Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Obesity Surgery
Published in: Obesity Surgery 12/2020

01-12-2020 | Central Nervous System Trauma | Review

Bypassing TBI: Metabolic Surgery and the Link between Obesity and Traumatic Brain Injury—a Review

Authors: T. W. McGlennon, J. N. Buchwald, Walter J. Pories, Fang Yu, Arthur Roberts, Eric P. Ahnfeldt, Rukmini Menon, Henry Buchwald

Published in: Obesity Surgery | Issue 12/2020

Login to get access

Abstract

Obesity is a common outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that exacerbates principal TBI symptom domains identified as common areas of post-TBI long-term dysfunction. Obesity is also associated with increased risk of later-life dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Patients with obesity and chronic TBI may be more vulnerable to long-term mental abnormalities. This review explores the question of whether weight loss induced by bariatric surgery could delay or perhaps even reverse the progression of mental deterioration. Bariatric surgery, with its induction of weight loss, remission of type 2 diabetes, and other expressions of the metabolic syndrome, improves metabolic efficiency, leads to reversal of brain lesions seen on imaging studies, and improves function. These observations suggest that metabolic/bariatric surgery may be a most effective therapy for TBI.
Literature
1.
Sugerman HJ, Felton WL, Sismanis A, et al. Gastric surgery for pseudotumor cerebri associated with severe obesity. Ann Surg. 1999;229(5):634–42. Article and CommentaryPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
3.
Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, et al. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths following chronic TBI. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66:1–16.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Blyth BJ, Bazarian JJ. Traumatic alterations in consciousness: traumatic brain injury. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(3):571–94.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:987–1048.PubMed
6.
7.
8.
Popescu C, Anghelescu A, Daia C, et al. Actual data on epidemiological evolution and prevention endeavours regarding traumatic brain injury. J Med Life. 2015;8(3):272–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Glotfelty EJ, Delgado T, Tovar-Y-Romo LB, et al. Incretin mimetics as rational candidates for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2019;2(2):66–91.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
11.
Faul M, Xu L, Wald MM, et al. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths 2002–2006. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2010.
12.
Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, et al. Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Med. 2004;43(Suppl):84–105.
13.
14.
Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury: current status of potential mechanisms of injury and neurological outcomes. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(23):1834–48.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Lagraoui M, Sukumar G, Latoche JR, et al. Salsalate treatment following traumatic brain injury reduces inflammation and promotes a neuroprotective and neurogenic transcriptional response with concomitant functional recovery. Brain Behav Immun. 2016;S0889–1591(16):30552–9.
16.
McKee AC, Stern RA, Nowinski CJ, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain. 2013;136(Pt1):43–64.PubMed
17.
Logsdon AF, Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, et al. Role of microvascular disruption in brain damage from traumatic brain injury. Compr Physiol. 2015;5(3):1147–60.PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Marchesi VT. Alzheimer’s disease and CADASIL are heritable, adult-onset dementias that both involve damaged small blood vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71:949–55.PubMed
19.
Daneshvar DH, Riley DO, Nowinski CJ, et al. Long-term consequences: effects on normal development profile after concussion. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2011;22(4):683–700.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Masel BE, DeWitt DS. Traumatic brain injury: a disease process, not an event. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(8):1529–40.PubMed
21.
Corrigan JD, Hammond FM. Traumatic brain injury as a chronic health condition. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(6):1199–201.PubMed
22.
Graham NS, Sharp DJ. Understanding neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury: from mechanisms to clinical trials in dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(11):1221–33.PubMed
23.
El-Menyar A, Goyal A, Latifi R, et al. Brain-heart interactions in traumatic brain injury. Cardiol Rev. 2017;25(6):279–88.PubMed
24.
Annegers JF, Coan SP. The risks of epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. Seizure. 2000;9(7):453–7.PubMed
25.
Molaie AM, Maguire J. Neuroendocrine abnormalities following traumatic brain injury: an important contributor to neuropsychiatric sequelae. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:176.
