Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Endocrine 3/2014

01-12-2014 | Review

Unusual effects of GH deficiency in adults: a review about the effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation

Authors: F. Tanriverdi, Z. Karaca, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 3/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Based on the literature data in the last two decades, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults has been accepted as a clinical entity. Due to the presence of GH and IGF-I receptors throughout the body, the physiological effects of the GH-IGF-I axis are still under investigation. The effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation parameters in adults have only been investigated in detail only in the recent years. In this review, our aim was to summarize the literature regarding the effects of GHD and GH replacement treatment on the skin, sleep, and coagulation parameters in adults.
Literature
1.
go back to reference R.C. Cuneo, F. Salomon, G.A. McGauley, P.H. Sonksen, The growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 37, 387–397 (1992) R.C. Cuneo, F. Salomon, G.A. McGauley, P.H. Sonksen, The growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 37, 387–397 (1992)
2.
go back to reference G. Amato, C. Carella, S. Fazio, G. La Montagna, A. Cittadini, D. Sabatini, C. Marciano-Mone, L. Sacca, A. Bellastella, Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 1671–1676 (1993)PubMed G. Amato, C. Carella, S. Fazio, G. La Montagna, A. Cittadini, D. Sabatini, C. Marciano-Mone, L. Sacca, A. Bellastella, Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 1671–1676 (1993)PubMed
3.
go back to reference B.A. Bengtsson, S. Eden, L. Lonn, H. Kvist, A. Stokland, G. Lindstedt, I. Bosaeus, J. Tolli, L. Sjostrom, O.G. Isaksson, Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76, 309–317 (1993)PubMed B.A. Bengtsson, S. Eden, L. Lonn, H. Kvist, A. Stokland, G. Lindstedt, I. Bosaeus, J. Tolli, L. Sjostrom, O.G. Isaksson, Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76, 309–317 (1993)PubMed
4.
go back to reference C. Gazzaruso, M. Gola, I. Karamouzis, R. Giubbini, A. Giustina, Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and following substitution with GH—an update. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 18–29 (2014)PubMed C. Gazzaruso, M. Gola, I. Karamouzis, R. Giubbini, A. Giustina, Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and following substitution with GH—an update. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 18–29 (2014)PubMed
5.
go back to reference M. Gola, S. Bonadonna, M. Doga, A. Giustina, Clinical review: growth hormone and cardiovascular risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 1864–1870 (2005)PubMed M. Gola, S. Bonadonna, M. Doga, A. Giustina, Clinical review: growth hormone and cardiovascular risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 1864–1870 (2005)PubMed
6.
go back to reference M. Gola, A. Giustina, Growth hormone deficiency and cardiovascular risk: do we need additional markers? Endocrine 42, 240–242 (2012)PubMed M. Gola, A. Giustina, Growth hormone deficiency and cardiovascular risk: do we need additional markers? Endocrine 42, 240–242 (2012)PubMed
7.
go back to reference L. Li, W. Ren, J. Li, J. Liu, L. Wang, X. Zheng, D. Liu, S. Li, R. Souvenir, J. Tang, Increase in serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is correlated with increase in cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Endocrine 42, 375–381 (2012)PubMed L. Li, W. Ren, J. Li, J. Liu, L. Wang, X. Zheng, D. Liu, S. Li, R. Souvenir, J. Tang, Increase in serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is correlated with increase in cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Endocrine 42, 375–381 (2012)PubMed
8.
go back to reference H. de Boer, G.J. Blok, H.J. Voerman, M. Phillips, J.A. Schouten, Serum lipid levels in growth hormone-deficient men. Metabolism 43, 199–203 (1994)PubMed H. de Boer, G.J. Blok, H.J. Voerman, M. Phillips, J.A. Schouten, Serum lipid levels in growth hormone-deficient men. Metabolism 43, 199–203 (1994)PubMed
9.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, M. Kula, M. Guven, F. Bayram, F. Kelestimur, Effects of 18-month of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 15, 231–237 (2005)PubMed F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, M. Kula, M. Guven, F. Bayram, F. Kelestimur, Effects of 18-month of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 15, 231–237 (2005)PubMed
10.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, N.K. Eryol, H. Atmaca, K. Unluhizarci, I. Ozdogru, I. Sarikaya, F. Bayram, F. Kelestimur, The effects of 12 months of growth hormone replacement therapy on cardiac autonomic tone in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 62, 706–712 (2005) F. Tanriverdi, N.K. Eryol, H. Atmaca, K. Unluhizarci, I. Ozdogru, I. Sarikaya, F. Bayram, F. Kelestimur, The effects of 12 months of growth hormone replacement therapy on cardiac autonomic tone in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 62, 706–712 (2005)
11.
go back to reference V. Ekbote, A. Khadilkar, S. Chiplonkar, Z. Mughal, V. Khadilkar, Enhanced effect of zinc and calcium supplementation on bone status in growth hormone-deficient children treated with growth hormone: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Endocrine 43, 686–695 (2013)PubMed V. Ekbote, A. Khadilkar, S. Chiplonkar, Z. Mughal, V. Khadilkar, Enhanced effect of zinc and calcium supplementation on bone status in growth hormone-deficient children treated with growth hormone: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Endocrine 43, 686–695 (2013)PubMed
12.
go back to reference A. Giustina, G. Mazziotti, E. Canalis, Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr. Rev. 29, 535–559 (2008)PubMedCentralPubMed A. Giustina, G. Mazziotti, E. Canalis, Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr. Rev. 29, 535–559 (2008)PubMedCentralPubMed
13.
go back to reference G. Mazziotti, A. Bianchi, S. Bonadonna, M. Nuzzo, V. Cimino, A. Fusco, L. De Marinis, A. Giustina, Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in adult patients with GH deficiency: influence of GH replacement therapy. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 520–528 (2006)PubMed G. Mazziotti, A. Bianchi, S. Bonadonna, M. Nuzzo, V. Cimino, A. Fusco, L. De Marinis, A. Giustina, Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in adult patients with GH deficiency: influence of GH replacement therapy. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21, 520–528 (2006)PubMed
14.
