signaling regulates hepatic fibrogenesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix in the rat. Gastroenterology 122(5):1399–1410PubMed Ikejima K, Takei Y, Honda H, Hirose M, Yoshikawa M, Zhang YJ, Lang T, Fukuda T, Yamashina S, Kitamura T, Sato N (2002) Leptin receptor-mediated signaling regulates hepatic fibrogenesis and remodeling of extracellular matrix in the rat. Gastroenterology 122(5):1399–1410PubMed
206.
go back to reference Potter JJ, Rennie-Tankesley L, Mezey E (2003) Influence of leptin in the development of hepatic fibrosis produced in mice by Schistosoma mansoni infection and by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. J Hepatol 38(3):281–288PubMed Potter JJ, Rennie-Tankesley L, Mezey E (2003) Influence of leptin in the development of hepatic fibrosis produced in mice by Schistosoma mansoni infection and by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. J Hepatol 38(3):281–288PubMed
207.
208.
go back to reference Chalasani N, Crabb DW, Cummings OW, Kwo PY, Asghar A, Pandya PK, Considine RV (2003) Does leptin play a role in the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Am J Gastroenterol 98:2771–2776PubMed Chalasani N, Crabb DW, Cummings OW, Kwo PY, Asghar A, Pandya PK, Considine RV (2003) Does leptin play a role in the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Am J Gastroenterol 98:2771–2776PubMed
209.
go back to reference Testa R, Franceschini R, Giannini E, Cataldi A, Botta F, Fasoli A, Tenerelli P, Rolandi E, Barreca T (2000) Serum leptin levels in patients with viral chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 33(1):33–37PubMed Testa R, Franceschini R, Giannini E, Cataldi A, Botta F, Fasoli A, Tenerelli P, Rolandi E, Barreca T (2000) Serum leptin levels in patients with viral chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 33(1):33–37PubMed
210.
go back to reference Musso G, Gambino R, Biroli G, Carello M, Faga E, Pacini G, De Michieli F, Cassader M, Durazzo M, Rizzetto M, Pagano G (2005) Hypoadiponectinemia predicts the severity of hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic nonobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 100(11):2438–2446. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00297.x PubMed Musso G, Gambino R, Biroli G, Carello M, Faga E, Pacini G, De Michieli F, Cassader M, Durazzo M, Rizzetto M, Pagano G (2005) Hypoadiponectinemia predicts the severity of hepatic fibrosis and pancreatic Beta-cell dysfunction in nondiabetic nonobese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 100(11):2438–2446. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1572-0241.​2005.​00297.​x PubMed
211.
go back to reference Kaser S, Moschen A, Cayon A, Kaser A, Crespo J, Pons-Romero F, Ebenbichler CF, Patsch JR, Tilg H (2005) Adiponectin and its receptors in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gut 54(1):117–121. doi:10.1136/gut.2003.037010 PubMed Kaser S, Moschen A, Cayon A, Kaser A, Crespo J, Pons-Romero F, Ebenbichler CF, Patsch JR, Tilg H (2005) Adiponectin and its receptors in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gut 54(1):117–121. doi:10.​1136/​gut.​2003.​037010 PubMed
212.
go back to reference Bruun JM, Lihn AS, Verdich C, Pedersen SB, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B (2003) Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285(3):E527–E533. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00110.2003 PubMed Bruun JM, Lihn AS, Verdich C, Pedersen SB, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B (2003) Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285(3):E527–E533. doi:10.​1152/​ajpendo.​00110.​2003 PubMed
213.
go back to reference Engeli S, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Hartwig F, Heintze U, Janke J, Mohlig M, Pfeiffer AF, Luft FC, Sharma AM (2003) Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women. Diabetes 52(4):942–947PubMed Engeli S, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Hartwig F, Heintze U, Janke J, Mohlig M, Pfeiffer AF, Luft FC, Sharma AM (2003) Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women. Diabetes 52(4):942–947PubMed
214.
go back to reference Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (2001) Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280(5):E745–E751PubMed Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (2001) Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280(5):E745–E751PubMed
215.
go back to reference Moschen AR, Wieser V, Tilg H (2012) Adiponectin: key player in the adipose tissue-liver crosstalk. Curr Med Chem 19(32):5467–5473PubMed Moschen AR, Wieser V, Tilg H (2012) Adiponectin: key player in the adipose tissue-liver crosstalk. Curr Med Chem 19(32):5467–5473PubMed
216.
