Top

Published in:

01-12-2021 | Computed Tomography | Review

Overview of serum and tissue markers in colorectal cancer: a primer for radiologists

Authors: Apurva Bonde, Daniel A. Smith, Elias Kikano, Jennifer M. Yoest, Sree H. Tirumani, Nikhil H. Ramaiya

Published in: Abdominal Radiology | Issue 12/2021

Abstract

Serum and tissue tumor markers provide crucial information in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of colorectal cancers. Tissue tumor markers are increasingly used for determination of targeted chemotherapy planning based on genotyping of tumor cells. Recently, plasma-based technique of liquid biopsy is being evaluated for providing tumor biomarkers in the management of colorectal cancer. Tumor markers are commonly used in conjunction with imaging during initial staging, treatment determination, response assessment, and determination of recurrence or metastatic disease. Knowledge of tumor markers and their association with radiological findings is thus crucial for radiologists. Additionally, various novel imaging techniques are being evaluated as potential noninvasive imaging biomarkers to predict tumor genotypes, features, and tumor response. We review and discuss the potential role of these newer imaging techniques.

Graphic abstract

Lech G, Słotwiński R, Słodkowski M, Krasnodębski IW. Colorectal cancer tumour markers and biomarkers: Recent therapeutic advances. World journal of gastroenterology 2016;22(5):1745-1755. doi: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1745CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;70(1):7-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21590CrossRefPubMed

John SKP, George S, Primrose JN, Fozard JBJ. Symptoms and signs in patients with colorectal cancer. Colorectal Disease 2011;13(1):17-25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02221.xCrossRefPubMed

Mattiuzzi C, Sanchis-Gomar F, Lippi G. Concise update on colorectal cancer epidemiology. Ann Transl Med 2019;7(21):609. doi: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.07.91CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Luo H, Shen K, Li B, Li R, Wang Z, Xie Z. Clinical significance and diagnostic value of serum NSE, CEA, CA19-9, CA125 and CA242 levels in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2020;20(1):742-750. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11633CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rodriguez-Casanova A, Costa-Fraga N, Bao-Caamano A, López-López R, Muinelo-Romay L, Diaz-Lagares A. Epigenetic Landscape of Liquid Biopsy in Colorectal Cancer. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2021;9(37). doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.622459CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rosen LS, Jacobs IA, Burkes RL. Bevacizumab in Colorectal Cancer: Current Role in Treatment and the Potential of Biosimilars. Target Oncol 2017;12(5):599-610. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-017-0518-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Qin S, Li J, Wang L, Xu J, Cheng Y, Bai Y, Li W, Xu N, Lin LZ, Wu Q, Li Y, Yang J, Pan H, Ouyang X, Qiu W, Wu K, Xiong J, Dai G, Liang H, Hu C, Zhang J, Tao M, Yao Q, Wang J, Chen J, Eggleton SP, Liu T. Efficacy and Tolerability of First-Line Cetuximab Plus Leucovorin, Fluorouracil, and Oxaliplatin (FOLFOX-4) Versus FOLFOX-4 in Patients With RAS Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Open-Label, Randomized, Phase III TAILOR Trial. J Clin Oncol 2018;36(30):3031-3039. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.78.3183CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Molinari C, Marisi G, Passardi A, Matteucci L, De Maio G, Ulivi P. Heterogeneity in Colorectal Cancer: A Challenge for Personalized Medicine?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2018;19(12):3733.CrossRefPubMedCentral

10.

Sharma S. Tumor markers in clinical practice: General principles and guidelines. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2009;30(1):1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.56328CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Turano M, Delrio P, Rega D, Cammarota F, Polverino A, Duraturo F, Izzo P, De Rosa M. Promising Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers for Precision Prevention and Therapy. Cancers 2019;11(12). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121932CrossRefPubMedCentral

12.

Oh HH, Joo YE. Novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Intest Res 2020;18(2):168-183. doi: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00080CrossRefPubMed

13.

Koncina E, Haan S, Rauh S, Letellier E. Prognostic and Predictive Molecular Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer: Updates and Challenges. Cancers 2020;12(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020319CrossRefPubMedCentral

14.