go back to reference F. Prodam, G. Aimaretti, Could zinc supplementation improve bone status in growth hormone (GH) deficient children? Endocrine 43, 467–468 (2013)PubMed F. Prodam, G. Aimaretti, Could zinc supplementation improve bone status in growth hormone (GH) deficient children? Endocrine 43, 467–468 (2013)PubMed
15.
go back to reference J. Gibney, J.D. Wallace, T. Spinks, L. Schnorr, A. Ranicar, R.C. Cuneo, S. Lockhart, K.G. Burnand, F. Salomon, P.H. Sonksen, D. Russell-Jones, The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GH-deficient patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 2596–2602 (1999)PubMed J. Gibney, J.D. Wallace, T. Spinks, L. Schnorr, A. Ranicar, R.C. Cuneo, S. Lockhart, K.G. Burnand, F. Salomon, P.H. Sonksen, D. Russell-Jones, The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GH-deficient patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 2596–2602 (1999)PubMed
16.
go back to reference A. Slominski, J. Wortsman, Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr. Rev. 21, 457–487 (2000)PubMed A. Slominski, J. Wortsman, Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocr. Rev. 21, 457–487 (2000)PubMed
17.
18.
go back to reference H.L. Sheehan, Postpartum necrosis of the anterior pituitary. J. Pathol. 45, 189–214 (1937) H.L. Sheehan, Postpartum necrosis of the anterior pituitary. J. Pathol. 45, 189–214 (1937)
19.
go back to reference H.J. Schneider, G. Aimaretti, I. Kreitschmann-Andermahr, G.K. Stalla, E. Ghigo, Hypopituitarism. Lancet 369, 1461–1470 (2007)PubMed H.J. Schneider, G. Aimaretti, I. Kreitschmann-Andermahr, G.K. Stalla, E. Ghigo, Hypopituitarism. Lancet 369, 1461–1470 (2007)PubMed
20.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, A. De Bellis, H. Ulutabanca, A. Bizzarro, A.A. Sinisi, G. Bellastella, P.V. Amoresano, M.L. Dalla, A. Selcuklu, K. Unluhizarci, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, A five year prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function after traumatic brain injury: is hypopituitarism long-term after head trauma associated with autoimmunity? J. Neurotrauma 30, 1426–1433 (2013)PubMed F. Tanriverdi, A. De Bellis, H. Ulutabanca, A. Bizzarro, A.A. Sinisi, G. Bellastella, P.V. Amoresano, M.L. Dalla, A. Selcuklu, K. Unluhizarci, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, A five year prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function after traumatic brain injury: is hypopituitarism long-term after head trauma associated with autoimmunity? J. Neurotrauma 30, 1426–1433 (2013)PubMed
21.
go back to reference P.E. Lobie, W. Breipohl, D.T. Lincoln, J. Garcia-Aragon, M.J. Waters, Localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in skin. J. Endocrinol. 126, 467–471 (1990)PubMed P.E. Lobie, W. Breipohl, D.T. Lincoln, J. Garcia-Aragon, M.J. Waters, Localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in skin. J. Endocrinol. 126, 467–471 (1990)PubMed
22.
go back to reference S.R. Oakes, K.M. Haynes, M.J. Waters, A.C. Herington, G.A. Werther, Demonstration and localization of growth hormone receptor in human skin and skin fibroblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75, 1368–1373 (1992)PubMed S.R. Oakes, K.M. Haynes, M.J. Waters, A.C. Herington, G.A. Werther, Demonstration and localization of growth hormone receptor in human skin and skin fibroblasts. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75, 1368–1373 (1992)PubMed
23.
go back to reference J.A. Batch, F.A. Mercuri, S.R. Edmondson, G.A. Werther, Localization of messenger ribonucleic acid for insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in human skin by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79, 1444–1449 (1994)PubMed J.A. Batch, F.A. Mercuri, S.R. Edmondson, G.A. Werther, Localization of messenger ribonucleic acid for insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in human skin by in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79, 1444–1449 (1994)PubMed
24.
go back to reference A. Tavakkol, J.T. Elder, C.E. Griffiths, K.D. Cooper, H. Talwar, G.J. Fisher, K.M. Keane, S.K. Foltin, J.J. Voorhees, Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99, 343–349 (1992)PubMed A. Tavakkol, J.T. Elder, C.E. Griffiths, K.D. Cooper, H. Talwar, G.J. Fisher, K.M. Keane, S.K. Foltin, J.J. Voorhees, Expression of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor mRNA and proteins in human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99, 343–349 (1992)PubMed
25.
go back to reference M. Borlu, Z. Karaca, H. Yildiz, F. Tanriverdi, B. Demirel, G. Elbuken, I. Cakir, H.S. Dokmetas, R. Colak, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Acromegaly is associated with decreased skin transepidermal water loss and temperature, and increased skin pH and sebum secretion partially reversible after treatment. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 22, 82–86 (2012)PubMed M. Borlu, Z. Karaca, H. Yildiz, F. Tanriverdi, B. Demirel, G. Elbuken, I. Cakir, H.S. Dokmetas, R. Colak, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Acromegaly is associated with decreased skin transepidermal water loss and temperature, and increased skin pH and sebum secretion partially reversible after treatment. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 22, 82–86 (2012)PubMed
26.
go back to reference A. Jadresic, L.M. Banks, D.F. Child, L. Diamant, F.H. Doyle, T.R. Fraser, G.F. Joplin, The acromegaly syndrome. Relation between clinical features, growth hormone values and radiological characteristics of the pituitary tumours. Q. J. Med. 51, 189–204 (1982)PubMed A. Jadresic, L.M. Banks, D.F. Child, L. Diamant, F.H. Doyle, T.R. Fraser, G.F. Joplin, The acromegaly syndrome. Relation between clinical features, growth hormone values and radiological characteristics of the pituitary tumours. Q. J. Med. 51, 189–204 (1982)PubMed
27.