26.
Hibbard MR, Gordon WA, Flanagan S, et al. Sexual dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. Neuro Rehabil. 2000;15(2):107–20.
27.
Ma EL, Smith AD, Desai N, et al. Bidirectional brain-gut interactions and chronic pathological changes after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2017;66:56–69.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
29.
Royes LFF, Gomez-Pinilla F. Making sense of gut feelings in the traumatic brain injury pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;102:345–61.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Emerging treatments for traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2009;14(1):67–84.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Mohamadpour M, Whitney K, Bergold PJ. The importance of therapeutic time window in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:07.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
McDonald SJ, Sun M, Agoston DV, et al. The effect of concomitant peripheral injury on traumatic brain injury pathobiology and outcome. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):90.PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Brewer-Smyth K. Obesity, traumatic brain injury, childhood abuse, and suicide attempts in females at risk. Rehabil Nurs. 2014;39(4):183–91.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Driver S, Juengst S, McShan EE, et al. A randomized controlled trial protocol for people with traumatic brain injury enrolled in a healthy lifestyle program (GLB-TBI). Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2019;14:100328.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Bruce-Keller AJ, Keller JN, Morrison CD. Obesity and vulnerability of the CNS. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1792(5):395–400.PubMed
36.
Lee Y, Wu A, Zuckerman S, et al. Obesity and neurocognitive recovery after sports-related concussion in athletes: a matched cohort study. Phys Sportsmed. 2016;44(3):217–22.PubMed
37.
Sherman M, Liu MM, Birnbaum S, et al. Adult obese mice suffer from chronic secondary brain injury after mild TBI. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):171.PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Lingsma HF, Roozenbeek B, Steyerberg EW, et al. Early prognosis in traumatic brain injury: from prophecies to predictions. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(5):543–54.PubMed
39.
Meldrum DR, Morris MA, Gambone JC. Obesity pandemic: causes, consequences, and solutions–but do we have the will? Fertil Steril. 2017;107(4):833–9.PubMed
40.
Uranga RM, Keller JN. The complex interactions between obesity, metabolism and the brain. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:513–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Raji CA, Ho AJ, Parikshak NN, et al. Brain structure and obesity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31(3):353–64.PubMed
42.
Willeumier KC, Taylor DV, Amen DG. Elevated BMI is associated with decreased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex using SPECT imaging in healthy adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(5):1095–7.
43.
Dorrance AM, Matin N, Pires PW. The effects of obesity on the cerebral vasculature. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2014;12(3):462–72.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Stillman CM, Weinstein AM, Marsland AL, et al. Body-brain connections: the effects of obesity and behavioral interventions on neurocognitive aging. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:115.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
van Bloemendaal L, Ijzerman RG, Ten Kulve JS, et al. Alterations in white matter volume and integrity in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31:621–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Park BY, Lee MJ, Kim M, et al. Structural and functional brain connectivity changes between people with abdominal and non-abdominal obesity and their association with behaviors of eating disorders. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:741.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Hoth KF, Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, et al. Functional MR imaging evidence of altered functional activation in metabolic syndrome. Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32:541–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Haley AP, Gonzales MM, Tarumi T, et al. Dyslipidemia links obesity to early cerebral neurochemical alterations. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(10):2007–13.
49.
Chen VC, Liu YC, Chao SH, et al. Brain structural networks and connectomes: the brain-obesity interface and its impact on mental health. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:3199–208.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Restivo MR, McKinnon MC, Frey BN, et al. Effect of obesity on cognition in adults with and without a mood disorder: study design and methods. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2):e009347.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
