Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 6/2018

01-12-2018 | Editorial

What can be and what cannot be accomplished with PET to detect and characterize atherosclerotic plaques

Authors: Abass Alavi, MD, PhD, DSc, Thomas J. Werner, MSc, Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen, MD, DMSci, Prof (Hon)

Published in: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology | Issue 6/2018

Login to get access

Excerpt

The introduction of FDG as a radiotracer for imaging brain function in normal and disease states has led to the survival of PET as a viable and thriving imaging modality over the past 4 decades.1,2 Furthermore, a great deal of effort has been made to expand the domain of this extraordinary technology by utilizing an array of radiotracers intended to assess many malignant and benign disorders.3 As such, new tracers have been introduced primarily by relying upon the in vitro and pre-clinical animal data without realizing their relevance or feasibility in the in vivo settings. These attempts have been made without realizing the limitations of this technology in addressing the requirements to meet the many challenges that we face for conducting in vivo imaging studies. Over the years, the adoption of some unjustified concepts has resulted in performing a large number of human studies, and consequently, unfounded claims have been made about the role of certain PET tracers for both research and clinical purposes. Therefore, it is quite timely to clarify these misconceptions and define what can and cannot be accomplished with PET imaging, temper unrealistic expectations in the future, and utilize the limited available resources more effectively for research and clinical indications. …
Literature
1.
go back to reference Alavi A, Reivich M. Guest editorial: The conception of FDG-PET imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:2-5.CrossRefPubMed Alavi A, Reivich M. Guest editorial: The conception of FDG-PET imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:2-5.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Hess S, Blomberg BA, Zhu HJ, et al. The pivotal role of FDG-PET/CT in modern medicine. Acad Radiol. 2014;21:232-49.CrossRef Hess S, Blomberg BA, Zhu HJ, et al. The pivotal role of FDG-PET/CT in modern medicine. Acad Radiol. 2014;21:232-49.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Kim CK, Beheshti M. PET tracers beyond FDG: Normal variations and benign findings. PET Clin. 2014;9:xi-xii.CrossRefPubMed Kim CK, Beheshti M. PET tracers beyond FDG: Normal variations and benign findings. PET Clin. 2014;9:xi-xii.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Ter-Pogossian MM, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, et al. A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PETT). Radiology. 1975;114:89-98.CrossRefPubMed Ter-Pogossian MM, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, et al. A positron-emission transaxial tomograph for nuclear imaging (PETT). Radiology. 1975;114:89-98.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Ter-Pogossian MM, Ficke DC, Hood JT Sr, et al. PETT VI: A positron emission tomograph utilizing cesium fluoride scintillation detectors. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982;6:125-33.CrossRefPubMed Ter-Pogossian MM, Ficke DC, Hood JT Sr, et al. PETT VI: A positron emission tomograph utilizing cesium fluoride scintillation detectors. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1982;6:125-33.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Zaidi H, Alavi A. Current trends in PET and combined (PET/CT and PET/MR) systems design. PET Clin. 2007;2:109-23.CrossRefPubMed Zaidi H, Alavi A. Current trends in PET and combined (PET/CT and PET/MR) systems design. PET Clin. 2007;2:109-23.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Wong DF, Pomper MG. Predicting the success of a radiopharmaceutical for in vivo imaging of central nervous system neuroreceptor systems. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003;5:350-62.CrossRefPubMed Wong DF, Pomper MG. Predicting the success of a radiopharmaceutical for in vivo imaging of central nervous system neuroreceptor systems. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003;5:350-62.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Rowland DJ, Cherry SR. Small-animal preclinical nuclear medicine instrumentation and methodology. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:209-22.CrossRefPubMed Rowland DJ, Cherry SR. Small-animal preclinical nuclear medicine instrumentation and methodology. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:209-22.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Rousset O, Rahmim A, Alavi A, et al. Partial volume correction strategies in PET. PET Clin. 2007;2:235-49.CrossRefPubMed Rousset O, Rahmim A, Alavi A, et al. Partial volume correction strategies in PET. PET Clin. 2007;2:235-49.