go back to reference J.D. Nabarro, Acromegaly. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 26, 481–512 (1987) J.D. Nabarro, Acromegaly. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 26, 481–512 (1987)
28.
go back to reference P.V. Carroll, E.R. Christ, B.A. Bengtsson, L. Carlsson, J.S. Christiansen, D. Clemmons, R. Hintz, K. Ho, Z. Laron, P. Sizonenko, P.H. Sonksen, T. Tanaka, M. Thorne, Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 382–395 (1998)PubMed P.V. Carroll, E.R. Christ, B.A. Bengtsson, L. Carlsson, J.S. Christiansen, D. Clemmons, R. Hintz, K. Ho, Z. Laron, P. Sizonenko, P.H. Sonksen, T. Tanaka, M. Thorne, Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. Growth Hormone Research Society Scientific Committee. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 382–395 (1998)PubMed
29.
go back to reference S.A. Pedersen, K. Welling, K.F. Michaelsen, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Reduced sweating in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Lancet 2, 681–682 (1989)PubMed S.A. Pedersen, K. Welling, K.F. Michaelsen, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Reduced sweating in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Lancet 2, 681–682 (1989)PubMed
30.
go back to reference K. Main, K.O. Nilsson, N.E. Skakkebaek, Influence of sex and growth hormone deficiency on sweating. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 51, 475–480 (1991)PubMed K. Main, K.O. Nilsson, N.E. Skakkebaek, Influence of sex and growth hormone deficiency on sweating. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 51, 475–480 (1991)PubMed
31.
go back to reference K.M. Main, D.A. Price, M.O. Savage, N.E. Skakkebae, Decreased sweating in seven patients with Laron syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 821–823 (1993)PubMed K.M. Main, D.A. Price, M.O. Savage, N.E. Skakkebae, Decreased sweating in seven patients with Laron syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77, 821–823 (1993)PubMed
32.
go back to reference A. Juul, A. Behrenscheer, T. Tims, B. Nielsen, J. Halkjaer-Kristensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Impaired thermoregulation in adults with growth hormone deficiency during heat exposure and exercise. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 38, 237–244 (1993) A. Juul, A. Behrenscheer, T. Tims, B. Nielsen, J. Halkjaer-Kristensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Impaired thermoregulation in adults with growth hormone deficiency during heat exposure and exercise. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 38, 237–244 (1993)
33.
go back to reference A. Juul, N. Hjortskov, L.T. Jepsen, B. Nielsen, J. Halkjaer-Kristensen, N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Growth hormone deficiency and hyperthermia during exercise: a controlled study of sixteen GH-deficient patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80, 3335–3340 (1995)PubMed A. Juul, N. Hjortskov, L.T. Jepsen, B. Nielsen, J. Halkjaer-Kristensen, N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, N.E. Skakkebaek, Growth hormone deficiency and hyperthermia during exercise: a controlled study of sixteen GH-deficient patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80, 3335–3340 (1995)PubMed
34.
go back to reference J.C. Ives, M. Alderman, S.E. Stred, Hypopituitarism after multiple concussions: a retrospective case study in an adolescent male. J. Athl. Train. 42, 431–439 (2007)PubMedCentralPubMed J.C. Ives, M. Alderman, S.E. Stred, Hypopituitarism after multiple concussions: a retrospective case study in an adolescent male. J. Athl. Train. 42, 431–439 (2007)PubMedCentralPubMed
35.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, B. Coksevim, A. Selcuklu, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 66, 360–366 (2007) F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, B. Coksevim, A. Selcuklu, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, Kickboxing sport as a new cause of traumatic brain injury-mediated hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 66, 360–366 (2007)
36.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, I. Kocyigit, I.S. Tuna, Z. Karaca, A.C. Durak, A. Selcuklu, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, Brief communication: pituitary volume and function in competing and retired male boxers. Ann. Intern. Med. 148, 827–831 (2008)PubMed F. Tanriverdi, K. Unluhizarci, I. Kocyigit, I.S. Tuna, Z. Karaca, A.C. Durak, A. Selcuklu, F.F. Casanueva, F. Kelestimur, Brief communication: pituitary volume and function in competing and retired male boxers. Ann. Intern. Med. 148, 827–831 (2008)PubMed
37.
go back to reference S.B. Sneppen, K.M. Main, A. Juul, L.M. Pedersen, L.O. Kristensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, Sweat secretion rates in growth hormone disorders. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 53, 601–608 (2000) S.B. Sneppen, K.M. Main, A. Juul, L.M. Pedersen, L.O. Kristensen, N.E. Skakkebaek, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, Sweat secretion rates in growth hormone disorders. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 53, 601–608 (2000)
38.
go back to reference R. Choudhry, M.B. Hodgins, T.H. Van der Kwast, A.O. Brinkmann, W.J. Boersma, Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J. Endocrinol. 133, 467–475 (1992)PubMed R. Choudhry, M.B. Hodgins, T.H. Van der Kwast, A.O. Brinkmann, W.J. Boersma, Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J. Endocrinol. 133, 467–475 (1992)PubMed
39.
go back to reference K. Sato, W.H. Kang, K. Saga, K.T. Sato, Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 20, 537–563 (1989)PubMed K. Sato, W.H. Kang, K. Saga, K.T. Sato, Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 20, 537–563 (1989)PubMed
40.
go back to reference J.M. Lundberg, B. Hedlund, T. Bartfai, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide enhances muscarinic ligand binding in cat submandibular salivary gland. Nature 295, 147–149 (1982)PubMed J.M. Lundberg, B. Hedlund, T. Bartfai, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide enhances muscarinic ligand binding in cat submandibular salivary gland. Nature 295, 147–149 (1982)PubMed
41.