van den Berg E, Kloppenborg RP, Kessels RP, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity: a systematic comparison of their impact on cognition. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1792;2009:470–81.
52.
Figley CR, Asem JS, Levenbaum EL, et al. Effects of body mass index and body fat percent on default mode, executive control, and salience network structure and function. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:234.PubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Gunstad J, Lhotsky A, Wendell C, et al. Longitudinal examination of obesity and cognitive function: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34:222–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Smith E, Hay P, Campbell L, et al. A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment. Obes Rev. 2011;12:740–55.PubMed
55.
Prickett C, Brennan L, Stolwyk R. Examining the relationship between obesity and cognitive function: a systematic literature review. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9(2):93–113.PubMed
56.
Verdejo-García A, Pérez-Expósito M, Schmidt-Río-Valle J, et al. Selective alterations within executive functions in adolescents with excess weight. Obesity. 2010;18(8):1572–8.PubMed
57.
Wang C, Chan JS, Ren L, et al. Obesity reduces cognitive and motor functions across the lifespan. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:2473081.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Bolzenius JD, Laidlaw DH, Cabeen RP, et al. Brain structure and cognitive correlates of body mass index in healthy older adults. Behav Brain Res. 2015;278:342–7.PubMed
59.
Favieri F, Forte G, Casagrande M. The executive functions in overweight and obesity: a systematic review of neuropsychological cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2126.PubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Fernando HJ, Cohen RA, Gullett JM, et al. Neurocognitive deficits in a cohort with class 2 and class 3 obesity: contributions of type 2 diabetes and other comorbidities. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27(7):1099–106.
61.
Kivimäki M, Batty GD, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Association between common mental disorder and obesity over the adult life course. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(2):149–55.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Scott KM, Bruffaerts R, Simon GE, et al. Obesity and mental disorders in the general population: results from the world mental health surveys. Int J Obes. 2008;32(1):192–200.
63.
Agustí A, García-Pardo MP, López-Almela I, et al. Interplay between the gut-brain axis, obesity and cognitive function. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:155.PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Mazon JN, de Mello AH, Ferreira GK, et al. The impact of obesity on neurodegenerative diseases. Life Sci. 2017;182:22–8.PubMed
65.
Soczynska JK, Kennedy SH, Woldeyohannes HO, et al. Mood disorders and obesity: understanding inflammation as a pathophysiological nexus. NeuroMolecular Med. 2011;13(2):93–116.PubMed
66.
Lopresti AL, Drummond PD. Obesity and psychiatric disorders: commonalities in dysregulated biological pathways and their implications for treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;45:92–9.PubMed
67.
Lunghi C, Daniele G, Binda P, et al. Altered visual plasticity in morbidly obese subjects. Science. 2019;22:206–13.
68.
Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Obesity-induced cerebral hypoperfusion derived from endothelial dysfunction: one of the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11(8):733–44.PubMed
69.
Enzinger C, Fazekas F, Matthews PM, et al. Risk factors for progression of brain atrophy in aging: six-year follow-up of normal subjects. Neurology. 2005;64(10):1704–11.PubMed
70.
71.
Mueller K, Sacher J, Arelin K, et al. Overweight and obesity are associated with neuronal injury in the human cerebellum and hippocampus in young adults: a combined MRI, serum marker and gene expression study. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2(12):e200.PubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Shruthi K, Reddy SS, Reddy PY, et al. Amelioration of neuronal cell death in a spontaneous obese rat model by dietary restriction through modulation of ubiquitin proteasome system. J Nutr Biochem. 2016;33:73–81.PubMed
73.
Letra L, Sena C. Cerebrovascular disease: consequences of obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction. Adv Neurobiol. 2017;19:163–89.PubMed
74.
Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):1–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
75.
Chan KL, Cathomas F, Russo SJ. Central and peripheral inflammation link metabolic syndrome and major depressive disorder. Physiology (Bethesda). 2019;34(2):123–33.
76.