go back to reference Xu A, Wang Y, Keshaw H, Xu LY, Lam KS, Cooper GJ (2003) The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice. J Clin Invest 112(1):91–100. doi:10.1172/JCI17797 PubMedPubMedCentral Xu A, Wang Y, Keshaw H, Xu LY, Lam KS, Cooper GJ (2003) The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice. J Clin Invest 112(1):91–100. doi:10.​1172/​JCI17797 PubMedPubMedCentral
218.
go back to reference Öbrink B (1997) CEA adhesion molecules: multifunctional proteins with signal-regulatory properties. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9(5):616–626PubMed Öbrink B (1997) CEA adhesion molecules: multifunctional proteins with signal-regulatory properties. Curr Opin Cell Biol 9(5):616–626PubMed
219.
go back to reference Najjar SM, Accili D, Philippe N, Jernberg J, Margolis R, Taylor SI (1993) pp 120/ecto-ATPase, an endogenous substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed as two variably spliced isoforms. J Biol Chem 268:1201–1206PubMed Najjar SM, Accili D, Philippe N, Jernberg J, Margolis R, Taylor SI (1993) pp 120/ecto-ATPase, an endogenous substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed as two variably spliced isoforms. J Biol Chem 268:1201–1206PubMed
221.
go back to reference Gray-Owen SD, Blumberg RS (2006) CEACAM1: contact-dependent control of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 6:433–446PubMed Gray-Owen SD, Blumberg RS (2006) CEACAM1: contact-dependent control of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 6:433–446PubMed
222.
go back to reference Markel G, Wolf D, Hanna J, Gazit R, Goldman-Wohl D, Lavy Y, Yagel S, Mandelboim O (2002) Pivotal role of CEACAM1 protein in the inhibition of activated decidual lymphocyte functions. J Clin Invest 110(7):943–953. doi:10.1172/JCI15643 PubMedPubMedCentral Markel G, Wolf D, Hanna J, Gazit R, Goldman-Wohl D, Lavy Y, Yagel S, Mandelboim O (2002) Pivotal role of CEACAM1 protein in the inhibition of activated decidual lymphocyte functions. J Clin Invest 110(7):943–953. doi:10.​1172/​JCI15643 PubMedPubMedCentral
223.
go back to reference Chen CJ, Shively JE (2004) The cell-cell adhesion molecule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cellular adhesion molecule 1 inhibits IL-2 production and proliferation in human T cells by association with Src homology protein-1 and down-regulates IL-2 receptor. J Immunol 172:3544–3552PubMed Chen CJ, Shively JE (2004) The cell-cell adhesion molecule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cellular adhesion molecule 1 inhibits IL-2 production and proliferation in human T cells by association with Src homology protein-1 and down-regulates IL-2 receptor. J Immunol 172:3544–3552PubMed
225.
go back to reference Nakajima A, Iijima H, Neurath MF, Nagaishi T, Nieuwenhuis EE, Raychowdhury R, Glickman J, Blau DM, Russell S, Holmes KV, Blumberg RS (2002) Activation-induced expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-cell adhesion molecule 1 regulates mouse T lymphocyte function. J Immunol 168(3):1028–1035PubMed Nakajima A, Iijima H, Neurath MF, Nagaishi T, Nieuwenhuis EE, Raychowdhury R, Glickman J, Blau DM, Russell S, Holmes KV, Blumberg RS (2002) Activation-induced expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-cell adhesion molecule 1 regulates mouse T lymphocyte function. J Immunol 168(3):1028–1035PubMed
226.
go back to reference Markel G, Lieberman N, Katz G, Arnon TI, Lotem M, Drize O, Blumberg RS, Bar-Haim E, Mader R, Eisenbach L, Mandelboim O (2002) CD66a interactions between human melanoma and NK cells: a novel class I MHC-independent inhibitory mechanism of cytotoxicity. J Immunol 168(6):2803–2810PubMed Markel G, Lieberman N, Katz G, Arnon TI, Lotem M, Drize O, Blumberg RS, Bar-Haim E, Mader R, Eisenbach L, Mandelboim O (2002) CD66a interactions between human melanoma and NK cells: a novel class I MHC-independent inhibitory mechanism of cytotoxicity. J Immunol 168(6):2803–2810PubMed
227.
