A minority of children born small for gestational age (SGA) may experience catch-up growth failure and remain short in adulthood. However, the underlying causes and mechanisms of this phenomenon are not yet fully comprehended. We reviewed the …
Authors:
Anran Tian, Fucheng Meng, Sujuan Li, Yichi Wu, Cai Zhang, Xiaoping Luo
Prolactin (PRL) is secreted throughout life in men and women. At elevated levels, its physiological role in pregnancy and lactation, and pathological effects, are well known. However clinical implications of low circulating PRL are not well …
Authors:
Gie Ken-Dror, David Fluck, Michael E. J. Lean, Felipe F. Casanueva, Thang Sieu Han
Childhood obesity is a chronic inflammatory epidemic that affects children worldwide. Obesity affects approximately 1 in 5 children worldwide. Obesity in children can worsen weight gain and raise the risk of obesity-related comorbidities like …
Authors:
Amin Ullah, Rajeev K. Singla, Zahra Batool, Dan Cao, Bairong Shen
The review discusses the relationship between acromegaly and uterine fibroids. It highlights variations in research methodologies and inconsistent findings, emphasizing the complex nature of fibroid development and the role of the somatotropic …
Authors:
Konrad Górski, Stanisław Zgliczyński, Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś, Izabella Czajka-Oraniec, Wojciech Zgliczyński, Michał Ciebiera, Magdalena Zgliczyńska
Micronized progesterone can be used for the diagnosis and therapy of various endocrine conditions, from amenorrhea to premenstrual syndrome, PCOS, perimenopause, and menopause.
Authors:
Eleni Memi, Polina Pavli, Maria Papagianni, Nikolaos Vrachnis, George Mastorakos
Definitive diagnosis of pituitary insufficiency is largely based on laboratory tests, but these tests have limitations. Clinicians need to be alert to laboratory values that do not match the clinical picture.
This review aimed to systematically quantify the differences in Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) prevalence across various ethnic groups in high-income countries by sex, and to evaluate the overall prevalence trends from 1996 to 2022. We conducted a …
Authors:
Nicholas Kofi Adjei, Florence Samkange-Zeeb, Daniel Boakye, Maham Saleem, Lara Christianson, Mihiretu M. Kebede, Thomas L. Heise, Tilman Brand, Oluwaseun B. Esan, David C. Taylor-Robinson, Charles Agyemang, Hajo Zeeb
Hypopituitarism has a negative impact on bone health throughout life. Patients should be assessed for the presence of bone disorders as early treatment may prevent bone complications from developing.
Authors:
Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej, Aleksandra Zdrojowy-Wełna, Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska, Łukasz Gojny, Marek Bolanowski
Hepatic glycogen storage diseases constitute a group of disorders due to defects in the enzymes and transporters involved in glycogen breakdown and synthesis in the liver. Although hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly are the primary manifestations of …
Authors:
Alessandro Rossi, Chiara Simeoli, Rosario Pivonello, Mariacarolina Salerno, Carmen Rosano, Barbara Brunetti, Pietro Strisciuglio, Annamaria Colao, Giancarlo Parenti, Daniela Melis, Terry G.J. Derks
Detecting sarcopenia in patients undergoing bariatric surgery can help maximize its effectiveness. But how is sarcopenia defined in this setting, and how should muscle mass, quality, and strength be measured?
Authors:
Eunhye Seo, Yeongkeun Kwon, Ahmad ALRomi, Mohannad Eledreesi, Sungsoo Park
Adrenal crisis in secondary, tertiary, and iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency can be tricky to recognize. Discover more about this life-threatening emergency, its diagnosis and management, and the need for patient education.
Authors:
Luciana Martel-Duguech, Jonathan Poirier, Isabelle Bourdeau, André Lacroix
Acromegaly is a rare disease and thus challenging to accurately quantify epidemiologically. In this comprehensive literature review, we compare different approaches to studying acromegaly from an epidemiological perspective and describe the …
Authors:
Christian Rosendal, Mai Christiansen Arlien-Søborg, Eigil Husted Nielsen, Marianne Skovsager Andersen, Claus Larsen Feltoft, Caroline Kistorp, Olaf M. Dekkers, Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen, Jakob Dal
Central hypothyroidism (CH) is characterized by decreased thyroid hormone production due to insufficient stimulation of an otherwise normal thyroid gland by TSH. In patients with established hypothalamic-pituitary disease, a low FT4 concentration …
A proposed algorithm for the screening, diagnosis, and staging of diabetic sarcopenia, a comorbidity of type 2 diabetes that needs to be given more attention.
Authors:
Daniel de Luis Román, Juana Carretero Gómez, José Manuel García-Almeida, Fernando Garrachón Vallo, German Guzmán Rolo, Juan José López Gómez, Francisco José Tarazona-Santabalbina, Alejandro Sanz-Paris
Relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) is common in critically ill patients with cirrhosis, but it has been also documented in non-critically ill patients. Its pathophysiology is complex and not well understood yet. In this review, we aimed to …
Authors:
Maria Kalafateli, Ioanna Aggeletopoulou, Christos Triantos
Pituitary hormone deficiency, hypopituitarism, is a dysfunction resulting from numerous etiologies, which can be complete or partial, and is therefore heterogeneous. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to interpret the results of scientific …
Women with hypopituitarism have various degrees of androgen deficiency, which is marked among those with combined hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and secondary adrenal insufficiency. The consequences of androgen deficiency and the effects of …
Authors:
Daniela Esposito, Åsa Tivesten, Catharina Olivius, Oskar Ragnarsson, Gudmundur Johannsson
Hypopituitarism in the elderly is an underestimated condition mainly due to the non-specific presentation that can be attributed to the effects of aging and the presence of comorbidities. Diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism often represent …
Authors:
Andrea Corsello, Rosa Maria Paragliola, Roberto Salvatori
Hypopituitarism (HP) frequently occurs in patients presenting with sellar masses and despite recent advances in therapeutic options, HP patients consistently suffer from impaired quality of life due to psychological distress and cognitive …
Hypopituitarism, or the failure to secrete hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and/or to release hormones from the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), can be congenital or acquired. When more than one pituitary hormone …
Authors:
Rodolfo A. Rey, Ignacio Bergadá, María Gabriela Ballerini, Débora Braslavsky, Ana Chiesa, Analía Freire, Romina P. Grinspon, Ana Keselman, Andrea Arcari