Jelski W, Mroczko B. Biochemical Markers of Colorectal Cancer - Present and Future. Cancer Manag Res 2020;12:4789-4797. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.S253369CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Gao Y, Wang J, Zhou Y, Sheng S, Qian SY, Huo X. Evaluation of Serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, CA125 and Ferritin as Diagnostic Markers and Factors of Clinical Parameters for Colorectal Cancer. Sci Rep 2018;8(1):2732. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21048-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Vukobrat-Bijedic Z, Husic-Selimovic A, Sofic A, Bijedic N, Bjelogrlic I, Gogov B, Mehmedovic A. Cancer Antigens (CEA and CA 19-9) as Markers of Advanced Stage of Colorectal Carcinoma. Med Arch 2013;67(6):397-401. doi: https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2013.67.397-401CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Husic-Selimovic A, Bijedic N, Mehmedović A. Cancer Antigens (CEA and CA 19-9) as Markers of Advanced Stage of Colorectal Carcinoma. Med Arh 2013;67:397-401.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Litvak A, Cercek A, Segal N, Reidy-Lagunes D, Stadler ZK, Yaeger RD, Kemeny NE, Weiser MR, Pessin MS, Saltz L. False-positive elevations of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with a history of resected colorectal cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2014;12(6):907-913. doi: https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2014.0085CrossRef

19.

Karbownik-Lewinska M, Gesing A, Zasada K, Jedrzejczyk M, Sobieszczanska-Jablonska A, Krawczyk J, Kokoszko-Bilska A, Zygmunt A, Lewinski A. Relationship between lipid peroxidation or carcinoembryonic antigen and risk factors for non-communicable diseases in women at midlife and beyond. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2012;33(5):536-545.PubMed

20.

Khan MA, Maken RN, Nisar H, Fatima I, Khan IU, Masood M, Shahid AB. THE Role of Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen in recurrence of resectable colorectal carcinoma. Acta Clin Croat 2020;59(2):216-222. doi: https://doi.org/10.20471/acc.2020.59.02.03CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Arain MA, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, Cohen S, Cooper HS, Deming D, Farkas L, Garrido-Laguna I, Grem JL, Gunn A, Hecht JR, Hoffe S, Hubbard J, Hunt S, Johung KL, Kirilcuk N, Krishnamurthi S, Messersmith WA, Meyerhardt J, Miller ED, Mulcahy MF, Nurkin S, Overman MJ, Parikh A, Patel H, Pedersen K, Saltz L, Schneider C, Shibata D, Skibber JM, Sofocleous CT, Stoffel EM, Stotsky-Himelfarb E, Willett CG, Gregory KM, Gurski LA. Colon Cancer, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021;19(3):329-359. doi: https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2021.0012CrossRefPubMed

22.

Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, Dancey J, Arbuck S, Gwyther S, Mooney M, Rubinstein L, Shankar L, Dodd L, Kaplan R, Lacombe D, Verweij J. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45(2):228-247. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026CrossRefPubMed

23.

de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Flores E, Ducreux M, Lévi F, Paule B, Azoulay D, Castaing D, Lemoine A, Adam R. Tumor marker evolution: comparison with imaging for assessment of response to chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17(4):1010-1023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0887-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Hermunen K, Lantto E, Poussa T, Haglund C, Österlund P. Can carcinoembryonic antigen replace computed tomography in response evaluation of metastatic colorectal cancer? Acta Oncologica 2018;57(6):750-758. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1431400CrossRefPubMed

25.

Hung H, You J, Chiang J, Hsieh P, Chiang S, Lai C, Tasi W, Yeh C. Why recurrence was initially suspected during colorectal cancer postoperative surveillance?: A retrospective analysis. Medicine 2020;99(43):e22803. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022803CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Michl M, Koch J, Laubender RP, Modest DP, Giessen C, Schulz C, Heinemann V. Tumor markers CEA and CA 19-9 correlate with radiological imaging in metastatic colorectal cancer patients receiving first-line chemotherapy. Tumor Biology 2014;35(10):10121-10127. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2280-7CrossRefPubMed

27.

Sepulveda AR, Hamilton SR, Allegra CJ, Grody W, Cushman-Vokoun AM, Funkhouser WK, Kopetz SE, Lieu C, Lindor NM, Minsky BD, Monzon FA, Sargent DJ, Singh VM, Willis J, Clark J, Colasacco C, Rumble RB, Temple-Smolkin R, Ventura CB, Nowak JA. Molecular Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer: Guideline From the American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2017;35(13):1453-1486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.71.9807CrossRefPubMed

28.

Hardiman KM. Update on Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Genetics. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2018;31(3):147-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602234CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Cercek A, Braghiroli MI, Chou JF, Hechtman JF, Kemeny N, Saltz L, Capanu M, Yaeger R. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients with Colorectal Cancers Harboring NRAS Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(16):4753-4760. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-17-0400CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Ciardiello F, Tortora G. EGFR antagonists in cancer treatment. N Engl J Med 2008;358(11):1160-1174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0707704CrossRefPubMed

31.