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Basu S, Zhuang H, Torigian DA, et al. Functional imaging of inflammatory diseases using nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:124-45.CrossRefPubMed Basu S, Zhuang H, Torigian DA, et al. Functional imaging of inflammatory diseases using nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:124-45.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Grant FD, Fahey FH, Packard AB, et al. Skeletal PET with 18F-fluoride: Applying new technology to an old tracer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:68-78.CrossRefPubMed Grant FD, Fahey FH, Packard AB, et al. Skeletal PET with 18F-fluoride: Applying new technology to an old tracer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:68-78.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference McKenney-Drake ML, Territo PR, Salavati A, et al. (18)F-NaF PET imaging of early coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:627-8.CrossRefPubMed McKenney-Drake ML, Territo PR, Salavati A, et al. (18)F-NaF PET imaging of early coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:627-8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Salavati A, Borofsky S, Boon-Keng TK, et al. Application of partial volume effect correction and 4D PET in the quantification of FDG avid lung lesions. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17:140-8.CrossRefPubMed Salavati A, Borofsky S, Boon-Keng TK, et al. Application of partial volume effect correction and 4D PET in the quantification of FDG avid lung lesions. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17:140-8.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Joshi NV, Vesey AT, Williams MC, et al. 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: A prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383:705-13.CrossRef Joshi NV, Vesey AT, Williams MC, et al. 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: A prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383:705-13.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Marchesseau S, Seneviratna A, Sjohol AT, et al. Hybrid PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging of vulnerable coronary plaque and myocardial scar tissue in acute myocardial infarction. J Nucl Cardiol 2017;In Press. Marchesseau S, Seneviratna A, Sjohol AT, et al. Hybrid PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging of vulnerable coronary plaque and myocardial scar tissue in acute myocardial infarction. J Nucl Cardiol 2017;In Press.
17.
go back to reference Nie X, Laforest R, Randolph G, et al. A study on progression of hypoxic atherosclerotic plaque in a mouse model using [64Cu]ATSM. J Nucl Med Meet Abstr. 2014. Nie X, Laforest R, Randolph G, et al. A study on progression of hypoxic atherosclerotic plaque in a mouse model using [64Cu]ATSM. J Nucl Med Meet Abstr. 2014.
18.
19.
go back to reference Stacy MR, Maxfield MW, Sinusas AJ. Targeted molecular imaging of angiogenesis in PET and SPECT: A review. Yale J Biol Med. 2012;85:75-86.PubMedPubMedCentral Stacy MR, Maxfield MW, Sinusas AJ. Targeted molecular imaging of angiogenesis in PET and SPECT: A review. Yale J Biol Med. 2012;85:75-86.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Bural GG, Torigian DA, Basu S, et al. Atherosclerotic inflammatory activity in the aorta and its correlation with aging and gender as assessed by 18F-FDG-PET. Hell J Nucl Med. 2013;16:164-8.PubMed Bural GG, Torigian DA, Basu S, et al. Atherosclerotic inflammatory activity in the aorta and its correlation with aging and gender as assessed by 18F-FDG-PET. Hell J Nucl Med. 2013;16:164-8.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Gholami S, Salavati A, Houshmand S, et al. Assessment of atherosclerosis in large vessel walls: A comprehensive review of FDG-PET/CT image acquisition protocols and methods for uptake quantification. J Nucl Cardiol. 2015;22:468-79.CrossRefPubMed Gholami S, Salavati A, Houshmand S, et al. Assessment of atherosclerosis in large vessel walls: A comprehensive review of FDG-PET/CT image acquisition protocols and methods for uptake quantification. J Nucl Cardiol. 2015;22:468-79.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Mehta NN, Torigian DA, Gelfand JM, et al. Quantification of atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation using [18-f] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (fdg-pet/ct). J Vis Exp. 2012;e3777. Mehta NN, Torigian DA, Gelfand JM, et al. Quantification of atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation using [18-f] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (fdg-pet/ct). J Vis Exp. 2012;e3777.
23.
go back to reference Yu Y, Sheth N, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Aortic vascular inflammation in psoriasis is associated with HDL particle size and concentration: A pilot study. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;2:285-92.PubMedPubMedCentral Yu Y, Sheth N, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Aortic vascular inflammation in psoriasis is associated with HDL particle size and concentration: A pilot study. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;2:285-92.PubMedPubMedCentral
