Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Pediatric Radiology
Published in: Pediatric Radiology 9/2018

01-08-2018 | Pediatric Body MRI

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: techniques and non-oncologic indications

Author: Mary-Louise C. Greer

Published in: Pediatric Radiology | Issue 9/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Whole-body MRI is increasingly utilized for assessing oncologic and non-oncologic diseases in infants, children and adolescents. Focusing on the non-oncologic indications, this review covers technical elements required to perform whole-body MRI, the advantages and limitations of the technique, and protocol modifications tailored to specific indications. Rheumatologic diseases account for the majority of non-oncologic whole-body MRI performed in pediatric patients at the author’s institution. Whole-body MRI helps in establishing the diagnosis, documenting disease extent and severity, and monitoring treatment response in enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Other non-oncologic indications for whole-body MRI include osteomyelitis (usually pyogenic), pyrexia of unknown origin, neuromuscular disorders, inherited and inflammatory myopathies such as juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis, avascular necrosis, and fat/storage disorders. Use of whole-body MRI in postmortem imaging is rising, while whole-body MRI in non-accidental injury is considered to be of limited value. Imaging findings for a range of these indications are reviewed with whole-body MRI examples.
Literature
1.
Ley S, Ley-Zaporozhan J, Schenk JP (2009) Whole-body MRI in the pediatric patient. Eur J Radiol 70:442–451CrossRefPubMed
2.
Atkin KL, Ditchfield MR (2014) The role of whole-body MRI in pediatric oncology. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 36:342–352CrossRefPubMed
3.
Davis JT, Kwatra N, Schooler GR (2016) Pediatric whole-body MRI: a review of current imaging techniques and clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 44:783–793CrossRefPubMed
4.
Eutsler EP, Khanna G (2016) Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: technique and clinical applications. Pediatr Radiol 46:858–872CrossRefPubMed
5.
Greer MC, Voss SD, States LJ (2017) Pediatric cancer predisposition imaging: focus on whole-body MRI. Clin Cancer Res 23:e6–e13CrossRefPubMed
6.
Chavhan GB, Babyn PS (2011) Whole-body MR imaging in children: principles, technique, current applications, and future directions. Radiographics 31:1757–1772CrossRefPubMed
7.
Attariwala R, Picker W (2013) Whole body MRI: improved lesion detection and characterization with diffusion weighted techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 38:253–268CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Brenner DJ, Shuryak I, Einstein AJ (2011) Impact of reduced patient life expectancy on potential cancer risks from radiologic imaging. Radiology 261:193–198CrossRefPubMed
9.
10.
Goo HW, Choi SH, Ghim T et al (2005) Whole-body MRI of paediatric malignant tumours: comparison with conventional oncological imaging methods. Pediatr Radiol 35:766–773CrossRefPubMed
11.
Kanda T, Ishii K, Kawaguchi H et al (2014) High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Radiology 270:834–841CrossRefPubMed
12.
Hu HH, Pokorney A, Towbin RB et al (2016) Increased signal intensities in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted images: evidence in children undergoing multiple gadolinium MRI exams. Pediatr Radiol 46:1590–1598CrossRefPubMed
13.
Flood TF, Stence NV, Maloney JA et al (2017) Pediatric brain: repeated exposure to linear gadolinium-based contrast material is associated with increased signal intensity at unenhanced T1-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 282:222–228CrossRefPubMed
14.
Damasio MB, Magnaguagno F, Stagnaro G (2016) Whole-body MRI: non-oncological applications in paediatrics. Radiol Med 121:454–461CrossRefPubMed
15.
van Engelen K, Villani A, Wasserman JD et al (2017) DICER1 syndrome: approach to testing and management at a large pediatric tertiary care center. Pediatr Blood Cancer 65(1)
16.
Schultz KAP, Rednam SP, Kamihara J et al (2017) PTEN, DICER1, FH, and their associated tumor susceptibility syndromes: clinical features, genetics, and surveillance recommendations in childhood. Clin Cancer Res 23:e76–e82CrossRefPubMed