go back to reference W. Hasan, T. Cowen, P.S. Barnett, E. Elliot, P. Coskeran, P.M. Bouloux, The sweating apparatus in growth hormone deficiency, following treatment with r-hGH and in acromegaly. Auton. Neurosci. 89, 100–109 (2001)PubMed W. Hasan, T. Cowen, P.S. Barnett, E. Elliot, P. Coskeran, P.M. Bouloux, The sweating apparatus in growth hormone deficiency, following treatment with r-hGH and in acromegaly. Auton. Neurosci. 89, 100–109 (2001)PubMed
42.
go back to reference M. Lange, J. Thulesen, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, N.E. Skakkebaek, N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, S.S. Poulsen, S.B. Sneppen, A. Juul, Skin morphological changes in growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145, 147–153 (2001)PubMed M. Lange, J. Thulesen, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, N.E. Skakkebaek, N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, J.S. Christiansen, S.S. Poulsen, S.B. Sneppen, A. Juul, Skin morphological changes in growth hormone deficiency and acromegaly. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145, 147–153 (2001)PubMed
43.
go back to reference D. Deplewski, R.L. Rosenfield, Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr. Rev. 21, 363–392 (2000)PubMed D. Deplewski, R.L. Rosenfield, Role of hormones in pilosebaceous unit development. Endocr. Rev. 21, 363–392 (2000)PubMed
44.
go back to reference F. Kelestimur, GH deficiency and the degree of hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 42, 443–444 (1995) F. Kelestimur, GH deficiency and the degree of hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 42, 443–444 (1995)
45.
go back to reference M. Borlu, F. Tanriverdi, C.A. Koc, K. Unluhizarci, S. Utas, F. Kelestimur, The effects of severe growth hormone deficiency on the skin of patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 21, 199–204 (2007)PubMed M. Borlu, F. Tanriverdi, C.A. Koc, K. Unluhizarci, S. Utas, F. Kelestimur, The effects of severe growth hormone deficiency on the skin of patients with Sheehan’s syndrome. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 21, 199–204 (2007)PubMed
46.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, M. Borlu, H. Atmaca, C.A. Koc, K. Unluhizarci, S. Utas, F. Kelestimur, Investigation of the skin characteristics in patients with severe GH deficiency and the effects of 6 months of GH replacement therapy: a randomized placebo controlled study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 65, 579–585 (2006) F. Tanriverdi, M. Borlu, H. Atmaca, C.A. Koc, K. Unluhizarci, S. Utas, F. Kelestimur, Investigation of the skin characteristics in patients with severe GH deficiency and the effects of 6 months of GH replacement therapy: a randomized placebo controlled study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 65, 579–585 (2006)
47.
go back to reference D. Deplewski, R.L. Rosenfield, Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors have different effects on sebaceous cell growth and differentiation. Endocrinology 140, 4089–4094 (1999)PubMed D. Deplewski, R.L. Rosenfield, Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors have different effects on sebaceous cell growth and differentiation. Endocrinology 140, 4089–4094 (1999)PubMed
48.
go back to reference A.R. Buz’Zard, Q. Peng, B.H. Lau, Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 12, 34–40 (2002)PubMed A.R. Buz’Zard, Q. Peng, B.H. Lau, Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 12, 34–40 (2002)PubMed
49.
go back to reference G. Broniarczyk-Dyla, E. Joss-Wichman, Ageing of the skin during menopause. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 15, 494–495 (2001)PubMed G. Broniarczyk-Dyla, E. Joss-Wichman, Ageing of the skin during menopause. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 15, 494–495 (2001)PubMed
50.
go back to reference D.R. Clemmons, M. Molitch, A.R. Hoffman, A. Klibanski, C.J. Strasburger, D.L. Kleinberg, K. Ho, S.M. Webb, M.D. Bronstein, R. Bouillon, A. Ben Shlomo, A.H. Hamrahian, P. Chanson, A.L. Barkan, G.R. Merriam, M.R. Blackman, R. Salvatori, Growth hormone should be used only for approved indications. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 409–411 (2014)PubMed D.R. Clemmons, M. Molitch, A.R. Hoffman, A. Klibanski, C.J. Strasburger, D.L. Kleinberg, K. Ho, S.M. Webb, M.D. Bronstein, R. Bouillon, A. Ben Shlomo, A.H. Hamrahian, P. Chanson, A.L. Barkan, G.R. Merriam, M.R. Blackman, R. Salvatori, Growth hormone should be used only for approved indications. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 409–411 (2014)PubMed
51.
go back to reference S.R. Edmondson, S.P. Thumiger, G.A. Werther, C.J. Wraight, Epidermal homeostasis: the role of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor systems. Endocr. Rev. 24, 737–764 (2003)PubMed S.R. Edmondson, S.P. Thumiger, G.A. Werther, C.J. Wraight, Epidermal homeostasis: the role of the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor systems. Endocr. Rev. 24, 737–764 (2003)PubMed
52.
go back to reference A. Steiger, Sleep, endocrinology. J. Intern. Med. 254, 13–22 (2003)PubMed A. Steiger, Sleep, endocrinology. J. Intern. Med. 254, 13–22 (2003)PubMed
53.
go back to reference E. Van Cauter, L. Plat, G. Copinschi, Interrelations between sleep and the somatotropic axis. Sleep 21, 553–566 (1998)PubMed E. Van Cauter, L. Plat, G. Copinschi, Interrelations between sleep and the somatotropic axis. Sleep 21, 553–566 (1998)PubMed
54.
go back to reference C. Gronfier, G. Brandenberger, Ultradian rhythms in pituitary and adrenal hormones: their relations to sleep. Sleep Med. Rev. 2, 17–29 (1998)PubMed C. Gronfier, G. Brandenberger, Ultradian rhythms in pituitary and adrenal hormones: their relations to sleep. Sleep Med. Rev. 2, 17–29 (1998)PubMed
55.