Herradon G, Ramos-Alvarez MP, Gramage E. Connecting metainflammation and neuroinflammation through the PTN-MK-RPTPβ/ζ axis: relevance in therapeutic development. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:377.PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Wang J, Song Y, Chen Z, et al. Connection between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation underlies neuroprotective mechanism of several phytochemicals in neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:1972714.
78.
Sriram K, Benkovic SA, Miller DB, et al. Obesity exacerbates chemically induced neurodegeneration. Neuroscience. 2002;115(4):1335–46.PubMed
79.
Vieira AA, Michels M, Florentino D, et al. Obesity promotes oxidative stress and exacerbates sepsis-induced brain damage. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2015;12(2):147–54.PubMed
80.
Sattler F, He J, Letendre S, et al. Abdominal obesity contributes to neurocognitive impairment in HIV infected patients with increased inflammation and immune activation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(3):281–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Hildreth KL, Van Pelt RE, Schwartz RS. Obesity, insulin resistance, and Alzheimer's Disease. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(8):1549–57.
82.
Tucsek Z, Toth PJ, Sosnowska D. Obesity in aging exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the mouse hippocampus: effects on expression of genes involved in beta-amyloid generation and Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;69(10):1212–26.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
Platt TL, Beckett TL, Kohler K, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and leptin resistance promote tau pathology in a mouse model of disease. Neuroscience. 2016;315:162–74.PubMed
84.
Li M, Sirko S. Traumatic brain injury: at the crossroads of neuropathology and common metabolic endocrinopathies. J Clin Med. 2018;7(3):59.PubMedCentral
85.
Zimering MB, Patel D, Bahn G. Type 2 diabetes predicts increased risk of neurodegenerative complications in veterans suffering traumatic brain injury. J Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019;6(3):137.PubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Tagliaferri F, Compagnone C, Yoganandan N, et al. Traumatic brain injury after frontal crashes: relationship with body mass index. J Trauma. 2009;66:727–9.PubMed
87.
Neville AL, Brown CV, Weng J, et al. Obesity is an independent risk factor of mortality in severely injured blunt trauma patients. Arch Surg. 2004;139:983–7.PubMed
88.
Duane TM, Dechert T, Aboutanos MB, et al. Obesity and outcomes after blunt trauma. J Trauma. 2006;61:1218–21.PubMed
89.
Profenno LA, Porteinsoon AP, Faraone SV. Meta-analysis of Alzheimer’s disease risk with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Inflamm Alzheimer Dis. 2009;67:505–12.
90.
Alosco ML, Stein TD, Tripodis Y, et al. Association of white matter rarefaction, arteriolosclerosis, and tau with dementia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(11):1298–308.PubMedCentralPubMed
91.
Dreer LE, Ketchum JM, Novack TA, et al. Obesity and overweight problems among individuals 1 to 25 years following acute rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: a NIDILRR traumatic brain injury model systems study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2018;33(4):246–56.PubMed
92.
Brown RM, Tang X, Dreer LE, et al. Change in body mass index within the first-year post-injury: a VA traumatic brain injury (TBI) model systems study. Brain Inj. 2018;32(8):986–93.PubMed
93.
Dye L, Boyle N, Champ C, et al. The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;76(4):443–54.PubMed
94.
Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292:2237–42.
95.
Elias MF, Elias PK, Sullivan LM, et al. Lower cognitive function in the presence of obesity and hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:260–8.PubMed
96.
97.
Devoto C, Arcurio L, Fetta J, et al. Inflammation relates to chronic behavioral and neurological symptoms in military personnel with traumatic brain injuries. Cell Transplant. 2017;26(7):1169–77.PubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Taylor BC, Hagel EM, Carlson KF, et al. Prevalence and costs of co-occurring traumatic brain injury with and without psychiatric disturbance and pain among Afghanistan and Iraq war veteran VA users. Med Care. 2012;50(4):342–6.PubMed
99.
VA Management of Overweight and Obesity Working Group. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of Overweight and Obesity. Washington, DC: VA Health Guidelines: US Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense; 2014.
100.
Maciejewski ML, Neelon B, Yancy WS, Van Scoyoc L, McVay MA, Vijan S. Long-term healthcare costs of overweight and obese veterans. The Obesity Society Annual Meeting Atlanta, GA; 2013.
101.
102.
Ponsford JL, Downing MG, Olver J, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of patients with traumatic brain injury: outcome at two, five, and ten years post-injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31:64–77.PubMed
103.
Zihl J, Almeida OF. Neuropsychology of neuroendocrine dysregulation after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2015;4(5):1051–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