17.
Bueno MT, Martinez-Rios C, la Puente Gregorio A et al (2017) Pediatric imaging in DICER1 syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 47:1292–1301CrossRefPubMed
18.
Quijano-Roy S, Avila-Smirnow D, Carlier RY et al (2012) Whole body muscle MRI protocol: pattern recognition in early onset NM disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 22:S68–S84CrossRefPubMed
19.
Hollingsworth KG, de Sousa PL, Straub V et al (2012) Towards harmonization of protocols for MRI outcome measures in skeletal muscle studies: consensus recommendations from two TREAT-NMD NMR workshops, 2 may 2010, Stockholm, Sweden, 1-2 October 2009, Paris, France. Neuromuscul Disord 22:S54–S67CrossRefPubMed
20.
Arthurs OJ, van Rijn RR, Whitby EH et al (2016) ESPR postmortem imaging task force: where we begin. Pediatr Radiol 46:1363–1369CrossRefPubMed
21.
Arthurs OJ, Guy A, Thayyil S et al (2016) Comparison of diagnostic performance for perinatal and paediatric post-mortem imaging: CT versus MRI. Eur Radiol 26:2327–2336CrossRefPubMed
22.
Thayyil S, Sebire NJ, Chitty LS et al (2013) Post-mortem MRI versus conventional autopsy in fetuses and children: a prospective validation study. Lancet 382:223–233CrossRefPubMed
23.
Teixeira SR, Elias Junior J, Nogueira-Barbosa MH et al (2015) Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in children: state of the art. Radiol Bras 48:111–120CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Aquino MR, Tse SM, Gupta S et al (2015) Whole-body MRI of juvenile spondyloarthritis: protocols and pictorial review of characteristic patterns. Pediatr Radiol 45:754–762CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Rednam SP, Erez A, Druker H et al (2017) Von Hippel-Lindau and hereditary pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes: clinical features, genetics, and surveillance recommendations in childhood. Clin Cancer Res 23:e68–e75CrossRefPubMed
27.
28.
Mohan S, Moineddin R, Chavhan GB (2015) Pediatric whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: intra-individual comparison of technical quality, artifacts, and fixed structure visibility at 1.5 and 3 T. Indian J Radiol Imaging 25:353–358CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Ahlawat S, Fayad LM, Khan MS et al (2016) Current whole-body MRI applications in the neurofibromatoses: NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis. Neurology 87:S31–S39CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Weckbach S, Michaely HJ, Stemmer A et al (2010) Comparison of a new whole-body continuous-table-movement protocol versus a standard whole-body MR protocol for the assessment of multiple myeloma. Eur Radiol 20:2907–2916CrossRefPubMed
31.
Lindemann ME, Oehmigen M, Blumhagen JO et al (2017) MR-based truncation and attenuation correction in integrated PET/MR hybrid imaging using HUGE with continuous table motion. Med Phys 44:4559–4572CrossRefPubMed
32.
Morone M, Bali MA, Tunariu N et al (2017) Whole-body MRI: current applications in oncology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 209:W336–W349CrossRefPubMed
33.
Costelloe CM, Madewell JE, Kundra V et al (2013) Conspicuity of bone metastases on fast Dixon-based multisequence whole-body MRI: clinical utility per sequence. Magn Reson Imaging 31:669–675CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Klenk C, Gawande R, Uslu L et al (2014) Ionising radiation-free whole-body MRI versus (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT scans for children and young adults with cancer: a prospective, non-randomised, single-centre study. Lancet Oncol 15:275–285CrossRefPubMed
35.
Finn JP, Nguyen KL, Hu P (2017) Ferumoxytol vs. gadolinium agents for contrast-enhanced MRI: thoughts on evolving indications, risks, and benefits. J Magn Reson Imaging 46:919–923
36.
37.
Jaramillo D (2010) Whole-body MR imaging, bone diffusion imaging: how and why? Pediatr Radiol 40:978–984CrossRefPubMed
38.
Merlini L, Carpentier M, Ferrey S et al (2017) Whole-body MRI in children: would a 3D STIR sequence alone be sufficient for investigating common paediatric conditions? A comparative study. Eur J Radiol 88:155–162CrossRefPubMed
39.
Carter AJ, Greer ML, Gray SE et al (2010) Mock MRI: reducing the need for anaesthesia in children. Pediatr Radiol 40:1368–1374CrossRefPubMed
40.
Jaimes C, Gee MS (2016) Strategies to minimize sedation in pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 46:916–927CrossRefPubMed