Yarom N, Gresham G, Boame N, Jonker D. KRAS Status as a Predictor of Chemotherapy Activity in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019;18(4):e309-e315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2019.05.004CrossRefPubMed

32.

Arnold D, Lueza B, Douillard JY, Peeters M, Lenz HJ, Venook A, Heinemann V, Van Cutsem E, Pignon JP, Tabernero J, Cervantes A, Ciardiello F. Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials. Ann Oncol 2017;28(8):1713-1729. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx175CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

André T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, Jensen BV, Jensen LH, Punt C, Smith D, Garcia-Carbonero R, Benavides M, Gibbs P, de la Fouchardiere C, Rivera F, Elez E, Bendell J, Le DT, Yoshino T, Van Cutsem E, Yang P, Farooqui MZH, Marinello P, Diaz LA, Jr. Pembrolizumab in Microsatellite-Instability-High Advanced Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;383(23):2207-2218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2017699CrossRefPubMed

34.

Armstrong SA, Malley R, Weinberg BA. Molecular Profiling in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 2020;34(9):352-355. doi: https://doi.org/10.46883/onc.2020.3409.0352CrossRef

35.

Feng QY, Wei Y, Chen JW, Chang WJ, Ye LC, Zhu DX, Xu JM. Anti-EGFR and anti-VEGF agents: important targeted therapies of colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(15):4263-4275. doi: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4263CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Pentheroudakis G, Mavroeidis L, Papadopoulou K, Koliou GA, Bamia C, Chatzopoulos K, Samantas E, Mauri D, Efstratiou I, Pectasides D, Makatsoris T, Bafaloukos D, Papakostas P, Papatsibas G, Bombolaki I, Chrisafi S, Kourea HP, Petraki K, Kafiri G, Fountzilas G, Kotoula V. Angiogenic and Antiangiogenic VEGFA Splice Variants in Colorectal Cancer: Prospective Retrospective Cohort Study in Patients Treated With Irinotecan-Based Chemotherapy and Bevacizumab. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019;18(4):e370-e384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2019.07.007CrossRefPubMed

37.

Lipsyc M, Yaeger R. Impact of somatic mutations on patterns of metastasis in colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015;6(6):645-649. doi: https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.045CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Gào X, Zhang Y, Boakye D, Li X, Chang-Claude J, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Whole blood DNA methylation aging markers predict colorectal cancer survival: a prospective cohort study. Clin Epigenetics 2020;12(1):184-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-020-00977-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Musher BL, Melson JE, Amato G, Chan D, Hill M, Khan I, Kochuparambil ST, Lyons SE, Orsini J, Jr., Pedersen SK, Robb B, Saltzman J, Silinsky J, Gaur S, Tuck MK, LaPointe LC, Young GP. Evaluation of Circulating Tumor DNA for Methylated BCAT1 and IKZF1 to Detect Recurrence of Stage II/Stage III Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12):2702-2709. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-20-0574CrossRefPubMed

40.

Jin S, Zhu D, Shao F, Chen S, Guo Y, Li K, Wang Y, Ding R, Gao L, Ma W, Lu T, Li D, Zhang Z, Cai S, Liang X, Song H, Ji L, Li J, Zheng Z, Jiang F, Wu X, Luan J, Zhang H, Yang Z, Cantor CR, Xu C, Ding C. Efficient detection and post-surgical monitoring of colon cancer with a multi-marker DNA methylation liquid biopsy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021;118(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017421118CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Boysen AK, Pallisgaard N, Andersen CSA, Spindler KG. Circulating tumor DNA as a marker of minimal residual disease following local treatment of metastases from colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2020;59(12):1424-1429. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186x.2020.1806357CrossRefPubMed

42.

Gao W, Chen Y, Yang J, Zhuo C, Huang S, Zhang H, Shi Y. Clinical Perspectives on Liquid Biopsy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2021;12:634642. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.634642CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

van Helden EJ, Angus L, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, Heideman DAM, Boon E, van Es SC, Radema SA, van Herpen CML, de Groot DJA, de Vries EGE, Jansen M, Sleijfer S, Verheul HMW. RAS and BRAF mutations in cell-free DNA are predictive for outcome of cetuximab monotherapy in patients with tissue-tested RAS wild-type advanced colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2019;13(11):2361-2374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12550CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Bi F, Wang Q, Dong Q, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang J. Circulating tumor DNA in colorectal cancer: opportunities and challenges. Am J Transl Res 2020;12(3):1044-1055PubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Pesta M, Kucera R, Topolcan O, Karlikova M, Houfkova K, Polivka J, Macanova T, Machova I, Slouka D, Kulda V. Plasma microRNA Levels Combined with CEA and CA19-9 in the Follow-Up of Colorectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11060864CrossRef

46.