104.
105.
McInnes K, Friesen CL, MacKenzie DE, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and chronic cognitive impairment: a scoping review [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2019 Jun 11;14(6):e0218423]. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0174847.PubMedPubMedCentral
106.
107.
Stocchetti N, Zanier ER. Chronic impact of traumatic brain injury on outcome and quality of life: a narrative review. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):148.PubMedPubMedCentral
108.
Frencham KA, Fox AM, Maybery MT. Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analytic review of research since 1995. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;27(3):334–51.PubMed
109.
Schretlen DJ, Shapiro AM. A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003;15(4):341–9.PubMed
110.
111.
O’Jile JR, Ryan LM, Betz B, et al. Information processing following mild head injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2006;21(4):293–6.PubMed
112.
Konrad C, Geburek AJ, Rist F, et al. Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury. Psychol Med. 2011;41(6):1197–211.PubMed
113.
Sterr A, Herron KA, Hayward C, et al. Are mild head injuries as mild as we think? Neurobehavioral concomitants of chronic post-concussion syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2006;6:7.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Ozga JE, Povroznik JM, Engler-Chiurazzi EB, et al. Executive (dys)function after traumatic brain injury: special considerations for behavioral pharmacology. Behav Pharmacol. 2018;29(7):617–37.PubMedPubMedCentral
115.
Zimmermann N, Pereira N, Hermes-Pereira A, et al. Executive functions profiles in traumatic brain injury adults: implications for rehabilitation studies. Brain Inj. 2015;29(9):1071–81.PubMed
116.
Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:135–68.PubMed
117.
Belanger HG, Proctor-Weber Z, Kretzmer T, et al. Symptom complaints following reports of blast versus non-blast mild TBI: does mechanism of injury matter? Clin Neuropsychol. 2011;25(5):702–15.PubMed
118.
Bogdanova Y, Verfaellie M. Cognitive sequelae of blast-induced traumatic brain injury: recovery and rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rev. 2012;22(1):4–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
119.
Gunstad J, Paul RH, Cohen RA, et al. Elevated body mass index is associated with executive dysfunction in otherwise healthy adults. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:57–61.PubMed
120.
121.
Lajoie AC, Lafontaine AL, Kimoff RJ, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in neurodegenerative disorders: current evidence in support of benefit from sleep apnea treatment. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):297.PubMedCentral
122.
Aoun R, Rawal H, Attarian H, et al. Impact of traumatic brain injury on sleep: an overview. Nat Sci Sleep. 2019;11:131–40.PubMedPubMedCentral
123.
Shively S, Scher AI, Perl DP, et al. Dementia resulting from traumatic brain injury: what is the pathology? Arch Neurol. 2012;69(10):1245–51.PubMedPubMedCentral
124.
Defrin R. Chronic post-traumatic headache: clinical findings and possible mechanisms. J Man Manip Ther. 2014;22(1):36–44.PubMedPubMedCentral
125.
Martins HAL, Martins BBM, Ribas VR, et al. Life quality, depression and anxiety symptoms in chronic post-traumatic headache after mild brain injury. Dement Neuropsychol. 2012;6(1):53–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
126.
De Benedittis G, De Santis A. Chronic posttraumatic HA: clinical, psychopathological features and outcome determinants. J Neurosurg Sci. 1983;27(3):177–86.PubMed
127.
Walker WC, Seel RT, Curtiss G, et al. Headache after moderate and severe TBI: a longitudinal analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(9):1793–800.PubMed
128.
Stacy A, Lucas S, Dikmen S, et al. Natural history of headache five years after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(8):1558–64.
129.
Uomoto JM, Esselman PC. Traumatic brain injury and chronic pain: differential types and rates by head injury severity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74:61–4.PubMed
130.
Theeler BJ, Erickson JC. Mild head trauma and chronic headaches in returning US soldiers. Headache. 2009;49:529–34.PubMed
131.
Lucas S, Hoffman JM, Bell KR, et al. A prospective study of prevalence and characterization of headache following mild traumatic brain injury. Cephalalgia. 2014;34(2):93–102.
132.
133.
Ford ES, Li C, Pearson WS, et al. Body mass index and headaches: findings from a national sample of US adults. Cephalalgia. 2008;28:1270–6.PubMed
134.
Peterlin BL, Rosso AL, Rapoport AM, et al. Obesity and migraine: the effect of age, gender and adipose tissue distribution. Headache. 2010;50:52–62.PubMed
135.
Chai NC, Scher AI, Moghekar A, et al. Obesity and headache: part I—a systematic review of the epidemiology of obesity and headache. Headache. 2014;54(2):219–34.PubMedPubMedCentral
136.
Bigal ME, Liberman JN, Lipton RB. Obesity and migraine: a population study. Neurology. 2006;66(4):545–50.PubMed
137.