24.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, Bashyam A, Ramachandran A, et al. Quantifying [(1)(8)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the arterial wall: The effects of dual time-point imaging and partial volume effect correction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:1414-22.CrossRefPubMed Blomberg BA, Bashyam A, Ramachandran A, et al. Quantifying [(1)(8)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the arterial wall: The effects of dual time-point imaging and partial volume effect correction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:1414-22.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Alavi A, Palevsky HI, Gupta N, et al. Radiolabeled antifibrin antibody in the detection of venous thrombosis: Preliminary results. Radiology. 1990;175:79-85.CrossRefPubMed Alavi A, Palevsky HI, Gupta N, et al. Radiolabeled antifibrin antibody in the detection of venous thrombosis: Preliminary results. Radiology. 1990;175:79-85.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Hess S, Madsen PH, Iversen ED, et al. Efficacy of FDG PET/CT imaging for venous thromboembolic disorders: Preliminary results from a prospective, observational pilot study. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40:e23-6.CrossRefPubMed Hess S, Madsen PH, Iversen ED, et al. Efficacy of FDG PET/CT imaging for venous thromboembolic disorders: Preliminary results from a prospective, observational pilot study. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40:e23-6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Basu S, Zaidi H, Houseni M, et al. Novel quantitative techniques for assessing regional and global function and structure based on modern imaging modalities: Implications for normal variation, aging and diseased states. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:223-39.CrossRefPubMed Basu S, Zaidi H, Houseni M, et al. Novel quantitative techniques for assessing regional and global function and structure based on modern imaging modalities: Implications for normal variation, aging and diseased states. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:223-39.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Basu S, Saboury B, Torigian DA, et al. Current evidence base of FDG-PET/CT imaging in the clinical management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: Emerging significance of image segmentation and global disease assessment. Mol Imaging BiolS. 2011;13:801-11.CrossRef Basu S, Saboury B, Torigian DA, et al. Current evidence base of FDG-PET/CT imaging in the clinical management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: Emerging significance of image segmentation and global disease assessment. Mol Imaging BiolS. 2011;13:801-11.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Beheshti M, Saboury B, Mehta NN, et al. Detection and global quantification of cardiovascular molecular calcification by fluoro18-fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography—A novel concept. Hell J Nucl Med. 2011;14:114-20.PubMed Beheshti M, Saboury B, Mehta NN, et al. Detection and global quantification of cardiovascular molecular calcification by fluoro18-fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography—A novel concept. Hell J Nucl Med. 2011;14:114-20.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Basu S, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Alavi A. Assessing global cardiovascular molecular calcification with 18F-fluoride PET/CT: Will this become a clinical reality and a challenge to CT calcification scoring? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:660-4.CrossRefPubMed Basu S, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Alavi A. Assessing global cardiovascular molecular calcification with 18F-fluoride PET/CT: Will this become a clinical reality and a challenge to CT calcification scoring? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:660-4.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Nawaz A, Saboury B, Basu S, et al. Relation between popliteal-tibial artery atherosclerosis and global glycolytic metabolism in the affected diabetic foot: A pilot study using quantitative FDG-PET. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2012;102:240-6.CrossRefPubMed Nawaz A, Saboury B, Basu S, et al. Relation between popliteal-tibial artery atherosclerosis and global glycolytic metabolism in the affected diabetic foot: A pilot study using quantitative FDG-PET. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2012;102:240-6.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Abdulla S, Salavati A, Saboury B, et al. Quantitative assessment of global lung inflammation following radiation therapy using FDG PET/CT: A pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:350-6.CrossRefPubMed Abdulla S, Salavati A, Saboury B, et al. Quantitative assessment of global lung inflammation following radiation therapy using FDG PET/CT: A pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:350-6.