Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 5/2013

Open Access 01-10-2013

Coronary Flow Reserve from Mouse to Man—from Mechanistic Understanding to Future Interventions

Authors: Li-Ming Gan, Johannes Wikström, Regina Fritsche-Danielson

Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research | Issue 5/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Myocardial ischemia is recognized as an important mechanism increasing the risk for cardiovascular events in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. In addition to obstructive coronary diseases, systemic inflammation, macro- and microvascular function are additional important mechanisms contributing to the ischemic myocardium. Accumulating evidence indicates that coronary flow reserve (CFR) is a quantitative measurement of ischemia including integrated information on structure and function of the coronary artery at all levels. Not surprisingly, CFR has been shown to confer strong prognostic value for hard cardiovascular (CV) events in a number of relevant patient cohorts. Using high-resolution imaging, it is now possible to study coronary arteries from mouse to man. Therefore, CFR may be an important translational tool to risk-stratify patients and to perform both preclinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies before investing in large-scale outcome trials, thus improving the translational value for novel CV targets.
Literature
1.
go back to reference de Fatima Marinho de Souza, M., Gawryszewski, V. P., Orduñez, P., Sanhueza, A., & Espinal, M. A. (2012). Cardiovascular disease mortality in the Americas: current trends and disparities. Heart, 16(98), 1207–1212.CrossRef de Fatima Marinho de Souza, M., Gawryszewski, V. P., Orduñez, P., Sanhueza, A., & Espinal, M. A. (2012). Cardiovascular disease mortality in the Americas: current trends and disparities. Heart, 16(98), 1207–1212.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Gersh, B. J., Sliwa, K., Mayosi, B. M., & Yusuf, S. (2010). Novel therapeutic concepts: the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. European Heart Journal, 31(6), 642–648.PubMedCrossRef Gersh, B. J., Sliwa, K., Mayosi, B. M., & Yusuf, S. (2010). Novel therapeutic concepts: the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. European Heart Journal, 31(6), 642–648.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Dorbala, S., Di Carli, M. F., Beanlands, R. S., Merhige, M. E., Williams, B. A., Veledar, E., et al. (2013). Prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography: results from a multicenter observational registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(2), 176–184.PubMed Dorbala, S., Di Carli, M. F., Beanlands, R. S., Merhige, M. E., Williams, B. A., Veledar, E., et al. (2013). Prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography: results from a multicenter observational registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(2), 176–184.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Zellweger, M. J., Hachamovitch, R., Kang, X., Hayes, S. W., Friedman, J. D., Germano, G., et al. (2009). Threshold, incidence, and predictors of prognostically high-risk silent ischemia in asymptomatic patients without prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 16(2), 193–200.PubMedCrossRef Zellweger, M. J., Hachamovitch, R., Kang, X., Hayes, S. W., Friedman, J. D., Germano, G., et al. (2009). Threshold, incidence, and predictors of prognostically high-risk silent ischemia in asymptomatic patients without prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 16(2), 193–200.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Kannel, W. B., & Thomas, H. E., Jr. (1982). Sudden coronary death: the Framingham Study. Annuals of the New York Academy of Science, 382, 3–21.CrossRef Kannel, W. B., & Thomas, H. E., Jr. (1982). Sudden coronary death: the Framingham Study. Annuals of the New York Academy of Science, 382, 3–21.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Reichenbach, D. D., Moss, N. S., & Meyer, E. (1977). Pathology of the heart in sudden cardiac death. The American Journal of Cardiology, 39(6), 865–872.PubMedCrossRef Reichenbach, D. D., Moss, N. S., & Meyer, E. (1977). Pathology of the heart in sudden cardiac death. The American Journal of Cardiology, 39(6), 865–872.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Spaulding, C. M., Joly, L. M., Rosenberg, A., Monchi, M., Weber, S. N., Dhainaut, J. F., et al. (1997). Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(23), 1629–1633.PubMedCrossRef Spaulding, C. M., Joly, L. M., Rosenberg, A., Monchi, M., Weber, S. N., Dhainaut, J. F., et al. (1997). Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(23), 1629–1633.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference De Bruyne, B., Pijls, N. H., Kalesan, B., Barbato, E., Tonino, P. A., Piroth, Z., et al. (2012). Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(11), 991–1001.PubMedCrossRef De Bruyne, B., Pijls, N. H., Kalesan, B., Barbato, E., Tonino, P. A., Piroth, Z., et al. (2012). Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(11), 991–1001.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Virchow, R. (1856). Thrombose und Embolie. Gefässentzündung und septische Infektion. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Von Meidinger & Sohn. pp. 219–732. Matzdorff AC, Bell WR (1998). Thrombosis and Embolie (1846–1856). Virchow, R. (1856). Thrombose und Embolie. Gefässentzündung und septische Infektion. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Von Meidinger & Sohn. pp. 219–732. Matzdorff AC, Bell WR (1998). Thrombosis and Embolie (1846–1856).
10.
go back to reference Lowe, G. D. (2003). Virchow’s triad revisited: abnormal flow. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 33(5–6), 455–457.PubMedCrossRef Lowe, G. D. (2003). Virchow’s triad revisited: abnormal flow. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 33(5–6), 455–457.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Klabunde, R.E. (2011). Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, Second Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Klabunde, R.E. (2011). Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, Second Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
12.
go back to reference Gould, K. L., Kirkeeide, R. L., & Buchi, M. (1990). Coronary flow reserve as a measure of stenosis severity. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 15, 459–474.PubMedCrossRef Gould, K. L., Kirkeeide, R. L., & Buchi, M. (1990). Coronary flow reserve as a measure of stenosis severity. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 15, 459–474.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Westerhof, N., Boer, C., Lamberts, R. R., & Sipkema, P. (2006). Crosstalk between cardiac muscle and coronary vasculature. Physiological Reviews, 86, 1263–1308.PubMedCrossRef Westerhof, N., Boer, C., Lamberts, R. R., & Sipkema, P. (2006). Crosstalk between cardiac muscle and coronary vasculature. Physiological Reviews, 86, 1263–1308.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Gould, K. L., Lipscomb, K., & Hamilton, G. W. (1974). Physiological basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis: instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperaemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. The American Journal of Cardiology, 33, 87–94.PubMedCrossRef Gould, K. L., Lipscomb, K., & Hamilton, G. W. (1974). Physiological basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis: instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperaemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. The American Journal of Cardiology, 33, 87–94.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Johnson, N. P., & Gould, K. L. (2012). Integrating noninvasive absolute flow, coronary flow reserve, and ischemic thresholds into a comprehensive map of physiological severity. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(4), 430–440.CrossRef Johnson, N. P., & Gould, K. L. (2012). Integrating noninvasive absolute flow, coronary flow reserve, and ischemic thresholds into a comprehensive map of physiological severity. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(4), 430–440.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Erdogan, D., Yucel, H., Uysal, B.A., Ersoy, I.H., Icli, A., Akcay, S. et al. (2013). Effects of prediabetes and diabetes on left ventricular and coronary microvascular functions. Metabolism. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.011 Erdogan, D., Yucel, H., Uysal, B.A., Ersoy, I.H., Icli, A., Akcay, S. et al. (2013). Effects of prediabetes and diabetes on left ventricular and coronary microvascular functions. Metabolism. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.02.011
17.