go back to reference K. Spiegel, R. Leproult, E.F. Colecchia, M. L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Z. Nie, G. Copinschi, E. Van Cauter, Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R874–R883 (2000)PubMed K. Spiegel, R. Leproult, E.F. Colecchia, M. L’Hermite-Baleriaux, Z. Nie, G. Copinschi, E. Van Cauter, Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R874–R883 (2000)PubMed
56.
go back to reference E. Van Cauter, A. Caufriez, M. Kerkhofs, A. Van Onderbergen, M.O. Thorner, G. Copinschi, Sleep, awakenings, and insulin-like growth factor-I modulate the growth hormone (GH) secretory response to GH-releasing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 1451–1459 (1992)PubMed E. Van Cauter, A. Caufriez, M. Kerkhofs, A. Van Onderbergen, M.O. Thorner, G. Copinschi, Sleep, awakenings, and insulin-like growth factor-I modulate the growth hormone (GH) secretory response to GH-releasing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74, 1451–1459 (1992)PubMed
57.
go back to reference E.D. Weitzman, Biologic rhythms and hormone secretion patterns. Hosp. Pract. 11, 79–86 (1976)PubMed E.D. Weitzman, Biologic rhythms and hormone secretion patterns. Hosp. Pract. 11, 79–86 (1976)PubMed
58.
go back to reference F. Obal Jr, R. Floyd, L. Kapas, B. Bodosi, J.M. Krueger, Effects of systemic GHRH on sleep in intact and hypophysectomized rats. Am. J. Physiol. 270, E230–E237 (1996)PubMed F. Obal Jr, R. Floyd, L. Kapas, B. Bodosi, J.M. Krueger, Effects of systemic GHRH on sleep in intact and hypophysectomized rats. Am. J. Physiol. 270, E230–E237 (1996)PubMed
59.
go back to reference L. Marshall, M. Molle, G. Boschen, A. Steiger, H.L. Fehm, J. Born, Greater efficacy of episodic than continuous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) administration in promoting slow-wave sleep (SWS). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 1009–1013 (1996)PubMed L. Marshall, M. Molle, G. Boschen, A. Steiger, H.L. Fehm, J. Born, Greater efficacy of episodic than continuous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) administration in promoting slow-wave sleep (SWS). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 1009–1013 (1996)PubMed
60.
go back to reference A. Steiger, J. Guldner, U. Hemmeter, B. Rothe, K. Wiedemann, F. Holsboer, Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in male controls. Neuroendocrinology 56, 566–573 (1992)PubMed A. Steiger, J. Guldner, U. Hemmeter, B. Rothe, K. Wiedemann, F. Holsboer, Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in male controls. Neuroendocrinology 56, 566–573 (1992)PubMed
61.
go back to reference F. Obal Jr, P. Alfoldi, A.B. Cady, L. Johannsen, G. Sary, J.M. Krueger, Growth hormone-releasing factor enhances sleep in rats and rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 255, R310–R316 (1988)PubMed F. Obal Jr, P. Alfoldi, A.B. Cady, L. Johannsen, G. Sary, J.M. Krueger, Growth hormone-releasing factor enhances sleep in rats and rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 255, R310–R316 (1988)PubMed
62.
go back to reference J. Zhang, F. Obal Jr, T. Zheng, J. Fang, P. Taishi, J.M. Krueger, Intrapreoptic microinjection of GHRH or its antagonist alters sleep in rats. J. Neurosci. 19, 2187–2194 (1999)PubMed J. Zhang, F. Obal Jr, T. Zheng, J. Fang, P. Taishi, J.M. Krueger, Intrapreoptic microinjection of GHRH or its antagonist alters sleep in rats. J. Neurosci. 19, 2187–2194 (1999)PubMed
63.
go back to reference M. Kerkhofs, E. Van Cauter, A. Van Onderbergen, A. Caufriez, M.O. Thorner, G. Copinschi, Sleep-promoting effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal men. Am. J. Physiol. 264, E594–E598 (1993)PubMed M. Kerkhofs, E. Van Cauter, A. Van Onderbergen, A. Caufriez, M.O. Thorner, G. Copinschi, Sleep-promoting effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal men. Am. J. Physiol. 264, E594–E598 (1993)PubMed
64.
go back to reference B. Perras, L. Marshall, G. Kohler, J. Born, H.L. Fehm, Sleep and endocrine changes after intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone in young and aged humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24, 743–757 (1999)PubMed B. Perras, L. Marshall, G. Kohler, J. Born, H.L. Fehm, Sleep and endocrine changes after intranasal administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone in young and aged humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24, 743–757 (1999)PubMed
65.
go back to reference S. Mathias, K. Held, M. Ising, J.C. Weikel, A. Yassouridis, A. Steiger, Systemic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) impairs sleep in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 1021–1027 (2007)PubMed S. Mathias, K. Held, M. Ising, J.C. Weikel, A. Yassouridis, A. Steiger, Systemic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) impairs sleep in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 1021–1027 (2007)PubMed
66.
go back to reference G. Copinschi, A. Nedeltcheva, R. Leproult, L.L. Morselli, K. Spiegel, E. Martino, J.J. Legros, R.E. Weiss, J. Mockel, E. Van Cauter, Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 2195–2202 (2010)PubMedCentralPubMed G. Copinschi, A. Nedeltcheva, R. Leproult, L.L. Morselli, K. Spiegel, E. Martino, J.J. Legros, R.E. Weiss, J. Mockel, E. Van Cauter, Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 2195–2202 (2010)PubMedCentralPubMed
67.
go back to reference J. Zhang, F. Obal Jr, J. Fang, B.J. Collins, J.M. Krueger, Non-rapid eye movement sleep is suppressed in transgenic mice with a deficiency in the somatotropic system. Neurosci. Lett. 220, 97–100 (1996)PubMed J. Zhang, F. Obal Jr, J. Fang, B.J. Collins, J.M. Krueger, Non-rapid eye movement sleep is suppressed in transgenic mice with a deficiency in the somatotropic system. Neurosci. Lett. 220, 97–100 (1996)PubMed
68.