Chai NC, Bond DS, Moghekar A, et al. Obesity and headache: part II–potential mechanism and treatment considerations. Headache. 2014;54(3):459–71.PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
Bond DS, Roth J, Nash JM, et al. Migraine and obesity: epidemiology, possible mechanisms and the potential role of weight loss treatment. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e362–71.PubMedPubMedCentral
139.
Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder mediates the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and health and psychosocial functioning in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197:748–53.PubMed
140.
Fedoroff JP, Starkstein SE, Forrester AW, et al. Depression in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:918–23.PubMed
141.
Vasterling JJ, Verfaellie M, Sullivan KD. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29:674–84.PubMed
142.
143.
Holsinger T, Steffens DC, Phillips C, et al. Head injury in early adulthood and the lifetime risk of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(1):17–22.PubMed
144.
Fann JR, Hart T, Schomer KG. Treatment for depression after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26:2383–402.PubMedPubMedCentral
145.
Ponsford J, Alway Y, Gould KR. Epidemiology and natural history of psychiatric disorders after TBI. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2018;30:262–70.
146.
Chi Y-C, Wu H-L, Chu C-P, et al. Traumatic brain injury and affective disorder: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan, 2000–2010. J Affect Disord. 2016;191:56–61.PubMed
147.
Silverberg ND, Panenka WJ. Antidepressants for depression after concussion and traumatic brain injury are still best practice. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):100.PubMedPubMedCentral
148.
Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Luis C, et al. Long-term morbidities following self-reported mild traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007;29(6):585–98.PubMed
149.
Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:453–63.PubMed
150.
Fann JR, Burington B, Leonetti A, et al. Psychiatric illness following traumatic brain injury in an adult health maintenance organization population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:53–61.PubMed
151.
152.
Armenta RF, Walter KH, Geronimo-Hara TR, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of comorbid PTSD and depression symptoms among U.S. service members and veterans. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:396.PubMedPubMedCentral
153.
154.
Lancaster CL, Teeters JB, Gros DF, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder: overview of evidence-based assessment and treatment. J Clin Med. 2016;5(11):105.PubMedCentral
155.
156.
Cole MA, Muir JJ, Gans JJ, et al. Simultaneous treatment of neurocognitive and psychiatric symptoms in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study of mindfulness-based stress reduction. Mil Med. 2015;180(9):956.PubMed
157.
Vincent A, Roebuck-Spencer TM, Cernich A. Cognitive changes and dementia risk after traumatic brain injury: implications for aging military personnel. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(3 Suppl):s174–87.PubMed
158.
Maguen S, Madden E, Cohen B, et al. The relationship between body mass index and mental health among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(Suppl 2):s563–70.PubMed
159.
Willeumier K, Taylor DV, Amen DG. Elevated body mass in National Football League players linked to cognitive impairment and decreased prefrontal cortex and temporal pole activity. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2(1):e68.PubMedPubMedCentral
160.
161.
Barber J, Bayer L, Pietrzak RH, et al. Assessment of rates of overweight and obesity and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. Mil Med. 2011;176(2):151–5.PubMed
162.
Vieweg WV, Julius DA, Benesek J, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and body mass index in military veterans: preliminary findings. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(6):1150–4.
163.
Vieweg WV, Julius DA, Fernandez A, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in male military veterans with comorbid overweight and obesity: psychotropic, antihypertensive, and metabolic medications. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;8(1):25–31.PubMedPubMedCentral
164.
Masodkar K, Johnson J, Peterson MJ. A review of posttraumatic stress disorder and obesity: exploring the link. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18(1):10.PubMedCentral
165.
Jin H, Lanouette NM, Mudaliar S, et al. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):210–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
166.
Pagoto SL, Schneider KL, Bodenlos JS, et al. Association of post-traumatic stress disorder and obesity in a nationally representative sample. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(1):200–5.
167.
Babic D, Jakovljevic M, Martinac M, et al. Metabolic syndrome and combat post-traumatic stress disorder intensity: preliminary findings. Psychiatr Danub. 2007;19:68–75.PubMed