Ichikawa T, Erturk SM, Motosugi U, Sou H, Iino H, Araki T, Fujii H. High-B-Value Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Colorectal Cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology 2006;187(1):181-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.05.1005CrossRefPubMed

47.

Schurink NW, Lambregts DMJ, Beets-Tan RGH. Diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer: current applications and future perspectives. Br J Radiol 2019;92(1096):20180655-20180655. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180655CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Faria SC, Sagebiel T, Patnana M, Cox V, Viswanathan C, Lall C, Qayyum A, Bhosale PR. Tumor markers: myths and facts unfolded. Abdominal Radiology 2019;44(4):1575-1600. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1845-0CrossRefPubMed

49.

Deng HY, Zhu XQ, Ding YY, Li JD, Yang J, Ke TF, Wang R, Chen Q, Hu J, Wang YY, Liao CD. Multislice spiral CT images combined with CEA and lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio predict recurrence and post-operative metastasis of rectal cancer. Mol Cell Probes 2020;50:101502. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101502CrossRefPubMed

50.

Khakoo S, Carter PD, Brown G, Valeri N, Picchia S, Bali MA, Shaikh R, Jones T, Begum R, Rana I, Wotherspoon A, Terlizzo M, von Loga K, Kalaitzaki E, Saffery C, Watkins D, Tait D, Chau I, Starling N, Hubank M, Cunningham D. MRI Tumor Regression Grade and Circulating Tumor DNA as Complementary Tools to Assess Response and Guide Therapy Adaptation in Rectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(1):183-192. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-19-1996CrossRefPubMed

51.

de Baere T, Tselikas L, Yevich S, Boige V, Deschamps F, Ducreux M, Goere D, Nguyen F, Malka D. The role of image-guided therapy in the management of colorectal cancer metastatic disease. Eur J Cancer 2017;75:231-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.010CrossRefPubMed

52.

Rosenthal MH, Kim KW, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA, Ramaiya NH. Relationships between KRAS mutation status and baseline radiographic distribution of disease in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. Abdom Imaging 2014;39(6):1261-1266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-014-0165-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Xu Y, Xu Q, Ma Y, Duan J, Zhang H, Liu T, Li L, Sun H, Shi K, Xie S, Wang W. Characterizing MRI features of rectal cancers with different KRAS status. BMC Cancer 2019;19(1):1111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6341-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Jo SJ, Kim SH. Association between oncogenic RAS mutation and radiologic-pathologic findings in patients with primary rectal cancer. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019;9(2):238-246. doi: https://doi.org/10.21037/qims.2018.12.10CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Promsorn J, Chadbunchachai P, Somsap K, Paonariang K, Sa-ngaimwibool P, Apivatanasiri C, Lahoud RM, Harisinghani M. Imaging features associated with survival outcomes among colorectal cancer patients with and without KRAS mutation. Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine 2021;52(1):15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43055-020-00393-xCrossRef

56.

Cao Y, Zhang G, Bao H, Zhang S, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Li W, Yan X, Zhou J. Development of a dual-energy spectral CT based nomogram for the preoperative discrimination of mutated and wild-type KRAS in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Imaging 2021;69:205-212. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.08.023CrossRefPubMed

57.

Yang Z, Zhang X, Fang M, Li G, Duan X, Mao J, Shen J. Preoperative Diagnosis of Regional Lymph Node Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer With Quantitative Parameters From Dual-Energy CT. American Journal of Roentgenology 2019;213(1):W17-W25. doi: https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.20843CrossRefPubMed

58.

Negreros-Osuna AA, Parakh A, Corcoran RB, Pourvaziri A, Kambadakone A, Ryan DP, Sahani DV. Radiomics Texture Features in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Correlation with BRAF Mutation and 5-year Overall Survival. Radiology: Imaging Cancer 2020;2(5):e190084. doi: https://doi.org/10.1148/rycan.2020190084CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Eurboonyanun K, Lahoud RM, Kordbacheh H, Pourvaziri A, Promsorn J, Chadbunchachai P, O’Shea A, Atre ID, Harisinghani M. Imaging predictors of BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Abdominal Radiology 2020;45(8):2336-2344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02484-9CrossRefPubMed

60.

