Updates on Management of Biochemical Recurrent Prostate Cancer

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go back to reference Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Eisenberger M, Dorey FJ, Walsh PC, et al. Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 2005;294(4):433–9.CrossRefPubMed Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Eisenberger M, Dorey FJ, Walsh PC, et al. Risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality following biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 2005;294(4):433–9.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Eisenberger M, Dorey FJ, Walsh PC, et al. Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1765–71.CrossRefPubMed Freedland SJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Eisenberger M, Dorey FJ, Walsh PC, et al. Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1765–71.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Spratt DE, McHugh DJ, Morris MJ, Morgans AK. Management of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: ensuring the right treatment of the right patient at the right time. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2018;38:355–62.CrossRefPubMed Spratt DE, McHugh DJ, Morris MJ, Morgans AK. Management of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: ensuring the right treatment of the right patient at the right time. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2018;38:355–62.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Simon NI, Parker C, Hope TA, Paller CJ. Best approaches and updates for prostate cancer biochemical recurrence. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book Am Soc Clin Oncol Annu Meet. 2022;42:1–8. Simon NI, Parker C, Hope TA, Paller CJ. Best approaches and updates for prostate cancer biochemical recurrence. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book Am Soc Clin Oncol Annu Meet. 2022;42:1–8.

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go back to reference Abghari-Gerst M, Armstrong WR, Nguyen K, Calais J, Czernin J, Lin D, et al. A Comprehensive assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: results from a prospective multicenter study on 2,005 patients. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2022;63(4):567–72. Abghari-Gerst M, Armstrong WR, Nguyen K, Calais J, Czernin J, Lin D, et al. A Comprehensive assessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: results from a prospective multicenter study on 2,005 patients. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2022;63(4):567–72.

go back to reference Verburg FA, Pfister D, Heidenreich A, Vogg A, Drude NI, Vöö S, et al. Extent of disease in recurrent prostate cancer determined by [(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT in relation to PSA levels, PSA doubling time and Gleason score. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(3):397–403.CrossRefPubMed Verburg FA, Pfister D, Heidenreich A, Vogg A, Drude NI, Vöö S, et al. Extent of disease in recurrent prostate cancer determined by [(68)Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT in relation to PSA levels, PSA doubling time and Gleason score. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(3):397–403.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Eiber M, Maurer T, Souvatzoglou M, Beer AJ, Ruffani A, Haller B, et al. Evaluation of hybrid 68Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT in 248 patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2015;56(5):668–74. Eiber M, Maurer T, Souvatzoglou M, Beer AJ, Ruffani A, Haller B, et al. Evaluation of hybrid ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT in 248 patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Nucl Med Off Publ Soc Nucl Med. 2015;56(5):668–74.

go back to reference Burgard C, Hoffmann MA, Frei M, Buchholz HG, Khreish F, Marlowe RJ, et al. Detection efficacy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with very low PSA levels: a 7-year, two-center “real-world” experience. Cancers. 2023;15(5):1376.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Burgard C, Hoffmann MA, Frei M, Buchholz HG, Khreish F, Marlowe RJ, et al. Detection efficacy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with very low PSA levels: a 7-year, two-center “real-world” experience. Cancers. 2023;15(5):1376.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference • Surasi DS, Eiber M, Maurer T, Preston MA, Helfand BT, Josephson D, et al. Diagnostic performance and safety of positron emission tomography with 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 in patients with newly diagnosed unfavourable intermediate- to very-high-risk prostate cancer: results from a phase 3, prospective, multicentre study (LIGHTHOUSE). Eur Urol. 2023;84(4):361–70. This reference is of importance as it describes the newest PSMA-targeting radiopharmaceutical approved for use in detecting metastatic prostate cancer by PSMA-PET imaging.CrossRefPubMed • Surasi DS, Eiber M, Maurer T, Preston MA, Helfand BT, Josephson D, et al. Diagnostic performance and safety of positron emission tomography with 18F-rhPSMA-7.3 in patients with newly diagnosed unfavourable intermediate- to very-high-risk prostate cancer: results from a phase 3, prospective, multicentre study (LIGHTHOUSE). Eur Urol. 2023;84(4):361–70. This reference is of importance as it describes the newest PSMA-targeting radiopharmaceutical approved for use in detecting metastatic prostate cancer by PSMA-PET imaging.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pinckaers H, van Ipenburg J, Melamed J, De Marzo A, Platz EA, van Ginneken B, et al. Predicting biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with artificial intelligence. Commun Med. 2022;2(1):1–9.CrossRef Pinckaers H, van Ipenburg J, Melamed J, De Marzo A, Platz EA, van Ginneken B, et al. Predicting biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with artificial intelligence. Commun Med. 2022;2(1):1–9.CrossRef

go back to reference Wei J, Wu X, Li Y, Tao X, Wang B, Yin G. Identification of potential predictor of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:4897–905.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wei J, Wu X, Li Y, Tao X, Wang B, Yin G. Identification of potential predictor of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:4897–905.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

