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01-12-2021 | Review

Socio-economic inequalities in fragility fracture incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 observational studies

Authors: G. Valentin, M.B. Ravn, E.K. Jensen, K. Friis, A. Bhimjiyani, Y. Ben-Shlomo, A. Hartley, C.P. Nielsen, B. Langdahl, C.L. Gregson

Published in: Osteoporosis International | Issue 12/2021

Abstract

Summary

Individuals with low socio-economic status (SES) have a more than 25% higher risk of fragility fractures than individuals with high SES. Body mass index and lifestyle appear to mediate the effect of SES on fracture risk. Strategies to prevent fractures should aim to reduce unhealthy behaviours through tackling structural inequalities.

Introduction

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of socio-economic status (SES) on fragility fracture risk.

Methods

Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception to 28 April 2021 for studies reporting an association between SES and fragility fracture risk among individuals aged ≥50 years. Risk ratios (RR) were combined in meta-analyses using random restricted maximum likelihood models, for individual-based (education, income, occupation, cohabitation) and area-based (Index of Multiple Deprivation, area income) SES measures.

Results

A total of 61 studies from 26 different countries including more than 19 million individuals were included. Individual-based low SES was associated with an increased risk of fragility fracture (RR 1.27 [95% CI 1.12, 1.44]), whilst no clear association was seen when area-based measures were used (RR 1.08 [0.91, 1.30]). The strength of associations was influenced by the type and number of covariates included in statistical models: RR 2.69 [1.60, 4.53] for individual-based studies adjusting for age, sex and BMI, compared with RR 1.06 [0.92, 1.22] when also adjusted for health behaviours (smoking, alcohol, and physical activity). Overall, the quality of the evidence was moderate.

Conclusion

Our results show that low SES, measured at the individual level, is a risk factor for fragility fracture. Low BMI and unhealthy behaviours are important mediators of the effect of SES on fracture risk. Strategies to prevent fractures and reduce unhealthy behaviours should aim to tackle structural inequalities in society thereby reducing health inequalities in fragility fracture incidence.

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Title: Socio-economic inequalities in fragility fracture incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 observational studies
Authors: G. Valentin
M.B. Ravn
E.K. Jensen
K. Friis
A. Bhimjiyani
Y. Ben-Shlomo
A. Hartley
C.P. Nielsen
B. Langdahl
C.L. Gregson
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: Springer London
Published in: Osteoporosis International / Issue 12/2021
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Electronic ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-021-06038-7

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Socio-economic inequalities in fragility fracture incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 observational studies

Abstract

Summary

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Summary

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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