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Osteoporosis International
Published in: Osteoporosis International 6/2021

01-06-2021 | Osteoporosis | Original Article

The diabetes-fracture association in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is partially mediated by falls: a 15-year longitudinal study

Authors: E. P. Thong, F. Milat, J. C. Enticott, A. E. Joham, P. R. Ebeling, G. D. Mishra, H. J. Teede

Published in: Osteoporosis International | Issue 6/2021

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Abstract

Summary

This study evaluated mediators of fracture risk in postmenopausal women with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), over a 15-year follow-up period. This study provides evidence that the increased fracture risk in women with T1D or T2D is partially explained by falls. Furthermore, a shorter reproductive lifespan in women with T1D contributes modestly to fracture risk in this cohort.

Purpose

Skeletal fragility is associated with diabetes mellitus, while limited estrogen exposure during the reproductive years also predisposes to lower bone mass and higher fracture risk. We aimed to determine osteoporosis diagnosis, fall and fracture rates in women with type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus, and explore mediators of the diabetes-fracture relationship.

Methods

Prospective observational data drawn from the Australian Longitudinal Study in Women’s Health (ALSWH) from 1996 to 2010. Women were randomly selected from the national health insurance database. Standardized data collection occurred at six survey time points, with main outcome measures being self-reported osteoporosis, incident fracture, falls, and reproductive lifespan. Mediation analyses were performed to elucidate relevant intermediaries in the diabetes-fracture relationship.

Results

Exactly 11,313 women were included at baseline (T1D, n = 107; T2D, n = 333; controls, n = 10,873). A total of 885 new cases of osteoporosis and 1099 incident fractures were reported over 15 years. Women with T1D or T2D reported more falls and fall-related injuries; additionally, women with T1D had a shorter reproductive lifespan. While fracture risk was increased in women with diabetes (T1D: OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.53–3.40; T2D: OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.90–3.03), compared with controls, adjustment for falls attenuated the risk of fracture by 10% and 6% in T1D and T2D, respectively. In women with T1D, reproductive lifespan modestly attenuated fracture risk by 4%.

Conclusion

Women with T1D and T2D have an increased risk of fracture, which may be partially explained by increased falls, and to a lesser extent by shorter reproductive lifespan, in T1D.
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Metadata
Title
The diabetes-fracture association in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is partially mediated by falls: a 15-year longitudinal study
Authors
E. P. Thong
F. Milat
J. C. Enticott
A. E. Joham
P. R. Ebeling
G. D. Mishra
H. J. Teede
Publication date
01-06-2021
Publisher
Springer London
Published in
Osteoporosis International / Issue 6/2021
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Electronic ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-020-05771-9

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