go back to reference Iijima H, Neurath MF, Nagaishi T, Glickman JN, Nieuwenhuis EE, Nakajima A, Chen D, Fuss IJ, Utku N, Lewicki DN, Becker C, Gallagher TM, Holmes KV, Blumberg RS (2004) Specific regulation of T helper cell 1-mediated murine colitis by CEACAM1. J Exp Med 199(4):471–482. doi:10.1084/jem.20030437 PubMedPubMedCentral Iijima H, Neurath MF, Nagaishi T, Glickman JN, Nieuwenhuis EE, Nakajima A, Chen D, Fuss IJ, Utku N, Lewicki DN, Becker C, Gallagher TM, Holmes KV, Blumberg RS (2004) Specific regulation of T helper cell 1-mediated murine colitis by CEACAM1. J Exp Med 199(4):471–482. doi:10.​1084/​jem.​20030437 PubMedPubMedCentral
228.
go back to reference Hosomi S, Chen Z, Baker K, Chen L, Huang YH, Olszak T, Zeissig S, Wang JH, Mandelboim O, Beauchemin N, Lanier LL, Blumberg RS (2013) CEACAM1 on activated NK cells inhibits NKG2D-mediated cytolytic function and signaling. Eur J Immunol. doi:10.1002/eji.201242676 PubMed Hosomi S, Chen Z, Baker K, Chen L, Huang YH, Olszak T, Zeissig S, Wang JH, Mandelboim O, Beauchemin N, Lanier LL, Blumberg RS (2013) CEACAM1 on activated NK cells inhibits NKG2D-mediated cytolytic function and signaling. Eur J Immunol. doi:10.​1002/​eji.​201242676 PubMed
230.
go back to reference Abraham RT, Weiss A (2004) Jurkat T cells and development of the T-cell receptor signalling paradigm. Nat Rev Immunol 4(4):301–308. doi:10.1038/nri1330 PubMed Abraham RT, Weiss A (2004) Jurkat T cells and development of the T-cell receptor signalling paradigm. Nat Rev Immunol 4(4):301–308. doi:10.​1038/​nri1330 PubMed
231.
go back to reference Coutelier JP, Godfraind C, Dveksler GS, Wysocka M, Cardellichio CB, Noel H, Holmes KV (1994) B lymphocyte and macrophage expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related adhesion molecules that serve as receptors for murine coronavirus. Eur J Immunol 24(6):1383–1390. doi:10.1002/eji.1830240622 PubMed Coutelier JP, Godfraind C, Dveksler GS, Wysocka M, Cardellichio CB, Noel H, Holmes KV (1994) B lymphocyte and macrophage expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related adhesion molecules that serve as receptors for murine coronavirus. Eur J Immunol 24(6):1383–1390. doi:10.​1002/​eji.​1830240622 PubMed
232.
go back to reference Greicius G, Severinson E, Beauchemin N, Obrink B, Singer BB (2003) CEACAM1 is a potent regulator of B cell receptor complex-induced activation. J Leukoc Biol 74(1):126–134PubMed Greicius G, Severinson E, Beauchemin N, Obrink B, Singer BB (2003) CEACAM1 is a potent regulator of B cell receptor complex-induced activation. J Leukoc Biol 74(1):126–134PubMed
233.
go back to reference Chen T, Zimmermann W, Parker J, Chen I, Maeda A, Bolland S (2001) Biliary glycoprotein (BGPa, CD66a, CEACAM1) mediates inhibitory signals. J Leukoc Biol 70(2):335–340PubMed Chen T, Zimmermann W, Parker J, Chen I, Maeda A, Bolland S (2001) Biliary glycoprotein (BGPa, CD66a, CEACAM1) mediates inhibitory signals. J Leukoc Biol 70(2):335–340PubMed
234.
go back to reference Lobo EO, Zhang Z, Shively JE (2009) Pivotal advance: CEACAM1 is a negative coreceptor for the B cell receptor and promotes CD19-mediated adhesion of B cells in a PI3K-dependent manner. J Leukoc Biol 86(2):205–218. doi:10.1189/jlb.0109037 PubMed Lobo EO, Zhang Z, Shively JE (2009) Pivotal advance: CEACAM1 is a negative coreceptor for the B cell receptor and promotes CD19-mediated adhesion of B cells in a PI3K-dependent manner. J Leukoc Biol 86(2):205–218. doi:10.​1189/​jlb.​0109037 PubMed
235.