go back to reference C. Astrom, Interaction between sleep and growth hormone. Evaluated by manual polysomnography and automatic power spectrum analysis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 92, 281–296 (1995)PubMed C. Astrom, Interaction between sleep and growth hormone. Evaluated by manual polysomnography and automatic power spectrum analysis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 92, 281–296 (1995)PubMed
69.
go back to reference W.B. Mendelson, S. Slater, P. Gold, J.C. Gillin, The effect of growth hormone administration on human sleep: a dose-response study. Biol. Psychiatry 15, 613–618 (1980)PubMed W.B. Mendelson, S. Slater, P. Gold, J.C. Gillin, The effect of growth hormone administration on human sleep: a dose-response study. Biol. Psychiatry 15, 613–618 (1980)PubMed
70.
go back to reference C. Astrom, J. Lindholm, Growth hormone-deficient young adults have decreased deep sleep. Neuroendocrinology 51, 82–84 (1990)PubMed C. Astrom, J. Lindholm, Growth hormone-deficient young adults have decreased deep sleep. Neuroendocrinology 51, 82–84 (1990)PubMed
71.
go back to reference S. Ismailogullari, F. Tanriverdi, F. Kelestimur, M. Aksu, Sleep architecture in Sheehan’s syndrome before and 6 months after growth hormone replacement therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, 212–219 (2009)PubMed S. Ismailogullari, F. Tanriverdi, F. Kelestimur, M. Aksu, Sleep architecture in Sheehan’s syndrome before and 6 months after growth hormone replacement therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34, 212–219 (2009)PubMed
72.
go back to reference L.L. Morselli, A. Nedeltcheva, R. Leproult, K. Spiegel, E. Martino, J.J. Legros, R.E. Weiss, J. Mockel, E. Van Cauter, G. Copinschi, Impact of GH replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients with GH deficiency of pituitary origin. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 168, 763–770 (2013)PubMed L.L. Morselli, A. Nedeltcheva, R. Leproult, K. Spiegel, E. Martino, J.J. Legros, R.E. Weiss, J. Mockel, E. Van Cauter, G. Copinschi, Impact of GH replacement therapy on sleep in adult patients with GH deficiency of pituitary origin. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 168, 763–770 (2013)PubMed
73.
go back to reference W. Nolte, C. Radisch, A. Rodenbeck, J. Wiltfang, M. Hufner, Polysomnographic findings in five adult patients with pituitary insufficiency before and after cessation of human growth hormone replacement therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 56, 805–810 (2002) W. Nolte, C. Radisch, A. Rodenbeck, J. Wiltfang, M. Hufner, Polysomnographic findings in five adult patients with pituitary insufficiency before and after cessation of human growth hormone replacement therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 56, 805–810 (2002)
74.
go back to reference Y. Peker, J. Svensson, J. Hedner, L. Grote, G. Johannsson, Sleep apnoea and quality of life in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after 6 months of GH replacement therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 65, 98–105 (2006) Y. Peker, J. Svensson, J. Hedner, L. Grote, G. Johannsson, Sleep apnoea and quality of life in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after 6 months of GH replacement therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 65, 98–105 (2006)
75.
go back to reference H.J. Schneider, H. Oertel, H. Murck, T. Pollmacher, G.K. Stalla, A. Steiger, Night sleep EEG and daytime sleep propensity in adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after six months of growth hormone replacement. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 29–37 (2005)PubMed H.J. Schneider, H. Oertel, H. Murck, T. Pollmacher, G.K. Stalla, A. Steiger, Night sleep EEG and daytime sleep propensity in adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after six months of growth hormone replacement. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 29–37 (2005)PubMed
76.
go back to reference B. Bulow, L. Hagmar, Z. Mikoczy, C.H. Nordstrom, E.M. Erfurth, Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 46, 75–81 (1997) B. Bulow, L. Hagmar, Z. Mikoczy, C.H. Nordstrom, E.M. Erfurth, Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 46, 75–81 (1997)
77.
go back to reference B. Bulow, L. Hagmar, J. Eskilsson, E.M. Erfurth, Hypopituitary females have a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 574–584 (2000)PubMed B. Bulow, L. Hagmar, J. Eskilsson, E.M. Erfurth, Hypopituitary females have a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 574–584 (2000)PubMed
78.
go back to reference E.M. Erfurth, B. Bulow, J. Eskilsson, L. Hagmar, High incidence of cardiovascular disease and increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in women with hypopituitarism not receiving growth hormone treatment: preliminary results. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 9(Suppl A), 21–24 (1999)PubMed E.M. Erfurth, B. Bulow, J. Eskilsson, L. Hagmar, High incidence of cardiovascular disease and increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in women with hypopituitarism not receiving growth hormone treatment: preliminary results. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 9(Suppl A), 21–24 (1999)PubMed
79.
go back to reference T. Rosen, B.A. Bengtsson, Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 336, 285–288 (1990)PubMed T. Rosen, B.A. Bengtsson, Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 336, 285–288 (1990)PubMed
80.
go back to reference A. Sartorio, M. Cattaneo, P. Bucciarelli, B. Bottasso, S. Porretti, P. Epaminonda, G. Faglia, M. Arosio, Alterations of haemostatic and fibrinolytic markers in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency and with acromegaly. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 108, 486–492 (2000)PubMed A. Sartorio, M. Cattaneo, P. Bucciarelli, B. Bottasso, S. Porretti, P. Epaminonda, G. Faglia, M. Arosio, Alterations of haemostatic and fibrinolytic markers in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency and with acromegaly. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 108, 486–492 (2000)PubMed
81.
go back to reference J. Guevara-Aguirre, P. Balasubramanian, M. Guevara-Aguirre, M. Wei, F. Madia, C.W. Cheng, D. Hwang, A. Martin-Montalvo, J. Saavedra, S. Ingles, R. de Cabo, P. Cohen, V.D. Longo, Growth hormone receptor deficiency ıs associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, 70ra13 (2011) J. Guevara-Aguirre, P. Balasubramanian, M. Guevara-Aguirre, M. Wei, F. Madia, C.W. Cheng, D. Hwang, A. Martin-Montalvo, J. Saavedra, S. Ingles, R. de Cabo, P. Cohen, V.D. Longo, Growth hormone receptor deficiency ıs associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, 70ra13 (2011)
82.
go back to reference M.H. Aguiar-Oliveira, F.T. Oliveira, R.M. Pereira, C.R. Oliveira, A. Blackford, E.H. Valenca, E.G. Santos, M.B. Gois-Junior, R.A. Meneguz-Moreno, V.P. Araujo, L.A. Oliveira-Neto, T.F. Lopes, E.O. Rodrigues, L.A. Porto, I.P. Oliveira, E.V. Melo, M. Martari, R. Salvatori, Longevity in untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, 714–721 (2010) M.H. Aguiar-Oliveira, F.T. Oliveira, R.M. Pereira, C.R. Oliveira, A. Blackford, E.H. Valenca, E.G. Santos, M.B. Gois-Junior, R.A. Meneguz-Moreno, V.P. Araujo, L.A. Oliveira-Neto, T.F. Lopes, E.O. Rodrigues, L.A. Porto, I.P. Oliveira, E.V. Melo, M. Martari, R. Salvatori, Longevity in untreated congenital growth hormone deficiency due to a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, 714–721 (2010)
83.
go back to reference M. Franchini, G. Lippi, F. Manzato, P.P. Vescovi, G. Targher, Hemostatic abnormalities in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 162, 439–451 (2010)PubMed M. Franchini, G. Lippi, F. Manzato, P.P. Vescovi, G. Targher, Hemostatic abnormalities in endocrine and metabolic disorders. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 162, 439–451 (2010)PubMed
84.
go back to reference F. Tanriverdi, A. Gul, I. Gul, N.K. Eryol, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Massive cardiac thrombosis in a patient with Sheehan’s syndrome. Endocr. J. 52, 709–714 (2005)PubMed F. Tanriverdi, A. Gul, I. Gul, N.K. Eryol, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Massive cardiac thrombosis in a patient with Sheehan’s syndrome. Endocr. J. 52, 709–714 (2005)PubMed
85.
go back to reference L.S. Savendahl, K. Grankvist, K.G. Engstrom, Growth hormone deficiency impairs blood clotting and reduces factor VII coagulant activity in rat. Thromb. Haemost. 73, 626–629 (1995)PubMed L.S. Savendahl, K. Grankvist, K.G. Engstrom, Growth hormone deficiency impairs blood clotting and reduces factor VII coagulant activity in rat. Thromb. Haemost. 73, 626–629 (1995)PubMed
86.
go back to reference P. Bubber, K.P. Singh, S. Arora, D.D. Bansal, Effect of growth hormone on fibrinolytic system in rat. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 36, 514–516 (1998)PubMed P. Bubber, K.P. Singh, S. Arora, D.D. Bansal, Effect of growth hormone on fibrinolytic system in rat. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 36, 514–516 (1998)PubMed
87.
go back to reference A. Hamsten, U. de Faire, G. Walldius, G. Dahlen, A. Szamosi, C. Landou, M. Blomback, B. Wiman, Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 2, 3–9 (1987)PubMed A. Hamsten, U. de Faire, G. Walldius, G. Dahlen, A. Szamosi, C. Landou, M. Blomback, B. Wiman, Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet 2, 3–9 (1987)PubMed
88.
go back to reference W.B. Kannel, New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors. Am. Heart J. 114, 213–219 (1987)PubMed W.B. Kannel, New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors. Am. Heart J. 114, 213–219 (1987)PubMed
89.
go back to reference F.B. Smith, A.J. Lee, F.G. Fowkes, J.F. Price, A. Rumley, G.D. Lowe, Hemostatic factors as predictors of ischemic heart disease and stroke in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 3321–3325 (1997)PubMed F.B. Smith, A.J. Lee, F.G. Fowkes, J.F. Price, A. Rumley, G.D. Lowe, Hemostatic factors as predictors of ischemic heart disease and stroke in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 3321–3325 (1997)PubMed
90.
go back to reference J.K. Devin, L.S. Blevins Jr, D.K. Verity, Q. Chen, J.R. Bloodworth Jr, J. Covington, D.E. Vaughan, Markedly impaired fibrinolytic balance contributes to cardiovascular risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3633–3639 (2007)PubMed J.K. Devin, L.S. Blevins Jr, D.K. Verity, Q. Chen, J.R. Bloodworth Jr, J. Covington, D.E. Vaughan, Markedly impaired fibrinolytic balance contributes to cardiovascular risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3633–3639 (2007)PubMed
91.
go back to reference J.O. Johansson, K. Landin, L. Tengborn, T. Rosen, B.A. Bengtsson, High fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in growth hormone-deficient adults. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 434–437 (1994)PubMed J.O. Johansson, K. Landin, L. Tengborn, T. Rosen, B.A. Bengtsson, High fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in growth hormone-deficient adults. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 434–437 (1994)PubMed
92.
go back to reference J. Kvasnicka, J. Marek, T. Kvasnicka, V. Weiss, M. Markova, J. Stepan, A. Umlaufova, Increase of adhesion molecules, fibrinogen, type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and orosomucoid in growth hormone (GH) deficient adults and their modulation by recombinant human GH replacement. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 52, 543–548 (2000) J. Kvasnicka, J. Marek, T. Kvasnicka, V. Weiss, M. Markova, J. Stepan, A. Umlaufova, Increase of adhesion molecules, fibrinogen, type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and orosomucoid in growth hormone (GH) deficient adults and their modulation by recombinant human GH replacement. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 52, 543–548 (2000)
93.