go back to reference Dhawan, S. S., Corban, M. T., Nanjundappa, R. A., Eshtehardi, P., McDaniel, M. C., Kwarteng, C. A., et al. (2012). Coronary microvascular dysfunction is associated with higher frequency of thin-cap fibroatheroma. Atherosclerosis, 223(2), 384–388.PubMedCrossRef Dhawan, S. S., Corban, M. T., Nanjundappa, R. A., Eshtehardi, P., McDaniel, M. C., Kwarteng, C. A., et al. (2012). Coronary microvascular dysfunction is associated with higher frequency of thin-cap fibroatheroma. Atherosclerosis, 223(2), 384–388.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Johnson, N. P., Kirkeeide, R. L., & Gould, K. L. (2012). Is discordance of coronary flow reserve and fractional flow reserve due to methodology or clinically relevant coronary pathophysiology? Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(2), 193–202.CrossRef Johnson, N. P., Kirkeeide, R. L., & Gould, K. L. (2012). Is discordance of coronary flow reserve and fractional flow reserve due to methodology or clinically relevant coronary pathophysiology? Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(2), 193–202.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Aarnoudse, W. H., Botman, K. J., & Pijls, N. H. (2003). False-negative myocardial scintigraphy in balanced three-vessel disease, revealed by coronary pressure measurement. International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions, 5(2), 67–71.PubMed Aarnoudse, W. H., Botman, K. J., & Pijls, N. H. (2003). False-negative myocardial scintigraphy in balanced three-vessel disease, revealed by coronary pressure measurement. International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions, 5(2), 67–71.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Aarnoudse, W., Van’t Veer, M., Pijls, N. H., Ter Woorst, J., Vercauteren, S., Tonino, P., et al. (2007). Direct volumetric blood flow measurement in coronary arteries by thermodilution. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50(24), 2294–2304.PubMedCrossRef Aarnoudse, W., Van’t Veer, M., Pijls, N. H., Ter Woorst, J., Vercauteren, S., Tonino, P., et al. (2007). Direct volumetric blood flow measurement in coronary arteries by thermodilution. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50(24), 2294–2304.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Doucette, J. W., Corl, P. D., Payne, H. M., Flynn, A. E., Goto, M., Nassi, M., et al. (1992). Validation of a Doppler guide wire for intravascular measurement of coronary artery flow velocity. Circulation, 85, 1899–1911.PubMedCrossRef Doucette, J. W., Corl, P. D., Payne, H. M., Flynn, A. E., Goto, M., Nassi, M., et al. (1992). Validation of a Doppler guide wire for intravascular measurement of coronary artery flow velocity. Circulation, 85, 1899–1911.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Siebes, M., Verhoeff, B. J., Meuwissen, M., de Winter, R. J., Spaan, J. A., & Piek, J. J. (2004). Single-wire pressure and flow velocity measurement to quantify coronary stenosis hemodynamics and effects of percutaneous interventions. Circulation, 109(6), 756–762.PubMedCrossRef Siebes, M., Verhoeff, B. J., Meuwissen, M., de Winter, R. J., Spaan, J. A., & Piek, J. J. (2004). Single-wire pressure and flow velocity measurement to quantify coronary stenosis hemodynamics and effects of percutaneous interventions. Circulation, 109(6), 756–762.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Bergmann, S. R., Herrero, P., Markham, J., Weinheimer, C. J., & Walsh, M. N. (1989). Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 14, 639–652.PubMedCrossRef Bergmann, S. R., Herrero, P., Markham, J., Weinheimer, C. J., & Walsh, M. N. (1989). Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 14, 639–652.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Gould, K. L., Goldstein, R. A., Mullani, N. A., et al. (1986). Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VIII. Clinical feasibility of positron cardiac imaging without a cyclotron using generator produced rubidium-82. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 7, 775–789.PubMedCrossRef Gould, K. L., Goldstein, R. A., Mullani, N. A., et al. (1986). Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VIII. Clinical feasibility of positron cardiac imaging without a cyclotron using generator produced rubidium-82. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 7, 775–789.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Kajander, S., Joutsiniemi, E., Saraste, M., Pietilä, M., Ukkonen, H., & Saraste, A. (2010). Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation, 122(6), 603–613.PubMedCrossRef Kajander, S., Joutsiniemi, E., Saraste, M., Pietilä, M., Ukkonen, H., & Saraste, A. (2010). Cardiac positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation, 122(6), 603–613.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Choo, K.S., Hwangbo, L., Kim, J.H., Park, Y.H., Kim, J.S., Kim, J. (2013). Adenosine-stress low-dose single-scan CT myocardial perfusion imaging using a 128-slice dual-source CT: a comparison with fractional flow reserve. Acta Radiologica. DOI: 10.1177/0284185113475440 Choo, K.S., Hwangbo, L., Kim, J.H., Park, Y.H., Kim, J.S., Kim, J. (2013). Adenosine-stress low-dose single-scan CT myocardial perfusion imaging using a 128-slice dual-source CT: a comparison with fractional flow reserve. Acta Radiologica. DOI: 10.1177/0284185113475440
27.
go back to reference Christian, T. F., Rettmann, D. W., Aletras, A. H., Liao, S. L., Taylor, J. L., & Balaban, R. S. (2004). Absolute myocardial perfusion in canines measured by using dual-bolus first-pass MR imaging. Radiology, 232, 677–684.PubMedCrossRef Christian, T. F., Rettmann, D. W., Aletras, A. H., Liao, S. L., Taylor, J. L., & Balaban, R. S. (2004). Absolute myocardial perfusion in canines measured by using dual-bolus first-pass MR imaging. Radiology, 232, 677–684.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Ay, T., Havaux, X., Van Camp, G., Campanelli, B., Gisellu, G., Pasquet, A., et al. (2001). Destruction of contrast microbubbles by ultrasound: effects on myocardial function, coronary perfusion pressure, and microvascular integrity. Circulation, 104, 461–466.PubMedCrossRef Ay, T., Havaux, X., Van Camp, G., Campanelli, B., Gisellu, G., Pasquet, A., et al. (2001). Destruction of contrast microbubbles by ultrasound: effects on myocardial function, coronary perfusion pressure, and microvascular integrity. Circulation, 104, 461–466.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Hozumi, T., Yoshida, K., Ogata, Y., Akasaka, T., Asami, Y., Takagi, T., et al. (1998). Noninvasive assessment of significant left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis by coronary flow velocity reserve with transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography. Circulation, 97(16), 1557–1562.PubMedCrossRef Hozumi, T., Yoshida, K., Ogata, Y., Akasaka, T., Asami, Y., Takagi, T., et al. (1998). Noninvasive assessment of significant left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis by coronary flow velocity reserve with transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography. Circulation, 97(16), 1557–1562.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Lethen, H. P., Tries, H., Kersting, S., & Lambertz, H. (2003). Validation of noninvasive assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve in the right coronary artery. A comparison of transthoracic echocardiographic results with intracoronary Doppler flow wire measurements. European Heart Journal, 24(17), 1567–1575.PubMedCrossRef Lethen, H. P., Tries, H., Kersting, S., & Lambertz, H. (2003). Validation of noninvasive assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve in the right coronary artery. A comparison of transthoracic echocardiographic results with intracoronary Doppler flow wire measurements. European Heart Journal, 24(17), 1567–1575.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Murata, E., Hozumi, T., Matsumura, Y., Fujimoto, K., Sugioka, K., & Takemoto, Y. (2006). Coronary flow velocity reserve measurement in three major coronary arteries using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Echocardiography, 23(4), 279–286.PubMedCrossRef Murata, E., Hozumi, T., Matsumura, Y., Fujimoto, K., Sugioka, K., & Takemoto, Y. (2006). Coronary flow velocity reserve measurement in three major coronary arteries using transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Echocardiography, 23(4), 279–286.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Takeuchi, M., Lodato, J. A., Furlong, K. T., Lang, R. M., & Yoshikawa, J. (2005). Feasibility of measuring coronary flow velocity and reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in a relatively obese American population. Echocardiography, 22(3), 225–232.PubMedCrossRef Takeuchi, M., Lodato, J. A., Furlong, K. T., Lang, R. M., & Yoshikawa, J. (2005). Feasibility of measuring coronary flow velocity and reserve in the left anterior descending coronary artery by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in a relatively obese American population. Echocardiography, 22(3), 225–232.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Cortigiani, L., Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Bovenzi, F., Molinaro, S., & Picano, E. (2012). Coronary flow reserve during dipyridamole stress echocardiography predicts mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(11), 1079–1085.CrossRef Cortigiani, L., Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Bovenzi, F., Molinaro, S., & Picano, E. (2012). Coronary flow reserve during dipyridamole stress echocardiography predicts mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(11), 1079–1085.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Wittfeldt, A., Emanuelsson, H., Brandrup-Wognsen, G., van Giezen, J. J., Jonasson, J., Nylander, S., et al. (2013). Ticagrelor enhances adenosine-induced coronary vasodilatory responses in humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(7), 723–727.PubMedCrossRef Wittfeldt, A., Emanuelsson, H., Brandrup-Wognsen, G., van Giezen, J. J., Jonasson, J., Nylander, S., et al. (2013). Ticagrelor enhances adenosine-induced coronary vasodilatory responses in humans. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(7), 723–727.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Canetti, M., Akhter, M. W., Lerman, A., Karaalp, I. S., Zell, J. A., & Singh, H. (2003). Evaluation of myocardial blood flow reserve in patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 92, 1245–1249.CrossRef Canetti, M., Akhter, M. W., Lerman, A., Karaalp, I. S., Zell, J. A., & Singh, H. (2003). Evaluation of myocardial blood flow reserve in patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 92, 1245–1249.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Akasaka, T., Yoshida, K., Hozumi, T., Takagi, T., Kaji, S., Kawamoto, T., et al. (1997). Retinopathy identifies marked restriction of coronary flow reserve in patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 30, 935–941.PubMedCrossRef Akasaka, T., Yoshida, K., Hozumi, T., Takagi, T., Kaji, S., Kawamoto, T., et al. (1997). Retinopathy identifies marked restriction of coronary flow reserve in patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 30, 935–941.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Tsagalou, E. P., Anastasiou-Nana, M., Agapitos, E., Gika, A., Drakos, S. G., Terrovitis, J. V., et al. (2008). Depressed coronary flow reserve is associated with decreased myocardial capillary density in patients with heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52(17), 1391–1398.PubMedCrossRef Tsagalou, E. P., Anastasiou-Nana, M., Agapitos, E., Gika, A., Drakos, S. G., Terrovitis, J. V., et al. (2008). Depressed coronary flow reserve is associated with decreased myocardial capillary density in patients with heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52(17), 1391–1398.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Tasaki, H. (2003). Low-density lipoprotein apheresis in the prevention of recurrent coronary heart disease: a review. Thererapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 7(4), 408–412.CrossRef Tasaki, H. (2003). Low-density lipoprotein apheresis in the prevention of recurrent coronary heart disease: a review. Thererapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 7(4), 408–412.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Jeong, H. S., Hong, S. J., Park, J. H., Kim, J. H., Choi, S. C., Ahn, C. M., et al. (2012). Correlation between circulating angiogenic cell mobilizations and recovery of coronary flow reserve in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation Journal, 76(5), 1213–1221.PubMedCrossRef Jeong, H. S., Hong, S. J., Park, J. H., Kim, J. H., Choi, S. C., Ahn, C. M., et al. (2012). Correlation between circulating angiogenic cell mobilizations and recovery of coronary flow reserve in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation Journal, 76(5), 1213–1221.