go back to reference Kammerer R, Stober D, Singer BB, Obrink B, Reimann J (2001) Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 on murine dendritic cells is a potent regulator of T cell stimulation. J Immunol 166(11):6537–6544PubMed Kammerer R, Stober D, Singer BB, Obrink B, Reimann J (2001) Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 on murine dendritic cells is a potent regulator of T cell stimulation. J Immunol 166(11):6537–6544PubMed
237.
go back to reference Boulton IC, Gray-Owen SD (2002) Neisserial binding to CEACAM1 arrests the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 3(3):229–236. doi:10.1038/ni769 PubMed Boulton IC, Gray-Owen SD (2002) Neisserial binding to CEACAM1 arrests the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 3(3):229–236. doi:10.​1038/​ni769 PubMed
239.
go back to reference Carpentier JL (1994) Insulin receptor internalization: molecular mechanisms and physiopathological implications. Diabetologia 37(Suppl 2):S117–S124PubMed Carpentier JL (1994) Insulin receptor internalization: molecular mechanisms and physiopathological implications. Diabetologia 37(Suppl 2):S117–S124PubMed
240.
go back to reference Najjar SM (2002) Regulation of insulin action by CEACAM1. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13:240–245PubMed Najjar SM (2002) Regulation of insulin action by CEACAM1. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13:240–245PubMed
241.
go back to reference Najjar SM, Philippe N, Suzuki Y, Ignacio GA, Formisano P, Accili D, Taylor SI (1995) Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of recombinant pp 120/HA4, an endogenous substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Biochemistry 34:9341–9349PubMed Najjar SM, Philippe N, Suzuki Y, Ignacio GA, Formisano P, Accili D, Taylor SI (1995) Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of recombinant pp 120/HA4, an endogenous substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. Biochemistry 34:9341–9349PubMed
242.
go back to reference Li Calzi S, Choice CV, Najjar SM (1997) Differential effect of pp 120 on insulin endocytosis by two variant insulin receptor isoforms. Am J Physiol 273:E801–E808PubMed Li Calzi S, Choice CV, Najjar SM (1997) Differential effect of pp 120 on insulin endocytosis by two variant insulin receptor isoforms. Am J Physiol 273:E801–E808PubMed
243.
go back to reference Formisano P, Najjar SM, Gross CN, Philippe N, Oriente F, Kern-Buell CL, Accili D, Gorden P (1995) Receptor-mediated internalization of insulin. Potential role of pp 120/HA4, a substrate of the insulin receptor kinase. J Biol Chem 270(41):24073–24077PubMed Formisano P, Najjar SM, Gross CN, Philippe N, Oriente F, Kern-Buell CL, Accili D, Gorden P (1995) Receptor-mediated internalization of insulin. Potential role of pp 120/HA4, a substrate of the insulin receptor kinase. J Biol Chem 270(41):24073–24077PubMed
244.
go back to reference Najjar SM, Yang Y, Fernstrom MA, Lee SJ, Deangelis AM, Rjaily GA, Al-Share QY, Dai T, Miller TA, Ratnam S, Ruch RJ, Smith S, Lin SH, Beauchemin N, Oyarce AM (2005) Insulin acutely decreases hepatic fatty acid synthase activity. Cell Metab 2(1):43–53. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.001 PubMed Najjar SM, Yang Y, Fernstrom MA, Lee SJ, Deangelis AM, Rjaily GA, Al-Share QY, Dai T, Miller TA, Ratnam S, Ruch RJ, Smith S, Lin SH, Beauchemin N, Oyarce AM (2005) Insulin acutely decreases hepatic fatty acid synthase activity. Cell Metab 2(1):43–53. doi:10.​1016/​j.​cmet.​2005.​06.​001 PubMed
245.