168.
Leard Mann CA, Woodall KA, Littman AJ, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder predicts future weight change in the Millennium Cohort Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;234:886–92.
169.
Mitchell KS, Aiello AE, Galea S, et al. PTSD and obesity in the Detroit neighborhood health study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;356:671–3.
170.
Roberts AL, Agnew-Blais JC, Spiegelman D, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of women: a 22-year longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(3):203–10.PubMedPubMedCentral
171.
Lastra G, Syed S, Kurukulasuriya LR, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: an update. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2014;43(1):103–22.
172.
Vaccarino V, Goldberg J, Rooks C, et al. Clinical research: post-traumatic stress disorder and incidence of coronary heart disease. A twin study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:970–8.PubMed
173.
Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US Veterans PTSD and dementia in US veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:608–13.PubMedPubMedCentral
174.
Qureshi SU, Kimbrell T, Pyne JM, et al. Greater prevalence and incidence of dementia in older veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1627–33.PubMed
175.
Veitch DP, Friedl KE, Weiner MW. Military risk factors for cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2013;10(9):907–30.PubMed
176.
Haboubi NH, Long J, Koshy M, et al. Short-term sequelae of minor head injury (6 years experience of minor head injury clinic). Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23(14):635–8.PubMed
177.
Ponsford JL, Parcell DL, Sinclair KL, et al. Changes in sleep patterns following traumatic brain injury: a controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013;27(7):613–21.PubMed
178.
Mantua J, Mahan K, Henry O, et al. Altered sleep composition after traumatic brain injury does not affect declarative sleep dependent memory consolidation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9(328):379.
179.
Wilde MC, Castriotta RJ, Lai JM, et al. Cognitive impairment in patients with traumatic brain injury and obstructive sleep apnea. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(10):1284–8.PubMed
180.
Sandsmark DK, Elliott JE, Lim MM. Sleep-wake disturbances after traumatic brain injury: synthesis of human and animal studies. Sleep. 2017;40(5):zsx044.PubMedCentral
181.
Morgenthaler T, Kagramanov V, Hanak V, et al. Complex sleep apnea syndrome: is it a unique clinical syndrome? Sleep. 2006;29:1203–9.PubMed
182.
183.
Wickwire EM, Williams SG, Roth T, et al. Sleep, sleep disorders, and mild traumatic brain injury. What we know and what we need to know: findings from a National Working Group. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(2):403–17.PubMedPubMedCentral
184.
Mathias JL, Alvaro PK. Prevalence of sleep disturbances, disorders, and problems following traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2012;13(7):898–905.PubMed
185.
Baumann CR, Werth E, Stocker R, et al. Sleep-wake disturbances 6 months after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. Brain. 2007;130:1873–83.PubMed
186.
Castriotta RJ, Wilde MC, Lai JM, et al. Prevalence and consequences of sleep disorders in traumatic brain injury. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(4):349–56.PubMedPubMedCentral
187.
Masel BE, Scheibel RS, Kimbark T, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with brain injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82:1526–32.PubMed
188.
Collen J, Orr N, Lettieri CJ, et al. Sleep disturbances among soldiers with combat-related traumatic brain injury. Chest. 2012;142:622–30.PubMed
189.
Mustafa M, Erokwu N, Ebose I, et al. Sleep problems and the risk for sleep disorders in an outpatient veteran population. Sleep Breath. 2005;9(2):57–63.PubMed
190.
Ocasió-Tascon ME, Alicea-Colón E, Torres-Palacios A, et al. The veteran population: one at high risk for sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2006;10(2):70–5.PubMed
191.
Mysliwiec V, Gill J, Lee H, et al. Sleep disorders in US military personnel: a high rate of comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2013;144(2):549–57.PubMedPubMedCentral
192.
193.
Gilbert KS, Kark SM, Gehrman P, et al. Sleep disturbances, TBI and PTSD: implications for treatment and recovery. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;40:195–212.PubMedPubMedCentral
194.
Nakase-Richardson R, Schwartz DJ. Brain injury professional sleep apnea and brain injury. BIP. 2018;14(5):22.
195.
196.
197.
Babson KA, Del Re AC, Bonn-Miller MO, et al. The comorbidity of sleep apnea and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders among obese military veterans within the Veterans Health Administration. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(12):1253–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
198.
Brundage JF, Wertheimer E, Clark L. Obstructive sleep apnea, active component, U.S. Armed Forces: January 2000-December 2000. Med Surveill Monthly Rep. 2010;17(5):8–11.
199.
Troxel WM, Shih RA, Pedersen ER, et al. Sleep in the military: promoting healthy sleep among U.S. service members. Rand Health Q. 2015;5(2):19.PubMedPubMedCentral
200.
Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(3):643–53.
201.
Yu JC, Berger P. Sleep apnea and obesity. SD Med. 2011:28–34.
202.
203.
Phillips BG, Hisel TM, Kato M, et al. Recent weight gain in patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea. J Hypertens. 1999;17(9):1297–300.PubMed
204.
Phillips BG, Kato M, Narkiewicz K, et al. Increases in leptin levels, sympathetic drive, and weight gain in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000;279(1):H234–7.PubMed
205.
Romero-Corral A, Caples SM, Lopez-Jimenez F, et al. Interactions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: implications for treatment. Chest. 2010;137(3):711–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
206.
Sutherland K, Lee RWW, Phillips CL, et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway size and facial fat in men with obstructive sleep apnea. Thorax. 2011;66:797–803.PubMed
207.
Nousseir HM. Obesity: the major preventable risk factor of obstructive sleep apnea. J Curr Med Res Pract. 2019;4:1–5.
208.
Li T, Yao ZM, Wang L, et al. The role of body fat rate in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea. Chinese J Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. 2019;54(6):427–31.
209.
Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, et al. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA. 2000;284(23):3015–321.PubMed
210.
Tufik S, Santos-Silva R, Taddei JA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study. Sleep Med. 2010;11:441.PubMed
211.
Garvey JF, Pengo MF, Drakatos P, et al. Epidemiological aspects of obstructive sleep apnea. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(5):920–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
212.
Rajala R, Partinen M, Sane T, et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in morbidly obese patients. J Intern Med. 1991;230:125–9.PubMed
213.
Richman RM, Elliott LM, Burns CM, et al. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in an obese female population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18:173–7.PubMed
214.
Vgontzas AN, Tan TL, Bixler EO, et al. Sleep apnea and sleep disruption in obese patients. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1705–11.PubMed
215.
Davis G, Patel JA, Gagne DJ. Pulmonary considerations in obesity and the bariatric surgical patient. Med Clin North Am. 2007;91:433–42.PubMed
216.
Frey WC, Pilcher J. Obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders in patients evaluated for bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2003;13:676–83.PubMed
217.
Morrell MJ. Residual sleepiness in patients with optimally treated sleep apnea: a case for hypoxia-induced oxidative brain injury. Sleep. 2004;27:186–7.PubMed
218.
O'Keeffe T, Patterson EJ. Evidence supporting routine polysomnography before bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2004;14:23–6.PubMed
219.
van Kralingen KW, de Kanter W, de Groot GH, et al. Assessment of sleep complaints and sleep-disordered breathing in a consecutive series of obese patients. Respiration. 1999;66:312–6.PubMed
220.
Schwartz AR, Gold AR, Schubert N, et al. Effect of weight loss on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:494–8.PubMed
221.
Peiser J, Lavie P, Ovnat A, et al. Sleep apnea syndrome in the morbidly obese as an indication for weight reduction surgery. Ann Surg. 1984;199:112–5.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Bypassing TBI: Metabolic Surgery and the Link between Obesity and Traumatic Brain Injury—a Review
Authors
T. W. McGlennon
J. N. Buchwald
Walter J. Pories
Fang Yu
Arthur Roberts
Eric P. Ahnfeldt
Rukmini Menon
Henry Buchwald
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Obesity Surgery / Issue 12/2020
Print ISSN: 0960-8923
Electronic ISSN: 1708-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-020-05065-3

Other articles of this Issue 12/2020

Obesity Surgery 12/2020 Go to the issue

Original Contributions

Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery After Solid Organ Transplantation

Original Contributions

Diabetes Remission and Relapse After Bariatric Surgery: a Nationwide Population-Based Study

Letter to the Editor

Gastro-Pleural Fistula Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Masquerading as Loculated Empyema Thoracis: a Diagnostic Dilemma

Original Contributions

Validation of the GOAL Questionnaire as an Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening Instrument in Bariatric Surgery Candidates: a Brazilian Single-Center Study

Original Contributions

Effects of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Gastric Structure and Function Documented by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Are Strongly Associated with Post-operative Weight Loss and Quality of Life: a Prospective Study

Announcement

Editors’ Recognition Award for Distinction in Reviewing 2020