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Takahashi, T., Hiasa, Y., Ohara, Y., Miyazaki, S., Ogura, R., Miyajima, H., et al. (2007). Relation between neutrophil counts on admission, microvascular injury, and left ventricular functional recovery in patients with an anterior wall first acute myocardial infarction treated with primary coronary angioplasty. The American Journal of Cardiology, 100(1), 35–40.PubMedCrossRef Takahashi, T., Hiasa, Y., Ohara, Y., Miyazaki, S., Ogura, R., Miyajima, H., et al. (2007). Relation between neutrophil counts on admission, microvascular injury, and left ventricular functional recovery in patients with an anterior wall first acute myocardial infarction treated with primary coronary angioplasty. The American Journal of Cardiology, 100(1), 35–40.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Sarwar, N., Butterworth, A. S., Freitag, D. F., Gregson, J., Willeit, P., & Gorman, D. N. (2012). Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies. Lance, 379(9822), 1205–1213.CrossRef Sarwar, N., Butterworth, A. S., Freitag, D. F., Gregson, J., Willeit, P., & Gorman, D. N. (2012). Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies. Lance, 379(9822), 1205–1213.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Vaccarino, V., Khan, D., Votaw, J., Faber, T., Veledar, E., & Jones, D. P. (2011). Inflammation is related to coronary flow reserve detected by positron emission tomography in asymptomatic male twins. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(11), 1271–1279.PubMedCrossRef Vaccarino, V., Khan, D., Votaw, J., Faber, T., Veledar, E., & Jones, D. P. (2011). Inflammation is related to coronary flow reserve detected by positron emission tomography in asymptomatic male twins. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(11), 1271–1279.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Bonetti, P. O., Lerman, L. O., & Lerman, A. (2003). Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 23, 168–175.PubMedCrossRef Bonetti, P. O., Lerman, L. O., & Lerman, A. (2003). Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 23, 168–175.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Park, C. S., Youn, H. J., Kim, J. H., Cho, E. J., Jung, H. O., & Jeon, H. K. (2006). Relation between peripheral vascular endothelial function and coronary flow reserve in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiogram. International Journal of Cardiology, 113(1), 118–120.PubMedCrossRef Park, C. S., Youn, H. J., Kim, J. H., Cho, E. J., Jung, H. O., & Jeon, H. K. (2006). Relation between peripheral vascular endothelial function and coronary flow reserve in patients with chest pain and normal coronary angiogram. International Journal of Cardiology, 113(1), 118–120.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Hägg, U., Wandt, B., Bergström, G., Volkmann, R., & Gan, L. M. (2005). Physical exercise capacity is associated with coronary and peripheral vascular function in healthy young adults. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 289(4), H1627–H1634.PubMedCrossRef Hägg, U., Wandt, B., Bergström, G., Volkmann, R., & Gan, L. M. (2005). Physical exercise capacity is associated with coronary and peripheral vascular function in healthy young adults. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 289(4), H1627–H1634.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Buus, N. H., Bøttcher, M., Hermansen, F., Sander, M., Nielsen, T. T., & Mulvany, M. J. (2001). Influence of nitric oxide synthase and adrenergic inhibition on adenosine-induced myocardial hyperemia. Circulation, 104(19), 2305–2310.PubMedCrossRef Buus, N. H., Bøttcher, M., Hermansen, F., Sander, M., Nielsen, T. T., & Mulvany, M. J. (2001). Influence of nitric oxide synthase and adrenergic inhibition on adenosine-induced myocardial hyperemia. Circulation, 104(19), 2305–2310.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Albertal, M., Voskuil, M., Piek, J. J., de Bruyne, B., Van Langenhove, G., Kay, P. I., et al. (2002). Doppler endpoints balloon angioplasty trial Europe (DEBATE) II study group. Coronary flow velocity reserve after percutaneous interventions is predictive of periprocedural outcome. Circulation, 105(13), 1573–1578.PubMedCrossRef Albertal, M., Voskuil, M., Piek, J. J., de Bruyne, B., Van Langenhove, G., Kay, P. I., et al. (2002). Doppler endpoints balloon angioplasty trial Europe (DEBATE) II study group. Coronary flow velocity reserve after percutaneous interventions is predictive of periprocedural outcome. Circulation, 105(13), 1573–1578.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Murthy, V. L., Naya, M., Foster, C. R., Hainer, J., Gaber, M., Di Carli, G., et al. (2011). Improved cardiac risk assessment with noninvasive measures of coronary flow reserve. Circulation, 124(20), 2215–2224.PubMedCrossRef Murthy, V. L., Naya, M., Foster, C. R., Hainer, J., Gaber, M., Di Carli, G., et al. (2011). Improved cardiac risk assessment with noninvasive measures of coronary flow reserve. Circulation, 124(20), 2215–2224.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Murthy, V. L., Naya, M., Foster, C. R., Gaber, M., Hainer, J., Klein, J., et al. (2012). Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 126(15), 1858–1868.PubMedCrossRef Murthy, V. L., Naya, M., Foster, C. R., Gaber, M., Hainer, J., Klein, J., et al. (2012). Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 126(15), 1858–1868.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Galderisi, M., Pratali, L., Cortigiani, L., & Sicari, R. (2006). The prognostic impact of coronary flow-reserve assessed by Doppler echocardiography in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal, 27(11), 1319–1323.PubMedCrossRef Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Galderisi, M., Pratali, L., Cortigiani, L., & Sicari, R. (2006). The prognostic impact of coronary flow-reserve assessed by Doppler echocardiography in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal, 27(11), 1319–1323.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Meimoun, P., Boulanger, J., Luycx-Bore, A., Zemir, H., Elmkies, F., Malaquin, D., et al. (2010). Non-invasive coronary flow reserve after successful primary angioplasty for acute anterior myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of left ventricular adverse remodelling. European Journal of Echocardiography, 11(8), 711–718.PubMedCrossRef Meimoun, P., Boulanger, J., Luycx-Bore, A., Zemir, H., Elmkies, F., Malaquin, D., et al. (2010). Non-invasive coronary flow reserve after successful primary angioplasty for acute anterior myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of left ventricular adverse remodelling. European Journal of Echocardiography, 11(8), 711–718.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Tona, F., Caforio, A. L., Montisci, R., Gambino, A., Angelini, A., Ruscazio, M., et al. (2006). Coronary flow velocity pattern and coronary flow reserve by contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography predict long-term outcome in heart transplantation. Circulation, 114(1 Suppl), I49–I55.PubMed Tona, F., Caforio, A. L., Montisci, R., Gambino, A., Angelini, A., Ruscazio, M., et al. (2006). Coronary flow velocity pattern and coronary flow reserve by contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography predict long-term outcome in heart transplantation. Circulation, 114(1 Suppl), I49–I55.