Lovinfosse P, Koopmansch B, Lambert F, Jodogne S, Kustermans G, Hatt M, Visvikis D, Seidel L, Polus M, Albert A, Delvenne P, Hustinx R. 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in rectal cancer: relationship with the RAS mutational status. Br J Radiol 2016;89(1063):20160212. doi: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160212CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Chen SW, Lin CY, Ho CM, Chang YS, Yang SF, Kao CH, Chang JG. Genetic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer Have Different Patterns on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med 2015;40(8):621-626. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000000830CrossRefPubMed

62.

Marcus RM, Fuentes DT, Lillemoe HA, Qayyum A, Aloia TA. Quantitative CT imaging features correlate with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CLM) mutational status. HPB 2018;20:S56-S57. doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2018.02.268CrossRef

63.

Yang L, Dong D, Fang M, Zhu Y, Zang Y, Liu Z, Zhang H, Ying J, Zhao X, Tian J. Can CT-based radiomics signature predict KRAS/NRAS/BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer? Eur Radiol 2018;28(5):2058-2067. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-5146-8CrossRefPubMed

64.

Buchbender C, Heusner TA, Lauenstein TC, Bockisch A, Antoch G. Oncologic PET/MRI, Part 1: Tumors of the Brain, Head and Neck, Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2012;53(6):928. doi: https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.105338CrossRefPubMed

65.

McKnight BN, Viola-Villegas NT. (89) Zr-ImmunoPET companion diagnostics and their impact in clinical drug development. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018;61(9):727-738. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.3605CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Jalil O, Afaq A, Ganeshan B, Patel U, Boone D, Endozo R, Groves A, Sizer B, Arulampalam T. Magnetic resonance-based texture parameters as potential imaging biomarkers for predicting long term survival in locally advanced rectal cancer treated by chemoradiotherapy. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland 2016;19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.13496CrossRef

67.

Chiloiro G, Rodriguez-Carnero P, Lenkowicz J, Casà C, Masciocchi C, Boldrini L, Cusumano D, Dinapoli N, Meldolesi E, Carano D, Damiani A, Barbaro B, Manfredi R, Valentini V, Gambacorta MA. Delta Radiomics Can Predict Distant Metastasis in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: The Challenge to Personalize the Cure. Front Oncol 2020;10:595012-595012. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.595012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Jeon SH, Song C, Chie EK, Kim B, Kim YH, Chang W, Lee YJ, Chung J-H, Chung JB, Lee K-W, Kang S-B, Kim J-S. Delta-radiomics signature predicts treatment outcomes after preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in rectal cancer. Radiation Oncology 2019;14(1):43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-019-1246-8CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Song L, Yin J. Application of Texture Analysis Based on Sagittal Fat-Suppression and Oblique Axial T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Identify Lymph Node Invasion Status of Rectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020;10(1364). doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01364CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Force UPST. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 2016;315(23):2564-2575. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5989CrossRef

71.

Moreno C, Kim DH, Bartel TB, Cash BD, Chang KJ, Feig BW, Fowler KJ, Garcia EM, Kambadakone AR, Lambert DL, Levy AD, Marin D, Peterson CM, Scheirey CD, Smith MP, Weinstein S, Carucci LR. ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) Colorectal Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15(5s):S56-s68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2018.03.014CrossRefPubMed

Title: Overview of serum and tissue markers in colorectal cancer: a primer for radiologists
Authors: Apurva Bonde
Daniel A. Smith
Elias Kikano
Jennifer M. Yoest
Sree H. Tirumani
Nikhil H. Ramaiya
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Computed Tomography
Computed Tomography
Cancer Biomarker
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Published in: Abdominal Radiology / Issue 12/2021
Print ISSN: 2366-004X
Electronic ISSN: 2366-0058
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03243-0

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Graphic abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2021

Tumor in vein (LR-TIV) and liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) v2018: diagnostic features, pitfalls, prognostic and management implications

Utility of machine learning of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2-weighted (T2W) radiomic features in PI-RADS version 2.1 category 3 lesions to predict prostate cancer diagnosis

MRI features of signet ring rectal cancer

Value of second opinion subspecialty radiology consultation in suspected abdominal medium vessel vasculitis

Introduction to the special section on young professionals in abdominal radiology: perspectives

New blood: trainee and early career engagement augmenting the society of abdominal radiology experience

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials