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Discover Oncology
Published in: Discover Oncology 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Biomarkers | Review

Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research

Authors: Ali Shojaeian, S. R. Naeimi Torshizi, Mahsa Sadat Parsapasand, Zahra Sobhi Amjad, Ali Khezrian, Abbas Alibakhshi, Faye Yun, Kaveh Baghaei, Razieh Amini, Stevan Pecic

Published in: Discover Oncology | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) that are formed by endocytosis containing complex RNA as well as protein structures and are vital in intercellular communication and can be used in gene therapy and drug delivery. According to the cell sources of origin and the environmental conditions they are exposed to, these nanovesicles are very heterogeneous and dynamic in terms of content (cargo), size and membrane composition. Exosomes are released under physiological and pathological conditions and influence the pathogenesis of cancers through various mechanisms, including angiogenesis, metastasis, immune dysregulation, drug resistance, and tumor growth/development. Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer in humans and can involve organs e.g., the esophagus and stomach, or others such as the liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon. Early diagnosis is very important in this field because the overall survival of patients is low due to diagnosis in late stages and recurrence. Also, various therapeutic strategies have failed and there is an unmet need for the new therapeutic agents. Exosomes can become promising candidates in gastrointestinal cancers as biomarkers and therapeutic agents due to their lower immunity and passing the main physiological barriers. In this work, we provide a general overview of exosomes, their biogenesis and biological functions. In addition, we discuss the potential of exosomes to serve as biomarkers, agents in cancer treatment, drug delivery systems, and effective vaccines in immunotherapy, with an emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers.

Graphical Abstract

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Metadata
Title
Harnessing exosomes in theranostic applications: advancements and insights in gastrointestinal cancer research
Authors
Ali Shojaeian
S. R. Naeimi Torshizi
Mahsa Sadat Parsapasand
Zahra Sobhi Amjad
Ali Khezrian
Abbas Alibakhshi
Faye Yun
Kaveh Baghaei
Razieh Amini
Stevan Pecic
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Discover Oncology / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 1868-8497
Electronic ISSN: 2730-6011
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-024-01024-x

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