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Fukui, T., Watanabe, H., Aikawa, M., Tsunoda, Y., Tabata, M., Takanashi, S., et al. (2011). Assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography before and after coronary artery bypass grafting. The American Journal of Cardiology, 107(9), 1324–1328.PubMedCrossRef Fukui, T., Watanabe, H., Aikawa, M., Tsunoda, Y., Tabata, M., Takanashi, S., et al. (2011). Assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography before and after coronary artery bypass grafting. The American Journal of Cardiology, 107(9), 1324–1328.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Hinoi, T., Matsuo, S., Tadehara, F., Tsujiyama, S., & Yamakido, M. (2005). Acute effect of atorvastatin on coronary circulation measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in patients without coronary artery disease by angiography. The American Journal of Cardiology, 96(1), 89–91.PubMedCrossRef Hinoi, T., Matsuo, S., Tadehara, F., Tsujiyama, S., & Yamakido, M. (2005). Acute effect of atorvastatin on coronary circulation measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in patients without coronary artery disease by angiography. The American Journal of Cardiology, 96(1), 89–91.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Fujimoto, K., Hozumi, T., Watanabe, H., Shimada, K., Takeuchi, M., Sakanoue, Y., et al. (2004). Effect of fluvastatin therapy on coronary flow reserve in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The American Journal of Cardiology, 93(11), 1419–1421.PubMedCrossRef Fujimoto, K., Hozumi, T., Watanabe, H., Shimada, K., Takeuchi, M., Sakanoue, Y., et al. (2004). Effect of fluvastatin therapy on coronary flow reserve in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The American Journal of Cardiology, 93(11), 1419–1421.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Hong, S. J., Choi, S. C., Kim, J. S., Shim, W. J., Park, S. M., Ahn, C. M., et al. (2010). Low-dose versus moderate-dose atorvastatin after acute myocardial infarction: 8-month effects on coronary flow reserve and angiogenic cell mobilisation. Heart, 96(10), 756–764.PubMedCrossRef Hong, S. J., Choi, S. C., Kim, J. S., Shim, W. J., Park, S. M., Ahn, C. M., et al. (2010). Low-dose versus moderate-dose atorvastatin after acute myocardial infarction: 8-month effects on coronary flow reserve and angiogenic cell mobilisation. Heart, 96(10), 756–764.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Caliskan, M., Erdogan, D., Gullu, H., Topcu, S., Ciftci, O., Yildirir, A., et al. (2007). Effects of Atorvastatin on coronary flow reserve in patients with slow coronary flow reserve. Clinical Cardiology, 30(9), 475–479.PubMedCrossRef Caliskan, M., Erdogan, D., Gullu, H., Topcu, S., Ciftci, O., Yildirir, A., et al. (2007). Effects of Atorvastatin on coronary flow reserve in patients with slow coronary flow reserve. Clinical Cardiology, 30(9), 475–479.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Hinoi, T., Tomohiro, Y., Kajiwara, S., Matsuo, S., Fujimoto, Y., Yamamoto, S., et al. (2008). Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, improves coronary microcirculation and insulin resistance among essential hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension Research, 31(4), 615–622.PubMedCrossRef Hinoi, T., Tomohiro, Y., Kajiwara, S., Matsuo, S., Fujimoto, Y., Yamamoto, S., et al. (2008). Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, improves coronary microcirculation and insulin resistance among essential hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension Research, 31(4), 615–622.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Motz, W., & Strauer, B. E. (1996). Improvement of coronary flow reserve after long-term therapy with enalapril. Hypertension, 27(5), 103–108.CrossRef Motz, W., & Strauer, B. E. (1996). Improvement of coronary flow reserve after long-term therapy with enalapril. Hypertension, 27(5), 103–108.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Schwartzkopff, B., Brehm, M., Mundhenke, M., & Strauer, B. (2000). Repair of coronary arterioles after treatment with peridonpril in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension, 36(2), 220–225.PubMedCrossRef Schwartzkopff, B., Brehm, M., Mundhenke, M., & Strauer, B. (2000). Repair of coronary arterioles after treatment with peridonpril in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension, 36(2), 220–225.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Akinboboye, O. O., Chou, R. L., & Bergmann, S. R. (2002). Augmentation of myocardial blood flow in hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin antagonist: a comparision of lisinopril and losartan. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40(4), 703–709.PubMedCrossRef Akinboboye, O. O., Chou, R. L., & Bergmann, S. R. (2002). Augmentation of myocardial blood flow in hypertensive heart disease by angiotensin antagonist: a comparision of lisinopril and losartan. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40(4), 703–709.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Joffe, H. V., Kwong, R. Y., Gerhard-Herman, M. D., Rice, C., Feldman, K., & Adler, G. K. (2007). Beneficial effects of eplerenone versus hydrochlorothiazide on coronary circulatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92(7), 2552–2558.PubMedCrossRef Joffe, H. V., Kwong, R. Y., Gerhard-Herman, M. D., Rice, C., Feldman, K., & Adler, G. K. (2007). Beneficial effects of eplerenone versus hydrochlorothiazide on coronary circulatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92(7), 2552–2558.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Hesse, B., Meyer, C., Nielsen, F. S., Sato, A., Hove, J. D., Holm, S., et al. (2004). Myocardial perfusion in type 2 diabetes with left ventricular hypertrophy: normalisation by acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 31(3), 362–368.PubMedCrossRef Hesse, B., Meyer, C., Nielsen, F. S., Sato, A., Hove, J. D., Holm, S., et al. (2004). Myocardial perfusion in type 2 diabetes with left ventricular hypertrophy: normalisation by acute angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 31(3), 362–368.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Wang, G., He, L., Liu, J., Yu, J., Feng, X., Li, F., et al. (2013). Coronary flow velocity reserve is improved by PPAR-α Agonist fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 31(3), 161–167.PubMedCrossRef Wang, G., He, L., Liu, J., Yu, J., Feng, X., Li, F., et al. (2013). Coronary flow velocity reserve is improved by PPAR-α Agonist fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 31(3), 161–167.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Ikonomidis, I., Lekakis, J. P., Nikolaou, M., Paraskevaidis, I., Andreadou, I., Kaplanoglou, T., et al. (2008). Inhibition of interleukin-1 by anakinra improves vascular and left ventricular function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation, 117(20), 2662–2669.PubMedCrossRef Ikonomidis, I., Lekakis, J. P., Nikolaou, M., Paraskevaidis, I., Andreadou, I., Kaplanoglou, T., et al. (2008). Inhibition of interleukin-1 by anakinra improves vascular and left ventricular function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation, 117(20), 2662–2669.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Erdeogan, D., Tayyar, S., Uysal, B. A., Icli, A., Karabacak, M., Ozaydin, M., et al. (2012). Effects of alopurinol on coronary microvascular and left ventricular function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(6), 721–727.CrossRef Erdeogan, D., Tayyar, S., Uysal, B. A., Icli, A., Karabacak, M., Ozaydin, M., et al. (2012). Effects of alopurinol on coronary microvascular and left ventricular function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(6), 721–727.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Marzilli, M., Merz, C. N., Boden, W. E., Bonow, R. O., Capozza, P. G., Chilian, W. M., et al. (2012). Obstructive coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease: an elusive link! Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 60(11), 951–956.PubMedCrossRef Marzilli, M., Merz, C. N., Boden, W. E., Bonow, R. O., Capozza, P. G., Chilian, W. M., et al. (2012). Obstructive coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease: an elusive link! Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 60(11), 951–956.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Sen, N., Afsar, B., Ozcan, F., Buyukkaya, E., Isleyen, A., Akcay, A. B., et al. (2013). The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with impaired myocardial perfusion and long term adverse outcome in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis, 228(1), 203–210.PubMedCrossRef Sen, N., Afsar, B., Ozcan, F., Buyukkaya, E., Isleyen, A., Akcay, A. B., et al. (2013). The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with impaired myocardial perfusion and long term adverse outcome in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis, 228(1), 203–210.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Ohba, K., Sugiyama, S., Sumida, H., Nozaki, T., Matsubara, J., Matsuzawa, Y., et al. (2012). Microvascular coronary artery spasm presents distinctive clinical features with endothelial dysfunction as nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Journal of the American Heart Association, epub ahead of print. Ohba, K., Sugiyama, S., Sumida, H., Nozaki, T., Matsubara, J., Matsuzawa, Y., et al. (2012). Microvascular coronary artery spasm presents distinctive clinical features with endothelial dysfunction as nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Journal of the American Heart Association, epub ahead of print.
70.
go back to reference Herrmann, J., Kaski, J. C., & Lerman, A. (2012). Coronary microvascular dysfunction in the clinical setting: from mystery to reality. European Heart Journal, 33(22), 2771–2782b.PubMedCrossRef Herrmann, J., Kaski, J. C., & Lerman, A. (2012). Coronary microvascular dysfunction in the clinical setting: from mystery to reality. European Heart Journal, 33(22), 2771–2782b.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Gan, L. M., Wikström, J., Bergström, G., & Wandt, B. (2004). Non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries in living mice using high-resolution echocardiography. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 38(2), 121–126.PubMedCrossRef Gan, L. M., Wikström, J., Bergström, G., & Wandt, B. (2004). Non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries in living mice using high-resolution echocardiography. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 38(2), 121–126.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Wikström, J., Grönros, J., Bergström, G., & Gan, L. M. (2005). Functional and morphologic imaging of coronary atherosclerosis in living mice using high-resolution color doppler echocardiography and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 46(4), 720–727.PubMedCrossRef Wikström, J., Grönros, J., Bergström, G., & Gan, L. M. (2005). Functional and morphologic imaging of coronary atherosclerosis in living mice using high-resolution color doppler echocardiography and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 46(4), 720–727.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Saraste, A., Kyto, V., Saraste, M., Vuorinen, T., Hartiala, J., & Saukko, P. (2006). Coronary flow reserve and heart failure in experimental coxsackie virus myocarditis. A transthoracic Doppler echocardiography study. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 291, H871–H875.PubMedCrossRef Saraste, A., Kyto, V., Saraste, M., Vuorinen, T., Hartiala, J., & Saukko, P. (2006). Coronary flow reserve and heart failure in experimental coxsackie virus myocarditis. A transthoracic Doppler echocardiography study. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 291, H871–H875.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Wikström, J., Grönros, J., & Gan, L. M. (2008). Adenosine induces dilation of epicardial coronary arteries in mice—relationship between coronary flow velocity reserve and coronary flow reserve in vivo using transthoracic echocardiography. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 34(7), 1053–1062.PubMedCrossRef Wikström, J., Grönros, J., & Gan, L. M. (2008). Adenosine induces dilation of epicardial coronary arteries in mice—relationship between coronary flow velocity reserve and coronary flow reserve in vivo using transthoracic echocardiography. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 34(7), 1053–1062.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Grönros, J., Wikström, J., Hägg, U., Wandt, B., & Gan, L. M. (2006). Proximal to middle left coronary artery flow velocity ratio, as assessed using color Doppler echocardiography, predicts coronary artery atherosclerosis in mice. Arteriosclererosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 26, 1126–1131.CrossRef Grönros, J., Wikström, J., Hägg, U., Wandt, B., & Gan, L. M. (2006). Proximal to middle left coronary artery flow velocity ratio, as assessed using color Doppler echocardiography, predicts coronary artery atherosclerosis in mice. Arteriosclererosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, 26, 1126–1131.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Croteau, E., Benard, F., Bentourkia, M. H., Rousseau, J., Paquette, M., & Lecomte, R. (2004). Quantitative myocardial perfusion and coronary reserve in rats with 13N-ammonia and small animal PET:impact of anesthesia and pharmacologic stress agents. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 45, 1924–1930.PubMed Croteau, E., Benard, F., Bentourkia, M. H., Rousseau, J., Paquette, M., & Lecomte, R. (2004). Quantitative myocardial perfusion and coronary reserve in rats with 13N-ammonia and small animal PET:impact of anesthesia and pharmacologic stress agents. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 45, 1924–1930.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Hartley, C. J., Reddy, A. K., Madala, S., Michael, L. H., Entman, M. L., & Taffet, G. E. (2007). Effects of isofluorane on coronary blood flow velocity in young, old and apoE(−/−) mice measured by Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 33(4), 512–521.PubMedCrossRef Hartley, C. J., Reddy, A. K., Madala, S., Michael, L. H., Entman, M. L., & Taffet, G. E. (2007). Effects of isofluorane on coronary blood flow velocity in young, old and apoE(−/−) mice measured by Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 33(4), 512–521.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Saraste, M., Kokskenvuo, J., Knuuti, J., Toikka, J., Laine, H., Niemi, P., et al. (2001). Coronary flow reserve: measurement with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is reproducible and comparable with positron emission tomography. Clinical Physiology, 21(1), 114–122.PubMedCrossRef Saraste, M., Kokskenvuo, J., Knuuti, J., Toikka, J., Laine, H., Niemi, P., et al. (2001). Coronary flow reserve: measurement with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is reproducible and comparable with positron emission tomography. Clinical Physiology, 21(1), 114–122.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Hägg, U., Grönros, J., Wikström, J., Jonsdottir, I. H., Bergström, G., & Gan, L. M. (2005). Voluntary physical exercise and coronary flow velocity reserve: a transthoracic colour Doppler echocardiography study in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clinical Science, 109(3), 325–334.PubMedCrossRef Hägg, U., Grönros, J., Wikström, J., Jonsdottir, I. H., Bergström, G., & Gan, L. M. (2005). Voluntary physical exercise and coronary flow velocity reserve: a transthoracic colour Doppler echocardiography study in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clinical Science, 109(3), 325–334.