go back to reference Matveyenko AV, Liuwantara D, Gurlo T, Kirakossian D, Dalla Man C, Cobelli C, White MF, Copps KD, Volpi E, Fujita S, Butler PC (2012) Pulsatile portal vein insulin delivery enhances hepatic insulin action and signaling. Diabetes 61(9):2269–2279. doi:10.2337/db11-1462 PubMed Matveyenko AV, Liuwantara D, Gurlo T, Kirakossian D, Dalla Man C, Cobelli C, White MF, Copps KD, Volpi E, Fujita S, Butler PC (2012) Pulsatile portal vein insulin delivery enhances hepatic insulin action and signaling. Diabetes 61(9):2269–2279. doi:10.​2337/​db11-1462 PubMed
246.
go back to reference Ward GM, Walters JM, Aitken PM, Best JD, Alford FP (1990) Effects of prolonged pulsatile hyperinsulinemia in humans. Enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 39(4):501–507 Ward GM, Walters JM, Aitken PM, Best JD, Alford FP (1990) Effects of prolonged pulsatile hyperinsulinemia in humans. Enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 39(4):501–507
247.
go back to reference Xu E, Dubois MJ, Leung N, Charbonneau A, Turbide C, Avramoglu RK, DeMarte L, Elchebly M, Streichert T, Levy E, Beauchemin N, Marette A (2009) Targeted disruption of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 promotes diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Endocrinology 150:3503–3512. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1439 PubMed Xu E, Dubois MJ, Leung N, Charbonneau A, Turbide C, Avramoglu RK, DeMarte L, Elchebly M, Streichert T, Levy E, Beauchemin N, Marette A (2009) Targeted disruption of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 promotes diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Endocrinology 150:3503–3512. doi:10.​1210/​en.​2008-1439 PubMed
248.
go back to reference Park SY, Cho YR, Kim HJ, Hong EG, Higashimori T, Lee SJ, Goldberg IJ, Shulman GI, Najjar SM, Kim JK (2006) Mechanism of glucose intolerance in mice with dominant negative mutation of CEACAM1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291(3):E517–E524. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00077.2006 PubMed Park SY, Cho YR, Kim HJ, Hong EG, Higashimori T, Lee SJ, Goldberg IJ, Shulman GI, Najjar SM, Kim JK (2006) Mechanism of glucose intolerance in mice with dominant negative mutation of CEACAM1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291(3):E517–E524. doi:10.​1152/​ajpendo.​00077.​2006 PubMed
249.
go back to reference Lee SJ, Heinrich G, Fedorova L, Al-Share QY, Ledford KJ, Fernstrom MA, McInerney MF, Erickson SK, Gatto-Weis C, Najjar SM (2008) Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in insulin-resistant liver-specific S503A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 mutant mice. Gastroenterology 135(6):2084–2095. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.007 PubMedPubMedCentral Lee SJ, Heinrich G, Fedorova L, Al-Share QY, Ledford KJ, Fernstrom MA, McInerney MF, Erickson SK, Gatto-Weis C, Najjar SM (2008) Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in insulin-resistant liver-specific S503A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 mutant mice. Gastroenterology 135(6):2084–2095. doi:10.​1053/​j.​gastro.​2008.​08.​007 PubMedPubMedCentral
250.
go back to reference Ghosh S, Kaw M, Patel PR, Ledford KJ, Bowman TA, McLnerney MF, Erickson SK, Bourey RE, Najjar SM (2010) Mice with null mutation of Ceacam I develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepat Med Res Evidence 2010(2):69–78. doi:10.2147/HMER.S8902 Ghosh S, Kaw M, Patel PR, Ledford KJ, Bowman TA, McLnerney MF, Erickson SK, Bourey RE, Najjar SM (2010) Mice with null mutation of Ceacam I develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepat Med Res Evidence 2010(2):69–78. doi:10.​2147/​HMER.​S8902
251.
go back to reference Najjar SM, Ledford KJ, Abdallah SL, Paus A, Russo L, Kaw MK, Ramakrishnan SK, Muturi HT, Raphael CK, Lester SG, Heinrich G, Pierre SV, Benndorf R, Kleff V, Jaffa AA, Levy E, Vazquez G, Goldberg IJ, Beauchemin N, Scalia R, Ergun S (2013) Ceacam1 deletion causes vascular alterations in large vessels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305(4):E519–E529. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2013 PubMed Najjar SM, Ledford KJ, Abdallah SL, Paus A, Russo L, Kaw MK, Ramakrishnan SK, Muturi HT, Raphael CK, Lester SG, Heinrich G, Pierre SV, Benndorf R, Kleff V, Jaffa AA, Levy E, Vazquez G, Goldberg IJ, Beauchemin N, Scalia R, Ergun S (2013) Ceacam1 deletion causes vascular alterations in large vessels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 305(4):E519–E529. doi:10.​1152/​ajpendo.​00266.​2013 PubMed
252.
