Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder presenting to pediatric services. This review explores pharmacological treatment options and disparities in treatment guidelines across Europe.

Disruptive behaviors are a class of predominantly externalizing behaviors that include physical aggression, property destruction, temper outbursts, verbal aggression, and some forms of self-injurious behaviors. Externalizing behaviors are also …

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive degenerative neuromuscular disorder characterized by loss of spinal motor neurons leading to muscle weakness and atrophy that is caused by survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency …

Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common pediatric disease reported to affect 6.7–14.7% of children in Japan [ 1 ]. Previously, NE was considered a benign and self-limiting condition with a spontaneous resolution rate of approximately 15% per year [ 2 …3

Focal-onset seizures are among the most common forms of seizures in children and adolescents and can be caused by a wide diversity of acquired or genetic etiologies. Despite the increasing array of antiseizure drugs available, treatment of …

Concussion, now most often referred to as mild traumatic brain injury in recent literature, is common in pediatrics, and headache is often the most common complaint post-injury. Although most children and adolescents recover within 1–2 weeks, some …

Insomnia is defined as the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability to maintain sleep to the point that it has a negative impact on time awake. Insomnia in adults may lead to daytime fatigue and sleepiness but in children, the lack of quality …

Epilepsy is common in children and adolescents where its prevalence is 3.2–5.5/1000. About one-third of patients also have attention deficit hyperactivity/impulsivity disorder (ADHD). The possible relationship between epilepsy and ADHD is still …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, which is characterised by recurrent disease flares that may affect any organ system. Renal involvement remains one of the chief causes of morbidity and …

For patients with coronary artery disease and healthy middle-aged or older individuals with elevated cholesterol levels, treatment with cholesterol-lowering drugs reduces morbidity and sometimes mortality. Treatment reverses established …

Child and adolescent bipolar disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric disorder that often causes significant impairment in functioning. Pharmacological intervention is the cornerstone of treatment for bipolar youth, although psychotherapeutic …

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are severe psychiatric disorders characterised by impaired social interaction, reduced verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and stereotyped patterns of interest and behaviour, with onset in …

Practice guidelines for the treatment of youth with mental health problems tend to endorse integrating psychopharmacologic treatment with psychosocial interventions, such as psychotherapy and parent skills training. However, poor access to …

Partial-onset seizures constitute up to 60 % of all seizure types in population-based studies [ 1 ]. Based on pediatric studies using the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures [ 2 ], partial-onset seizures contribute the bulk of …

Few pharmacotherapy trials have been undertaken in young people with anxiety disorders. Of those conducted, few are placebo-controlled or blinded, and often sample size is small, making interpretation of the data difficult.Case report and …

There have been major advances in the treatment and understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the last decade. Among these are the availability of newer stimulant formulations, an appreciation of the combined effects of …