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Hägg, U., Andersson, I., Naylor, A. S., Grönros, J., Jonsdottir, I. H., Bergström, G., et al. (2004). Voluntary physical exercise-induced vascular effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clinical Science, 107(6), 571–581.PubMedCrossRef Hägg, U., Andersson, I., Naylor, A. S., Grönros, J., Jonsdottir, I. H., Bergström, G., et al. (2004). Voluntary physical exercise-induced vascular effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clinical Science, 107(6), 571–581.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Ballantyne, C. M., Raichlen, J. S., Nicholls, S. J., Erbel, R., Tardif, J. C., Brener, S. J., et al. (2008). Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden. Circulation, 117(19), 2458–2466.PubMedCrossRef Ballantyne, C. M., Raichlen, J. S., Nicholls, S. J., Erbel, R., Tardif, J. C., Brener, S. J., et al. (2008). Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden. Circulation, 117(19), 2458–2466.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Blum, A., & Shamburek, R. (2009). The pleiotropic effects of statin on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, immunomodulation and thrombogenesis. Atherosclerosis, 203(2), 325–330.PubMedCrossRef Blum, A., & Shamburek, R. (2009). The pleiotropic effects of statin on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, immunomodulation and thrombogenesis. Atherosclerosis, 203(2), 325–330.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Ross, S. D., Allen, I. E., Connelly, J. E., Korenblat, B. M., Smith, M. E., Bishop, D., et al. (1999). Clinical outcomes in statin treatment trials: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(15), 1793–1802.PubMedCrossRef Ross, S. D., Allen, I. E., Connelly, J. E., Korenblat, B. M., Smith, M. E., Bishop, D., et al. (1999). Clinical outcomes in statin treatment trials: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(15), 1793–1802.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Jr., Kastelein, J. J., et al. (2008). Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(21), 2195–2207.PubMedCrossRef Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Jr., Kastelein, J. J., et al. (2008). Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(21), 2195–2207.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference de Haan, W., van der Hoogt, C. C., Westerterp, M., Hoekstra, M., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., Princen, H. M., et al. (2008). Atorvastatin increases HDL cholesterol by reducing CETP expression in cholesterol-fed APOE*3-Leiden CETP mice. Atherosclerosis, 197(1), 57–63.PubMedCrossRef de Haan, W., van der Hoogt, C. C., Westerterp, M., Hoekstra, M., Dallinga-Thie, G. M., Princen, H. M., et al. (2008). Atorvastatin increases HDL cholesterol by reducing CETP expression in cholesterol-fed APOE*3-Leiden CETP mice. Atherosclerosis, 197(1), 57–63.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference van de Poll, S. W., Delsing, D. J., Jukema, J. W., Princen, H. M., Havekes, L. M., Puppels, G. J., et al. (2003). Effects of amlodipine, atorvastatin and combination of both on advanced atherosclerotic plaque in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 35(1), 109–118.PubMedCrossRef van de Poll, S. W., Delsing, D. J., Jukema, J. W., Princen, H. M., Havekes, L. M., Puppels, G. J., et al. (2003). Effects of amlodipine, atorvastatin and combination of both on advanced atherosclerotic plaque in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 35(1), 109–118.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Kleemann, R., Princen, H. M., Emeis, J. J., Jukema, J. W., Fontijn, R. D., Horrevoets, A. J., et al. (2003). Rosuvastatin reduces atherosclerosis development beyond and independent of its plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice: evidence for antiinflammatory effects of rosuvastatin. Circulation, 108(11), 1368–1374.PubMedCrossRef Kleemann, R., Princen, H. M., Emeis, J. J., Jukema, J. W., Fontijn, R. D., Horrevoets, A. J., et al. (2003). Rosuvastatin reduces atherosclerosis development beyond and independent of its plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice: evidence for antiinflammatory effects of rosuvastatin. Circulation, 108(11), 1368–1374.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Grönros, J., Wikström, J., Brandt-Eliasson, U., Forsberg, G. B., Behrendt, M., & Hansson, G. M. (2008). Effect of Rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular function in an ApoE-knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 295, H2046–H2053.PubMedCrossRef Grönros, J., Wikström, J., Brandt-Eliasson, U., Forsberg, G. B., Behrendt, M., & Hansson, G. M. (2008). Effect of Rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular function in an ApoE-knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 295, H2046–H2053.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Grönros, J., Jung, C., Lundberg, J. O., Cerrato, R., Ostenson, C. G., & Pernow, J. (2011). Arginase inhibition restores in vivo coronary microvascular function in type 2 diabetic rats. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 300(4), H1174–H1181.PubMedCrossRef Grönros, J., Jung, C., Lundberg, J. O., Cerrato, R., Ostenson, C. G., & Pernow, J. (2011). Arginase inhibition restores in vivo coronary microvascular function in type 2 diabetic rats. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 300(4), H1174–H1181.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Saraste, A., Kytö, V., Laitinen, I., Saraste, M., Leppänen, P., Ylä-Herttuala, S., et al. (2008). Severe coronary artery stenoses and reduced coronary flow velocity reserve in atherosclerotic mouse model: Doppler echocardiography validation study. Atherosclerosis, 200(1), 89–94.PubMedCrossRef Saraste, A., Kytö, V., Laitinen, I., Saraste, M., Leppänen, P., Ylä-Herttuala, S., et al. (2008). Severe coronary artery stenoses and reduced coronary flow velocity reserve in atherosclerotic mouse model: Doppler echocardiography validation study. Atherosclerosis, 200(1), 89–94.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Katz, P. S., Trask, A. J., Souza-Smith, F. M., Hutchinson, K. R., Galantowicz, M. L., Lord, K. C., et al. (2011). Coronary arterioles in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice undergo a distinct pattern of remodeling associated with decreased vessel stiffness. Basic Research in Cardiology, 106(6), 1123–1134.PubMedCrossRef Katz, P. S., Trask, A. J., Souza-Smith, F. M., Hutchinson, K. R., Galantowicz, M. L., Lord, K. C., et al. (2011). Coronary arterioles in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice undergo a distinct pattern of remodeling associated with decreased vessel stiffness. Basic Research in Cardiology, 106(6), 1123–1134.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Hartley, C. J., Reddy, A. K., Michael, L. H., Entman, M. L., Chintalagattu, V., Khakoo, A. Y., et al. (2010). Coronary flow reserve in mice: effects of age, coronary disease, and vascular loading. Conference Proceedings IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 3780–3783. Hartley, C. J., Reddy, A. K., Michael, L. H., Entman, M. L., Chintalagattu, V., Khakoo, A. Y., et al. (2010). Coronary flow reserve in mice: effects of age, coronary disease, and vascular loading. Conference Proceedings IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 3780–3783.