go back to reference Nagaishi T, Pao L, Lin SH, Iijima H, Kaser A, Qiao SW, Chen Z, Glickman J, Najjar SM, Nakajima A, Neel BG, Blumberg RS (2006) SHP1 phosphatase-dependent T cell inhibition by CEACAM1 adhesion molecule isoforms. Immunity 25:769–781PubMed Nagaishi T, Pao L, Lin SH, Iijima H, Kaser A, Qiao SW, Chen Z, Glickman J, Najjar SM, Nakajima A, Neel BG, Blumberg RS (2006) SHP1 phosphatase-dependent T cell inhibition by CEACAM1 adhesion molecule isoforms. Immunity 25:769–781PubMed
253.
go back to reference Aarsland A, Chinkes D, Wolfe RR (1996) Contributions of de novo synthesis of fatty acids to total VLDL-triglyceride secretion during prolonged hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia in normal man. J Clin Invest 98:2008–2017PubMedPubMedCentral Aarsland A, Chinkes D, Wolfe RR (1996) Contributions of de novo synthesis of fatty acids to total VLDL-triglyceride secretion during prolonged hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia in normal man. J Clin Invest 98:2008–2017PubMedPubMedCentral
254.
go back to reference Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD (1999) Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 30:1356–1362PubMed Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD (1999) Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 30:1356–1362PubMed
256.
257.
go back to reference Kim F, Pham M, Maloney E, Rizzo NO, Morton GJ, Wisse BE, Kirk EA, Chait A, Schwartz MW (2008) Vascular inflammation, insulin resistance, and reduced nitric oxide production precede the onset of peripheral insulin resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:1982–1988. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.169722 PubMedPubMedCentral Kim F, Pham M, Maloney E, Rizzo NO, Morton GJ, Wisse BE, Kirk EA, Chait A, Schwartz MW (2008) Vascular inflammation, insulin resistance, and reduced nitric oxide production precede the onset of peripheral insulin resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28:1982–1988. doi:10.​1161/​ATVBAHA.​108.​169722 PubMedPubMedCentral
259.
go back to reference Mari M, Caballero F, Colell A, Morales A, Caballeria J, Fernandez A, Enrich C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Garcia-Ruiz C (2006) Mitochondrial free cholesterol loading sensitizes to TNF- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 4:185–198PubMed Mari M, Caballero F, Colell A, Morales A, Caballeria J, Fernandez A, Enrich C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Garcia-Ruiz C (2006) Mitochondrial free cholesterol loading sensitizes to TNF- and Fas-mediated steatohepatitis. Cell Metab 4:185–198PubMed
260.
go back to reference Canbay A, Higuchi H, Bronk SF, Taniai M, Sebo TJ, Gores GJ (2002) Fas enhances fibrogenesis in the bile duct ligated mouse: a link between apoptosis and fibrosis. Gastroenterology 123(4):1323–1330PubMed Canbay A, Higuchi H, Bronk SF, Taniai M, Sebo TJ, Gores GJ (2002) Fas enhances fibrogenesis in the bile duct ligated mouse: a link between apoptosis and fibrosis. Gastroenterology 123(4):1323–1330PubMed
262.
go back to reference Carter-Kent C, Zein NN, Feldstein AE (2008) Cytokines in the pathogenesis of fatty liver and disease progression to steatohepatitis: implications for treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 103:1036–1042PubMed Carter-Kent C, Zein NN, Feldstein AE (2008) Cytokines in the pathogenesis of fatty liver and disease progression to steatohepatitis: implications for treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 103:1036–1042PubMed
Metadata
Title
CEACAM1 loss links inflammation to insulin resistance in obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Authors
Sonia M. Najjar
Lucia Russo
Publication date
01-01-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Seminars in Immunopathology / Issue 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-2297
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2300
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-013-0407-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Seminars in Immunopathology 1/2014 Go to the issue
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.