go back to reference M. Margaglione, G. Cappucci, M. d’Addedda, D. Colaizzo, N. Giuliani, G. Vecchione, G. Mascolo, E. Grandone, G. Di Minno, PAI-1 plasma levels in a general population without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis: relation to environmental and genetic determinants. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18, 562–567 (1998)PubMed M. Margaglione, G. Cappucci, M. d’Addedda, D. Colaizzo, N. Giuliani, G. Vecchione, G. Mascolo, E. Grandone, G. Di Minno, PAI-1 plasma levels in a general population without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis: relation to environmental and genetic determinants. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18, 562–567 (1998)PubMed
94.
go back to reference M.N. Di Minno, S. Pezzullo, V. Palmieri, C. Di Somma, R. Lupoli, D. Valle, G. Lombardi, G. Di Minno, Protein C and protein S changes in GH-deficient adults on r-HGH replacement therapy: correlations with PAI-1 and t-PA plasma levels. Thromb. Res. 126, e434–e438 (2010)PubMed M.N. Di Minno, S. Pezzullo, V. Palmieri, C. Di Somma, R. Lupoli, D. Valle, G. Lombardi, G. Di Minno, Protein C and protein S changes in GH-deficient adults on r-HGH replacement therapy: correlations with PAI-1 and t-PA plasma levels. Thromb. Res. 126, e434–e438 (2010)PubMed
95.
go back to reference J.O. Johansson, K. Landin, G. Johannsson, L. Tengborn, B.A. Bengtsson, Long-term treatment with growth hormone decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator in growth hormone-deficient adults. Thromb. Haemost. 76, 422–428 (1996)PubMed J.O. Johansson, K. Landin, G. Johannsson, L. Tengborn, B.A. Bengtsson, Long-term treatment with growth hormone decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator in growth hormone-deficient adults. Thromb. Haemost. 76, 422–428 (1996)PubMed
96.
go back to reference I. Cakir, F. Tanriverdi, Z. Karaca, L. Kaynar, B. Eser, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in adult onset GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy: a placebo controlled study. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 22, 17–21 (2012)PubMed I. Cakir, F. Tanriverdi, Z. Karaca, L. Kaynar, B. Eser, K. Unluhizarci, F. Kelestimur, Evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in adult onset GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy: a placebo controlled study. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 22, 17–21 (2012)PubMed
97.
go back to reference D. Miljic, P. Miljic, M. Doknic, S. Pekic, M. Djurovic, M. Colovic, V. Popovic, Changes in prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time during replacement therapy with human recombinant growth hormone in growth hormone deficient adults. Hormones (Athens) 5, 187–191 (2006) D. Miljic, P. Miljic, M. Doknic, S. Pekic, M. Djurovic, M. Colovic, V. Popovic, Changes in prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time during replacement therapy with human recombinant growth hormone in growth hormone deficient adults. Hormones (Athens) 5, 187–191 (2006)
98.
go back to reference T.A. Elhadd, T.A. Abdu, J. Oxtoby, G. Kennedy, M. McLaren, R. Neary, J.J. Belch, R.N. Clayton, Biochemical and biophysical markers of endothelial dysfunction in adults with hypopituitarism and severe GH deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4223–4232 (2001)PubMed T.A. Elhadd, T.A. Abdu, J. Oxtoby, G. Kennedy, M. McLaren, R. Neary, J.J. Belch, R.N. Clayton, Biochemical and biophysical markers of endothelial dysfunction in adults with hypopituitarism and severe GH deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 4223–4232 (2001)PubMed
99.
go back to reference J.M. Gomez, M. Sahun, R. Vila, P. Domenech, P. Catalina, J. Soler, L. Badimon, Peripheral fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 64, 632–639 (2006) J.M. Gomez, M. Sahun, R. Vila, P. Domenech, P. Catalina, J. Soler, L. Badimon, Peripheral fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 64, 632–639 (2006)
100.
go back to reference J.M. Gomez, M. Sahun, R. Vila, P. Domenech, P. Catalina, J. Soler, L. Badimon, Elevation of E-selectin concentrations may correlate with potential endothelial dysfunction in individuals with hypopituitarism during therapy with growth hormone. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 4, 55–62 (2007)PubMed J.M. Gomez, M. Sahun, R. Vila, P. Domenech, P. Catalina, J. Soler, L. Badimon, Elevation of E-selectin concentrations may correlate with potential endothelial dysfunction in individuals with hypopituitarism during therapy with growth hormone. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 4, 55–62 (2007)PubMed
101.
go back to reference J.C. Smith, H.A. Lane, J. Lewis, S. Dann, J. Goodfellow, P. Collins, L.M. Evans, M.F. Scanlon, J.S. Davies, Endothelial function and coagulant factors in growth hormone-treated hypopituitary adults receiving desmopressin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 2152–2156 (2003)PubMed J.C. Smith, H.A. Lane, J. Lewis, S. Dann, J. Goodfellow, P. Collins, L.M. Evans, M.F. Scanlon, J.S. Davies, Endothelial function and coagulant factors in growth hormone-treated hypopituitary adults receiving desmopressin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 2152–2156 (2003)PubMed
102.
go back to reference S. Bergamaschi, C. Giavoli, E. Ferrante, A. Lania, R. Rusconi, A. Spada, P. Beck-Peccoz, Growth hormone replacement therapy in growth hormone deficient children and adults: effects on hemochrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 29, 399–404 (2006)PubMed S. Bergamaschi, C. Giavoli, E. Ferrante, A. Lania, R. Rusconi, A. Spada, P. Beck-Peccoz, Growth hormone replacement therapy in growth hormone deficient children and adults: effects on hemochrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 29, 399–404 (2006)PubMed
Metadata
Title
Unusual effects of GH deficiency in adults: a review about the effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation
Authors
F. Tanriverdi
Z. Karaca
K. Unluhizarci
F. Kelestimur
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Endocrine / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0276-0

Other articles of this Issue 3/2014

Endocrine 3/2014 Go to the issue

Pros and Cons in Endocrine Practice

Surgical treatment of prolactinomas: cons

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.