93.
go back to reference Samuelsson, B. (1983). Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. Science, 220, 568–575.PubMedCrossRef Samuelsson, B. (1983). Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. Science, 220, 568–575.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Helgadottir, A., Manolescu, A., Thorleifsson, G., et al. (2004). The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Nature Genetics, 36, 233–239.PubMedCrossRef Helgadottir, A., Manolescu, A., Thorleifsson, G., et al. (2004). The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Nature Genetics, 36, 233–239.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Qiu, H., Gabrielsen, A., Agardh, H. E., Wan, M., Wetterholm, A., Wong, C. H., et al. (2006). Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human atherosclerotic lesions correlates with symptoms of plaque instability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(21), 8161–8166.CrossRef Qiu, H., Gabrielsen, A., Agardh, H. E., Wan, M., Wetterholm, A., Wong, C. H., et al. (2006). Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase in human atherosclerotic lesions correlates with symptoms of plaque instability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(21), 8161–8166.CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Tardif, J. C., L’allier, P. L., Ibrahim, R., Grégoire, J. C., Nozza, A., Cossette, M., et al. (2010). Treatment with 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor VIA-2291 (Atreleuton) in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, 3(3), 298–307.PubMedCrossRef Tardif, J. C., L’allier, P. L., Ibrahim, R., Grégoire, J. C., Nozza, A., Cossette, M., et al. (2010). Treatment with 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor VIA-2291 (Atreleuton) in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging, 3(3), 298–307.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Jawien, J., Gajda, M., Rudling, M., Mateuszuk, L., Olszanecki, R., Guzik, T. J., et al. (2006). Inhibition of five lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) by MK-886 decreases atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 36(3), 141–146.PubMedCrossRef Jawien, J., Gajda, M., Rudling, M., Mateuszuk, L., Olszanecki, R., Guzik, T. J., et al. (2006). Inhibition of five lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) by MK-886 decreases atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 36(3), 141–146.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Cao, R. Y., St Amand, T., Gräbner, R., Habenicht, A. J., & Funk, C. D. (2009). Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene pathway in atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 203(2), 395–400.PubMedCrossRef Cao, R. Y., St Amand, T., Gräbner, R., Habenicht, A. J., & Funk, C. D. (2009). Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene pathway in atherosclerotic lesion development in ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 203(2), 395–400.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Collin, M., Rossi, A., Cuzzocrea, S., Patel, N. S., Dipaola, R., Hadley, J., et al. (2004). Reduction of the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in 5-lipoxygenase knockout mice and by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 76(5), 961–970.PubMedCrossRef Collin, M., Rossi, A., Cuzzocrea, S., Patel, N. S., Dipaola, R., Hadley, J., et al. (2004). Reduction of the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in 5-lipoxygenase knockout mice and by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 76(5), 961–970.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Pleiner, J., Mittermayer, F., Schaller, G., MacAllister, R. J., & Wolzt, M. (2002). High doses of vitamin C reverse escherichia coli endotoxin-induced hyporeactivity to acetylcholine in the human forearm. Circulation, 106, 1460–1464.PubMedCrossRef Pleiner, J., Mittermayer, F., Schaller, G., MacAllister, R. J., & Wolzt, M. (2002). High doses of vitamin C reverse escherichia coli endotoxin-induced hyporeactivity to acetylcholine in the human forearm. Circulation, 106, 1460–1464.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Lefebvre, B., Caron, F., Bessard, G., & Stanke-Labesque, F. (2006). Effect of 5-lipoxygenase blockade on blood pressure and acetylcholine-evoked endothelium-dependent contraction in aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Hypertension, 24, 85–93.PubMedCrossRef Lefebvre, B., Caron, F., Bessard, G., & Stanke-Labesque, F. (2006). Effect of 5-lipoxygenase blockade on blood pressure and acetylcholine-evoked endothelium-dependent contraction in aorta from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Hypertension, 24, 85–93.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Dahlen, S. E., Bjork, J., Hedqvist, P., Arfors, K. E., Hammarström, S., Lindgren, J. A., et al. (1981). Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: in vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78, 3887–3891.CrossRef Dahlen, S. E., Bjork, J., Hedqvist, P., Arfors, K. E., Hammarström, S., Lindgren, J. A., et al. (1981). Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: in vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 78, 3887–3891.CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Allen, S., Dashwood, M., Morrison, K., & Yacoub, M. (1998). Differential leukotriene constrictor responses in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation, 97, 2406–2413.PubMedCrossRef Allen, S., Dashwood, M., Morrison, K., & Yacoub, M. (1998). Differential leukotriene constrictor responses in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Circulation, 97, 2406–2413.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Coronary Flow Reserve from Mouse to Man—from Mechanistic Understanding to Future Interventions
Authors
Li-Ming Gan
Johannes Wikström
Regina Fritsche-Danielson
Publication date
01-10-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research / Issue 5/2013
Print ISSN: 1937-5387
Electronic ISSN: 1937-5395
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-013-9497-5

Other articles of this Issue 5/2013

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research 5/2013 Go to the issue