41.
Korchi AM, Hanquinet S, Anooshiravani M et al (2014) Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: an essential tool for diagnosis and work up of non-oncological systemic diseases in children. Minerva Pediatr 66:169–176PubMed
42.
Perez-Rossello JM, Connolly SA, Newton AW et al (2010) Whole-body MRI in suspected infant abuse. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195:744–750CrossRefPubMed
43.
Ostergaard M, Eshed I, Althoff CE et al (2017) Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in inflammatory arthritis: systematic literature review and first steps toward standardization and an OMERACT scoring system. J Rheumatol 44:1699–1705CrossRefPubMed
44.
45.
Arnoldi AP, Schlett CL, Douis H et al (2017) Whole-body MRI in patients with non-bacterial osteitis: radiological findings and correlation with clinical data. Eur Radiol 27:2391–2399CrossRefPubMed
46.
von Kalle T, Heim N, Hospach T et al (2013) Typical patterns of bone involvement in whole-body MRI of patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Rofo 185:655–661CrossRef
47.
Voit AM, Arnoldi AP, Douis H et al (2015) Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: clinical longterm assessment may underestimate activity. J Rheumatol 42:1455–1462CrossRefPubMed
48.
Falip C, Alison M, Boutry N et al (2013) Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): a longitudinal case series review. Pediatr Radiol 43:355–375CrossRefPubMed
49.
Leclair N, Thormer G, Sorge I et al (2016) Whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children. PLoS One 11:e0147523CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Zhen-Guo H, Min-Xing Y, Xiao-Liang C et al (2017) Value of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for screening multifocal osteonecrosis in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Br J Radiol 90:20160780CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Huang ZG, Gao BX, Chen H et al (2017) An efficacy analysis of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and follow-up of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. PLoS One 12:e0181069CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Pratesi A, Medici A, Bresci R et al (2013) Sickle cell-related bone marrow complications: the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 35:329–330CrossRefPubMed
53.
Littooij AS, Kwee TC, Enriquez G et al (2017) Whole-body MRI reveals high incidence of osteonecrosis in children treated for Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 176:637–642CrossRefPubMed
54.
Darge K, Jaramillo D, Siegel MJ (2008) Whole-body MRI in children: current status and future applications. Eur J Radiol 68:289–298CrossRefPubMed
55.
Orsso CE, Mackenzie M, Alberga AS et al (2017) The use of magnetic resonance imaging to characterize abnormal body composition phenotypes in youth with Prader-Willi syndrome. Metabolism 69:67–75CrossRefPubMed
56.
Norman W, Jawad N, Jones R et al (2016) Perinatal and paediatric post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR): sequences and technique. Br J Radiol 89:20151028CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Shruthi M, Gupta J, Jana M et al (2018) Conventional vs. virtual autopsy with postmortem MRI in phenotypic characterization of stillbirths and malformed fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 51:236-245
Metadata
Title
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: techniques and non-oncologic indications
Author
Mary-Louise C. Greer
Publication date
01-08-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Radiology / Issue 9/2018
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-018-4141-9

Other articles of this Issue 9/2018

Pediatric Radiology 9/2018 Go to the issue

Pediatric Body MRI

Fast, free-breathing and motion-minimized techniques for pediatric body magnetic resonance imaging

Pediatric Body MRI

MRI of the bowel — beyond inflammatory bowel disease

Pediatric Body MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging features of common focal liver lesions in children

Pediatric Body MRI

A review of neuroblastoma image-defined risk factors on magnetic resonance imaging

Pediatric Body MRI

Introduction: 2nd pediatric body MRI course supplement

Pediatric Body MRI

Thoracoabdominal imaging of tuberous sclerosis