Valve heart disease (VHD) is the most common structural heart disease, referring to anatomical and functional abnormalities of the heart valves or perivalvular tissue caused by rheumatic conditions, degenerative conditions, infections, or …

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious complication after cardiac valve surgery with high morbidity and mortality. Although IE is rare with an incidence of 4–15 cases per 100,000 annually across American and European populations [ 1 – 4 ], the …

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) affects more than 30 million people worldwide, causing approximately 300,000 deaths and 10 million disabilities each year [ 1 ]. In low-income and developing countries such as China, RHD is a major cause of morbidity …

Looking back at the history of artificial mechanical valves, there has been a development process, initially there were the first generation of cage ball valves and cage disc valves, then there were the second generation of single-leaf tilting …

Currently, the incidence of heart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide. HF with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has various causes [ 1 , 2 ]. It is increasingly considered to be a syndrome with multiple systemic mechanisms, including the …

Advancements in surgical methods, aids, and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) techniques have increased the indications for open heart surgery. However, cardiac surgery and CPB are still associated with potentially fatal consequences, such as bleeding …

The main cause of death in the early postoperative period in patients undergoing heart valve surgery is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) [ 1 ]. The pathophysiological basis for postoperative MODS is cellular damage, which is manifested …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias with a high morbidity and mortality risk [ 1 ]. And the incidence of AF in postoperative cardiac patients can be 20-62% [ 2 – 4 ]. Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) usually …

Heart valve disease has become one of the most important factors affecting human health. Cardiac surgery is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular and other complications [ 1 ]. Perioperative myocardial injury/infarction, arrhythmias, and …

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are associated with delayed outcome after left-sided valve surgery. [ 1 , 2 ] Tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) in the later stages of RV dysfunction is still a very controversial …

There are some serious complications after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The lungs are sensitive and fragile organs that are susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion injury and systemic inflammatory response [ 1 …

Heart valve disease (HVD) is a common cardiosurgery disease, mainly including rheumatic, degenerative, ischemic and myxoid valvular disease [ 1 ]. The 30-day mortality after heart valve surgery is about 4–6%, nearly two-fold higher than coronary …

Tricuspid valve (TV) disease is far less common than is mitral or aortic valve involvement, and it is often ignored because its regurgitation or stenosis can be well tolerated [ 1 – 3 ]. TV regurgitation that leads to surgery can be either organic …

Following cardiac surgery the overall incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) as defined by RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function) criteria is 23% [ 1 , 2 ]. Patients undergoing valvular heart surgery are at a particularly higher …

Aortic stenosis is currently the most common valvular disease in developed countries, with an overall prevalence of approximately 1–3% in European patients who are more than 70 years old [ 1 ]. The current methods for treatment for the disease …

The global prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) was estimated to be 39,345,369 cases by 2017 [ 1 ]. RHD is primarily caused by acute rheumatic fever in developing countries and results in permanent damage to the heart valve. Heart valve …

Tricuspid valve disease has always been considered less clinically important than mitral and aortic valve pathology, and its optimal timing for surgical intervention remains controversial [ 1 ]. Many patients undergo concomitant tricuspid valve …

With the increasing number of cardiac surgery, more and more cases of mitral valve reoperations are made because of various reasons.These reoperation patients tend to have a long course of disease, this could eventually lead to left ventricular …