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Basu S, Zaidi H, Salavati A, et al. FDG PET/CT methodology for evaluation of treatment response in lymphoma: From “graded visual analysis” and “semiquantitative SUVmax” to global disease burden assessment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:2158-60.CrossRefPubMed Basu S, Zaidi H, Salavati A, et al. FDG PET/CT methodology for evaluation of treatment response in lymphoma: From “graded visual analysis” and “semiquantitative SUVmax” to global disease burden assessment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:2158-60.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference de Barros AL, Chacko AM, Mikitsh JL, et al. Assessment of global cardiac uptake of radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice: Implications for imaging cardiovascular inflammation. Mol Imaging Biol. 2014;16:330-9.PubMedPubMedCentral de Barros AL, Chacko AM, Mikitsh JL, et al. Assessment of global cardiac uptake of radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice: Implications for imaging cardiovascular inflammation. Mol Imaging Biol. 2014;16:330-9.PubMedPubMedCentral
35.
go back to reference Hernandez-Martinez A, Marin-Oyaga VA, Salavati A, et al. Quantitative assessment of global hepatic glycolysis in patients with cirrhosis and normal controls using 18F-FDG-PET/CT: A pilot study. Ann Nucl Med. 2014;28:53-9.CrossRefPubMed Hernandez-Martinez A, Marin-Oyaga VA, Salavati A, et al. Quantitative assessment of global hepatic glycolysis in patients with cirrhosis and normal controls using 18F-FDG-PET/CT: A pilot study. Ann Nucl Med. 2014;28:53-9.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Saboury B, Salavati A, Brothers A, et al. FDG PET/CT in Crohn’s disease: Correlation of quantitative FDG PET/CT parameters with clinical and endoscopic surrogate markers of disease activity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:605-14.CrossRefPubMed Saboury B, Salavati A, Brothers A, et al. FDG PET/CT in Crohn’s disease: Correlation of quantitative FDG PET/CT parameters with clinical and endoscopic surrogate markers of disease activity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:605-14.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Gholami S, Segtnan EA, Alavi A. Global and regional brain glucose metabolism decline after systemic chemotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:981-3.CrossRefPubMed Gholami S, Segtnan EA, Alavi A. Global and regional brain glucose metabolism decline after systemic chemotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:981-3.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Houshmand S, Salavati A, Hess S, et al. An update on novel quantitative techniques in the context of evolving whole-body PET imaging. PET Clin. 2015;10:45-58.CrossRef Houshmand S, Salavati A, Hess S, et al. An update on novel quantitative techniques in the context of evolving whole-body PET imaging. PET Clin. 2015;10:45-58.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Marin-Oyaga VA, Salavati A, Houshmand S, et al. Feasibility and performance of an adaptive contrast-oriented FDG PET/CT quantification technique for global disease assessment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and a brief review of the literature. Hell J Nucl Med. 2015;18:11-8.PubMed Marin-Oyaga VA, Salavati A, Houshmand S, et al. Feasibility and performance of an adaptive contrast-oriented FDG PET/CT quantification technique for global disease assessment of malignant pleural mesothelioma and a brief review of the literature. Hell J Nucl Med. 2015;18:11-8.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Fardin S, Gholami S, Samimi S, et al. Global quantitative techniques for positron emission tomographic assessment of disease activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and response to treatment. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152:103-5.CrossRefPubMed Fardin S, Gholami S, Samimi S, et al. Global quantitative techniques for positron emission tomographic assessment of disease activity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and response to treatment. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152:103-5.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Peter J, Houshmand S, Werner TJ, et al. Applications of global quantitative18F-FDG-PET analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:223-30.CrossRefPubMed Peter J, Houshmand S, Werner TJ, et al. Applications of global quantitative18F-FDG-PET analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:223-30.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Saboury B, Parsons MA, Moghbel M, et al. Quantification of aging effects upon global knee inflammation by 18F-FDG-PET. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:254-8.PubMed Saboury B, Parsons MA, Moghbel M, et al. Quantification of aging effects upon global knee inflammation by 18F-FDG-PET. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:254-8.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Alavi A, Newberg AB, Souder E, et al. Quantitative analysis of PET and MRI data in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease: Atrophy weighted total brain metabolism and absolute whole brain metabolism as reliable discriminators. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1681-7.PubMed Alavi A, Newberg AB, Souder E, et al. Quantitative analysis of PET and MRI data in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease: Atrophy weighted total brain metabolism and absolute whole brain metabolism as reliable discriminators. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1681-7.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, Akers SR, Saboury B, et al. Delayed time-point 18F-FDG PET CT imaging enhances assessment of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34:860-7.PubMed Blomberg BA, Akers SR, Saboury B, et al. Delayed time-point 18F-FDG PET CT imaging enhances assessment of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34:860-7.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. [(1)(8)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging of atherosclerosis. PET Clin. 2015;10:1-7.CrossRefPubMed Blomberg BA, Hoilund-Carlsen PF. [(1)(8)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging of atherosclerosis. PET Clin. 2015;10:1-7.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, de Jong PA, et al. Impact of personal characteristics and technical factors on quantification of sodium 18F-fluoride uptake in human arteries: Prospective evaluation of healthy subjects. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1534-40.CrossRefPubMed Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, de Jong PA, et al. Impact of personal characteristics and technical factors on quantification of sodium 18F-fluoride uptake in human arteries: Prospective evaluation of healthy subjects. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1534-40.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, Takx RA, et al. Delayed (1)(8)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging improves quantitation of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation: Results from the CAMONA study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:588-97.CrossRefPubMed Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, Takx RA, et al. Delayed (1)(8)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging improves quantitation of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation: Results from the CAMONA study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:588-97.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, Takx RA, et al. Delayed sodium 18F-fluoride PET/CT imaging does not improve quantification of vascular calcification metabolism: Results from the CAMONA study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:293-304.CrossRefPubMed Blomberg BA, Thomassen A, Takx RA, et al. Delayed sodium 18F-fluoride PET/CT imaging does not improve quantification of vascular calcification metabolism: Results from the CAMONA study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:293-304.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Pasha AK, Moghbel M, Saboury B, et al. Effects of age and cardiovascular risk factors on (18)F-FDG PET/CT quantification of atherosclerosis in the aorta and peripheral arteries. Hell J Nucl Med. 2015;18:5-10.PubMed Pasha AK, Moghbel M, Saboury B, et al. Effects of age and cardiovascular risk factors on (18)F-FDG PET/CT quantification of atherosclerosis in the aorta and peripheral arteries. Hell J Nucl Med. 2015;18:5-10.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Blomberg BA, de Jong PA, Thomassen A, et al. Thoracic aorta calcification but not inflammation is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk: Results of the CAMONA study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:249-58.CrossRefPubMed Blomberg BA, de Jong PA, Thomassen A, et al. Thoracic aorta calcification but not inflammation is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk: Results of the CAMONA study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:249-58.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
What can be and what cannot be accomplished with PET to detect and characterize atherosclerotic plaques
Authors
Abass Alavi, MD, PhD, DSc
Thomas J. Werner, MSc
Poul Flemming Høilund-Carlsen, MD, DMSci, Prof (Hon)
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology / Issue 6/2018
Print ISSN: 1071-3581
Electronic ISSN: 1532-6551
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-017-0977-x

Other articles of this Issue 6/2018

Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 6/2018 Go to the issue