Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children and this malignancy has been managed by enucleation (eye removal) for a at least 100 years [ 1 ]. Retinoblastoma management has undergone dramatic changes in the last …

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an inflammatory orbital disease of autoimmune origin that can cause severe functional and psychosocial effects. It represents one of the most difficult challenges in the clinical practice of ophthalmology …

Anterior segment ischemia (ASI) is a rare but important complication of extraocular muscle surgery with an incidence ranging from 1/13,000 to 1/30,000 [ 1 ]. Advanced age, hyperviscosity, systemic vascular diseases, hematologic disorders …

Strabismus is defined as a common ocular misalignment among children with a prevalence of 3–5% [ 1 ]. Surgical treatment remains a challenge since the surgical protocols are not standardized and there is still a lack of studies comparing surgical …

Strabismus, a common and prevalent disease in ophthalmology, not only affects the appearance of patients, but also leads to amblyopia, abnormal binocular vision function , and even psychological inferiority. Epidemiological studies in European …

Strabismus is common in children with glaucoma, especially in unilateral and asymmetric cases and early-onset eso- and exo- deviations can exacerbate vision loss from strabismic amblyopia [ 1 – 3 ]. While obtaining and maintaining intraocular …

Cyclic strabismus is an infrequent ocular motility disorder distinguished by the alternating presence of strabismus and orthotropia. A majority of cyclic strabismus cases occur in children [ 1 ] and are idiopathic. It has been reported that …

Crouzon syndrome, also known as Virchow syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by premature closure of cranial sutures [ 1 ]. This condition results in skull and facial deformities including a pointed head, parrot-like nose …

V-pattern horizontal deviations are the most common of alphabetic pattern strabismus [ 1 ].

In this study, we explored the neural mechanism underlying impaired stereopsis and possible functional plasticity after strabismus surgery. We enrolled 18 stereo-deficient patients with intermittent exotropia before and after surgery, along with …

Strabismus is a disorder of various etiologies and classifications. With an enormous impact on binocular vision, a distinct burden on quality of life, and a prevalence between 2.8% and 2.9% in the Caucasian population [ 1 , 2 ], its surgical …

Strabismus surgery is one of the common procedures in ophthalmology, often performed under general anesthesia [ 1 ]. Patients frequently experience postoperative delirium, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and postoperative pain following …

Stable intraocular pressure is beneficial for maintaining the shape and function of the eyeball, essential for the prognosis of patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery or those with ophthalmic diseases. The sudden increase in intraocular pressure …

Strabismus is not a condition in itself but the consequence of an underlying problem. Eye misalignment can be caused by disease, injury, and/or abnormalities in any of the structures and processes involved in visual perception and oculomotor …

Exophoria (XPH) is a tendency of oculomotor deviation which can be compensated by fusion to maintain alignment and binocular vision. Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is a transitional strabismus between XPH and constant exotropia, where fusion is only …