Obstructive nephropathy (ON) is a disease in which the renal parenchyma is pathologically and functionally damaged due to changes in the structure or function of the urinary system, resulting in obstruction of urine excretion [ 1 ]. The main causes …

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is widely recognized as the most reliable indicator for assessing renal function in clinical settings. It is crucial for evaluating renal dysfunction and ischemic renal injury [ 1 – 3 ]. Traditional GFR is …

Hydronephrosis, with or without ureteral dilation, is a common urological disease in pediatric patients, often caused by congenital urinary tract obstruction such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), ureterovesical junction obstruction …

CT urography is a single term used to refer to different scanning protocols that can be applied for a number of clinical indications. If, on the one hand, this highlights the role of the radiologist in deciding the most suitable technique to …

Computed tomography–urography is currently the imaging modality of choice for the assessment of the whole urinary tract, giving the possibility to detect and characterize benign and malignant conditions. In particular, computed …

Magnetic resonance urography (MRU) is an important MRI application that provides noninvasive comprehensive morphological and functional evaluation of the kidneys and urinary tract. It can be used to assess congenital anomalies of the kidney and …

Urothelial carcinomas of the renal pelvis, calyces, and ureters are considered as upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and account for approximately 5% of all urothelial cancers [ 1 ]. These tumors are highly aggressive with the late-stage …

One of the traditional principles of CT urography (CTU), inherited from IV urography, is that one should sufficiently distend the collecting system to evaluate the contour of the urothelium for possible urothelial lesions. Although there are other …

Even if computed tomography (CT) remains the dominant imaging modality, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for assessing the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. It can be performed in patients with contraindication to …

Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract include a wide range of malformations ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening conditions. Although pediatric urogenital system imaging is based on the use of US (pre- and postnatal) …

The goal of functional renal imaging is to identify and quantitate irreversible renal damage and nephron loss, as well as potentially reversible hemodynamic changes. MR urography has evolved into a comprehensive evaluation of the urinary tract …

Calyceal diverticula (CD) are fluid containing outpouchings found in the kidneys, lined by urinary transitional epithelium, which communicate with the collecting system from the calyx or the renal pelvis [ 1 , 2 ]. Most commonly, CD are congenital …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common genitourinary malignancy. Widespread use of cross-sectional imaging alongside an aging population has contributed to an increased incidence and detection of RCC over the last several decades. Most newly …

There are many benign conditions that can affect the urinary tract. With respect to CT urography, these can be divided into two broad groups: (1) abnormalities that often have a distinctive appearance and (2) abnormalities that may be mistaken for …

CT urography (CTU) has become the primary examination for imaging the kidneys, ureters and bladder. It allows visualisation of the whole urinary tract and the detection of a variety of benign and malignant abnormalities, including calculi, renal …