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go back to reference Parker CC, Clarke NW, Cook AD, Kynaston HG, Petersen PM, Catton C, et al. Timing of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (RADICALS-RT): a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2020;396(10260):1413–21.CrossRef Parker CC, Clarke NW, Cook AD, Kynaston HG, Petersen PM, Catton C, et al. Timing of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (RADICALS-RT): a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2020;396(10260):1413–21.CrossRef

go back to reference Kneebone A, Fraser-Browne C, Duchesne GM, Fisher R, Frydenberg M, Herschtal A, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy (TROG 08.03/ANZUP RAVES): a randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 21(10):1331–40. Kneebone A, Fraser-Browne C, Duchesne GM, Fisher R, Frydenberg M, Herschtal A, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy (TROG 08.03/ANZUP RAVES): a randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 21(10):1331–40.

go back to reference Sargos P, Chabaud S, Latorzeff I, Magné N, Benyoucef A, Supiot S, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy plus short-term androgen deprivation therapy in men with localised prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 17): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(10):1341–52.CrossRefPubMed Sargos P, Chabaud S, Latorzeff I, Magné N, Benyoucef A, Supiot S, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy plus short-term androgen deprivation therapy in men with localised prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 17): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(10):1341–52.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Carrie C, Magné N, Burban-Provost P, Sargos P, Latorzeff I, Lagrange JL, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy as salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (GETUG-AFU 16): a 112-month follow-up of a phase 3, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(12):1740–9.CrossRefPubMed Carrie C, Magné N, Burban-Provost P, Sargos P, Latorzeff I, Lagrange JL, et al. Short-term androgen deprivation therapy combined with radiotherapy as salvage treatment after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (GETUG-AFU 16): a 112-month follow-up of a phase 3, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(12):1740–9.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pollack A, Karrison TG, Balogh AG, Gomella LG, Low DA, Bruner DW, et al. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy and pelvic lymph node treatment to prostate bed salvage radiotherapy (NRG Oncology/RTOG 0534 SPPORT): an international, multicentre, randomised phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2022;399(10338):1886–901.CrossRef Pollack A, Karrison TG, Balogh AG, Gomella LG, Low DA, Bruner DW, et al. The addition of androgen deprivation therapy and pelvic lymph node treatment to prostate bed salvage radiotherapy (NRG Oncology/RTOG 0534 SPPORT): an international, multicentre, randomised phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2022;399(10338):1886–901.CrossRef

go back to reference • Tran PT, Lowe K, Tsai HL, Song DY, Hung AY, Hearn JWD, et al. Phase II randomized study of salvage radiation therapy plus enzalutamide or placebo for high-risk prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: the SALV-ENZA trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2023;41(6):1307–17. This reference is of importance as it is first to describe the use of enzalutamide vs. androgen deprivation therapy in addition to salvage radiation in men with high-risk biochemical recurrent prostate cancer following surgery. It demonstrates the benefit of enzalutamide + salvage radiation combination in men with pT3 and positive margin status, specifically.CrossRef • Tran PT, Lowe K, Tsai HL, Song DY, Hung AY, Hearn JWD, et al. Phase II randomized study of salvage radiation therapy plus enzalutamide or placebo for high-risk prostate-specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: the SALV-ENZA trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2023;41(6):1307–17. This reference is of importance as it is first to describe the use of enzalutamide vs. androgen deprivation therapy in addition to salvage radiation in men with high-risk biochemical recurrent prostate cancer following surgery. It demonstrates the benefit of enzalutamide + salvage radiation combination in men with pT3 and positive margin status, specifically.CrossRef

go back to reference Aggarwal R, Alumkal JJ, Szmulewitz RZ, Higano CS, Bryce AH, Lopez-Gitlitz A, et al. Randomized, open-label phase 2 study of apalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy versus apalutamide monotherapy versus androgen deprivation monotherapy in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer. 2022;2022:5454727.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Aggarwal R, Alumkal JJ, Szmulewitz RZ, Higano CS, Bryce AH, Lopez-Gitlitz A, et al. Randomized, open-label phase 2 study of apalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy versus apalutamide monotherapy versus androgen deprivation monotherapy in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer. 2022;2022:5454727.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference •• Freedland SJ, Luz M, Giorgi U, Gleave M, Gotto GT, Piecczonka CM, et al. Improved outcomes with enzalutamide in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. NEJM. 2023;389(16):1453–65. This reference is of outstanding importance as it is a just-published and practice-changing global, multicenter study (EMBARK) presenting the first utilization and superior efficacy of enzalutamide monotherapy and enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy as compared to androgen deprivation therapy alone in men with high-risk biochemical recurrent prostate cancer.CrossRefPubMed •• Freedland SJ, Luz M, Giorgi U, Gleave M, Gotto GT, Piecczonka CM, et al. Improved outcomes with enzalutamide in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. NEJM. 2023;389(16):1453–65. This reference is of outstanding importance as it is a just-published and practice-changing global, multicenter study (EMBARK) presenting the first utilization and superior efficacy of enzalutamide monotherapy and enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy as compared to androgen deprivation therapy alone in men with high-risk biochemical recurrent prostate cancer.CrossRefPubMed