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Journal of Translational Medicine
Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine 1/2021

Open Access 01-12-2021 | Review

Hypoxia and the phenomenon of immune exclusion

Authors: Violena Pietrobon, Francesco M. Marincola

Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine | Issue 1/2021

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Abstract

Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring.
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Metadata
Title
Hypoxia and the phenomenon of immune exclusion
Authors
Violena Pietrobon
Francesco M. Marincola
Publication date
01-12-2021
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Translational Medicine / Issue 1/2021
Electronic ISSN: 1479-5876
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02667-4

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